violet

The title of this article is ambiguous. Further meanings are listed under violets (disambiguation) .

violet
Grove violets ( Viola riviniana )
Systematics
Rosids Eurosiden I Order : Malpighiales (Malpighiales) Family : Violet family (Violaceae) Subfamily : Violoideae Genre : violet
Scientific name
viola
L.

Violets or violas ( Viola ) are a genus of plants in the violet family (Violaceae). Most of the approximately 500 species thrive in the temperate zones of the earth. The centers of biodiversity are in North America , the Andes, and Japan . However, they can also be found in Australia and Tasmania. Well-known species are pansies , horned violets and fragrant violets .

description

Illustration of viola gracilis

Illustration of the grove violet ( Viola riviniana )

Appearance and leaves

Violet species grow as annual or biennial or mostly perennial herbaceous plants , as well as, rarely, subshrubs with very changing habitus. Often rhizomes are formed as permanent organs. More or less long, creeping to upright, above-ground shoot axes can be formed or absent.

The leaves can all stand together at the base or be arranged alternately distributed on the stem axis. The leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The leaf blades are simple or divided. The leaf margin is smooth or serrated. The remaining, small to large, sometimes foliage -like stipules are free or more or less long fused with the petioles and often ciliate or fringed and then often have brown glands at their ends.

Some viola species have leaves that are +/- dense, mostly hairy on the underside and ciliate on the edge and base. The hairs consist of simple, single-celled or single-row trichomes , which in some species are thickened towards the end. So far, only glandular villi are known of external glands. They sit on the ends of the stipules, on the teeth of the leaves and on the tips of the sepals, and consist of a rather short, thick stem and a multicellular, secreting head. The glandular villi of the stipules form mucus at an early stage and cover the developing leaf with their secretion. The mucus emerges only at individual points of the cuticle and can occur repeatedly because the subcuticular mucus formation continues. A regeneration of the cuticle of these mucous glands does not take place, but only the formation of very resistant, so-called border membranes. Excretion of lime has been observed on the marginal teeth of some species (e.g. Viola scandens ).

blossoms

The flowers stand individually in the leaf axils on flower stalks that have two bracts . Often the flowers are dimorphic, the cleistogamic ( remaining closed) flowers develop later than the chasmogamous (opening).

Floral diagram

Opened three-lobed fruit capsule of the field pansy ( Viola arvensis )

Seeds of Viola lactea (left, dark) and Viola odorata (right, light)

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The almost identical five free or almost free sepals usually have herbaceous ears (appendages) at their base. The five free petals are clearly unequal. The lowest petal is the largest and spurred at its base. There is a circle with five stamens . The free stamens are relatively short. The upright anthers are free or usually form an envelope around the ovary. The two lower anthers protrude into the spur and have spur- or wart-like, nectar-secreting appendages at their base. Three carpels have become a top permanent, single-chamber ovary grown. Each ovary contains many anatropic ovules in parietal placentation. The almost upright or mostly more or less curved downward stylus is more or less thickened or sometimes gradually narrowed upwards and is smooth or has different appendages. The scar is shaped differently depending on the species.

The color of the petals is responsible for the color of the flowers, which in the family are mostly yellow to red, purple and blue, more rarely whitish, brownish or +/- black. The often intense yellow hues are formed by small pigment granules that occur in various amounts in the colorless cell sap of the epidermal cells . The granules consist e.g. B. in Viola primulaefolia from quercetin , a plant pigment from the flavone group related to tannins . In Viola tricolor and Viola arvensis , however, they consist of rutin (= Violarutin or Violaquercitrin), a glycosidic dye of the formula C-27 H-30 O-sixteenth The blue color tones are caused by anthocyanin dissolved in the cell sap of the epidermal cells , the color of which is red, purple or blue depending on the acid, neutral or alkaline reaction of the cell sap. A wide variety of blue hues can often be found in immediately adjacent cells. If there are cells without colored cell sap in the epidermis between the blue cells, light blue nuances arise. In the pansy varieties, the black colors of individual parts of the petals are based on a combination of deep blue anthocyanin solution and yellow-red pigment granules. The deep blue- violet varieties contain the dye violanin .

Fruits and seeds

The loculicidal capsule fruits open with three elastic flaps that are keeled or thickened on the underside.

The spherical to egg-shaped seeds have a light to dark, mostly smooth surface. There may be an aril . The seeds contain abundant endosperm and a straight embryo with two very thick, plano-convex cotyledons ( cotyledons ).

Locations

The great majority of the species belong to the northern temperate zone, in the hotter regions of the world they inhabit the mountains; numerous species are characteristic endemisms of the South American Andes; few are found in the Brazilian mountains , in tropical Africa and in the Cape Province ; nine species are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands; eight species occur only in Australia (including Tasmania and New Zealand), of which some belong, including Viola hederacea Labill. , the Antarctic flora; one species, Viola papuana W.Becker & Pulle , is endemic to New Guinea.

As a rule, the violets inhabit areas with an annual rainfall of over 600 mm.

Due to the extraordinary variety of forms and widespread use, Wilhelm Becker had postulated a great age for the genus. In Europe, there are two sections among the 15 sections: Melanium and Nominium . Becker knew 75 European violets in 1925.

The altitude distribution of the genus ranges in Yunnan up to 4030 meters, Morocco 3600 meters, East Africa 1200 to 3350 meters, Madagascar 1200 to 2700 meters, Malacca 900 to 1200 meters, Colorado up to 4050 meters.

Distribution, evolution and systematics

Viola abyssinica

Flower of Viola adunca

Viola aethnensis

Eastern Alps pansy ( Viola alpina )

Viola arborescens

Field pansy ( Viola arvensis )

Viola beckwithii

Viola betonicifolia

Yellow violet ( Viola biflora )

Viola brevistipulata

Long-tailed violet ( Viola calcarata )

Viola calcarata subsp. zoysii

Viola canadensis

Mont Cenis violets ( Viola cenisia )

Viola chaerophylloides

Viola charlestonensis

Teide violets ( Viola cheiranthifolia )

Hill violet ( Viola collina )

Viola corsica

Viola crassa subsp. borealis

Viola diversifolia

Tall violet ( Viola elatior )

Viola epipsila

Viola eximia

Viola flettii

Violet calamine pansy ( Viola guestphalica )

Viola Keiskei

Flowers of Viola lactea

Sudeten pansy ( Viola lutea ssp. Sudetica )

Viola mandshurica

Wonder Violet ( Viola mirabilis )

Viola missouriensis

Viola nebrodensis

Viola nephrophylla

Viola ocellata

Scented violets ( Viola odorata )

Viola orientalis

Viola palmata

Viola palmensis

Marsh violet ( Viola palustris )

Viola pedata with palmate leaves

Viola pedunculata

Viola philippii

Flowers of Viola philippica

Feather violets ( Viola pinnata )

Viola portalesia

Viola premorsa

Viola pubescens

Low violet ( Viola pumila )

Viola purpurea

Forest violets ( Violareichenbachiana )

Grove violets ( Viola riviniana )

Viola sororia

Viola stipularis at La Soufrière in Guadeloupe

Wild pansy ( Viola tricolor )

Valdieri violet flowers ( Viola valderia )

Habit, leaves and flowers of Viola vallicola

Habit, leaves and flowers of Viola violacea

Habit, leaves and flowers of Viola walteri

Habit, leaves and flower of Viola yezoensis

Cultivar of the garden pansy ( Viola × wittrockiana )

distribution

The genus Viola is practically coherent in the northern hemisphere . Exceptions are the Central Asian steppes, the Tibetan highlands and the East Asian deserts. In the southern hemisphere only mountain regions are populated: in South America the arc of the Andes to Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands (exclave in the Brazilian mountainous region); in Africa the Ethiopian Highlands, the East African Mountains, Madagascar and the Cape Province; all of South and Southeast Asia (the Ghats in India and the mountains of Sri Lanka) and in the Australian region the high mountains of New Guinea, the mountains of East Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand.

The Flora Europaea lists 92 species, the flora of the Soviet Union 106 species, and the flora of Japan 48 species. In the New World there are 47 species in the northeastern USA and 25 species in the western USA.

The global center of diversity is the Mediterranean region (especially south-east Europe with around 60 species, the Apennine peninsula with around 40 species) and the subtropical areas of South America with 55 species. Other centers of diversity are the islands of Japan (approx. 48 species), northern East Asia and Ussuria (35 species).

As a microthermal clan, the genus Viola has been able to colonize extensive habitats with various locations in the Holarctic area. The great abundance of forms and wide radiation of the species were promoted by the special reproductive biology (periodic alternation between foreign and self-pollination).

evolution

The species-rich viola genus is cosmopolitan . The evolution to today's species was promoted in particular by polyploidy . Polyploidy ranges from diploid (2x) to at least octadecaploid (18x) in the lines of the genus, with both very young (neo-) and older (meso-) polyploidy being observed. A total of 620 species are recognized, of which 580 species have been subdivided into 16 morphologically, chromosomically and geographically defined groups in preliminary sections. Only three of the sixteen sections have chromosomes whose base number is consistent with diploidy . According to knowledge gained from biogeography , karyology and phylogeny , a South American origin is suggested, from where the genus has spread to the northern hemisphere and beyond. Based on fossil seed discoveries, settlement in Eurasia is dated 17-18 million years ago.

Taxonomy

The first publication of Viola was made in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum , 2, pp 933-937. Type species is Viola odorata L. Synonyms for Viola L. are Erpetion Sweet and Mnemion Spach .

External system

The genus Viola belongs to the tribe Violeae in the subfamily Violoideae within the family Violaceae .

Internal system

The genus Viola is divided into several sub-genera, for example Chamaemelanium , Dischidium , Erpetion , Melanium .

Species and their distribution

The genus Viola contains over 500 to 550 species :

• Viola abyssinica Steud. ex Oliv. : Your East African distribution area stretches from Ethiopia to South Africa and Madagascar .
• Viola acanthophylla Leyb. ex Reiche : It is based in Chile .
• Viola accrescens Klokov : It occurs in the southern European part of Russia and in the Ukraine .
• Viola acuminata Ledeb. (Syn .: Viola turczaninowii Juz. , Viola acuminata subsp. Austroussuriensis W.Becker ; Viola austroussuriensis (W.Becker) Kom. ): It is with two varieties in Mongolia , in China , Korea , Japan and in Russia's Far East as well common in eastern Siberia.
• Viola acutifolia (Kar. & Kir.) W.Becker (Syn .: Viola biflora var. Acutifolia Kar. & Kir. ): It occurs in Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan and Xinjiang .
• Viola adriatica Freyn : It occurs in northwestern former Yugoslavia and northeastern Italy .
• Viola adunca Sm. (Syn .: Viola cascadensis M.S.Baker , Viola uncinulata Greene ): It iswidespreadin North America .
• Viola aethnensis Parl .: She is an endemic of Mount Etna in Sicily.
• Viola aetolica Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs from the former Yugoslavia via Albania to Greece .
• Viola aizoon Reiche : It is native to Chile.
• Viola alaica Vved. (Syn .: Viola oxycentra Juz. ): It is native to Tajikistan .
• Parma violet or white violet ( Viola alba Besser ):
  • Viola alba Besser subsp. alba (Syn .: Viola alba subsp. scotophylla (Jord.) Nyman , Viola armena Boiss. & A.Huet , Viola scotophylla Jord. ): It is widespread in Europe , the Middle East and the Caucasus .
  • Viola alba subsp. cretica (Boiss. & Heldr.) Marcussen (Syn .: Viola cretica Boiss. & Heldr. ): It only occurs in Crete .
  • Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii (Ten.) W.Becker (Syn .: Viola dehnhardtii Ten. ): It is widespread in the Mediterranean region .
• Viola albida Palib. : It occurs in two varieties in Japan, Korea and in the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang , Liaoning and Shandong .
• Viola alexandrowiana (W.Becker) Juz. (Syn .: Viola phalacrocarpa subsp. Alexandrowiana W.Becker ): It occurs in the Asian part of Russia.
• Viola alexejana Kamelin & Junussov : She is from Tajikistan.
• Viola allchariensis Beck : It occurs from the former Yugoslavia via Albania to Greece .
• Viola alliariifolia Nakai : It is endemic to the Japanese island of Hokkaidō .
• Viola allochroa Botschantz. : It is native to Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.
• Eastern Alps pansy ( Viola alpina Jacq. ): It is native to Poland , Austria and the former Czechoslovakia as well as Romania.
• Altai pansy ( Viola altaica Ker Gawl. , Syn .: Viola monochroa Klokov ): It is widespread in the Caucasus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Siberia, Mongolia and in the Chinese Xinjiang .
• Viola amamiana Hatus. : It is endemic to the Japanese island of Amami-Ōshima , which is part of the Ryūkyū Islands .
• Steppe violet ( Viola ambigua Waldst. & Kit. ): It is widespread from Austria through Eastern Europe to the Caucasus and Southeastern Europe . Findings in Germany have been reported, but the occurrences are not yet confirmed.
• Viola angustifolia Phil . : It is native to Chile.
• Viola angustistipulata C.C.Chang : It occurs only in southern Yunnan .
• Viola araucaniae W.Becker : It is from Chile.
• Viola arcuata Blume (Syn .: Viola alata Burgersd. , Viola alata subsp. Verecunda (A.Gray) W.Becker , Viola amurica W.Becker , Viola arcuata var. Verecunda (A.Gray) Nakai , Viola distans Wall. , Viola excisa Hance , Viola hupeiana W.Becker , Viola verecunda A.Gray ): She is from India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Korea, Mongolia and Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea , in the Amur region of Russia's Far East widespreadacross Taiwan to the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Chongqing , Fujian , Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
• Viola arborescens L .: It is widespread in the western Mediterranean.
• Viola argentina W.Becker : It occurs in the Argentine provinces of Córdoba , La Rioja and San Juan .
• Viola arguta Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult. : It is common in western South America.
• Viola arsenica Beck : It only occurs in North Macedonia .
• Field pansy ( Viola arvensis Murray , Syn .: Viola tricolor subsp. Arvensis (Murray) Syme )
• Viola asterias Hook. & Arn. : It occurs in Chile.
• Viola athois W.Becker : This endemic occurs only on Mount Athos in Greece.
• Viola atropurpurea Leyb. : It is common in Argentina and Chile.
• Viola aurantiaca Leyb. : It occurs in Chile.
• Viola aurata Phil . : It occurs in Chile.
• Viola aurea Kellogg : It occurs in the US states of California and Nevada .
• Viola auricolor Skottsb. : It occurs only in the province of Santa Cruz (Argentina) .
• Viola auricula Leyb. : It occurs in Chile.
• Viola avatschensis W.Becker & Hultén : It occurs in Kamchatka .
• Viola awagatakensis T.Yamaz. et al. : It occurs on the Japanese island of Honschu .
• Viola bakeri Greene (Syn .: Viola nuttallii var. Bakeri (Greene) CLHitchc. ): It occurs in Oregon, Washington and California.
• Viola bangiana W.Becker : It is common in Bolivia , Peru and Argentina.
• Viola bangii Rusby : The home is Ecuador .
• Viola barroetana W. Schaffn. : The home is Mexico.
• Viola battandieri W.Becker : The home is Algeria.
• Viola beckiana Fiala : It occurs in Albania and in the former Yugoslavia.
• Viola beckwithii Torr. & A.Gray : It occurs in the US states of Idaho , Oregon , California, Nevada and Utah .
• Viola belophylla H.Boissieu (Syn .: Viola monbeigii W.Becker ): It grows on forest edges, on grassy sites on shady slopes and banks of rivers in mountain valleys at altitudes from 1,900 to 3,200 meters in the southwestern Tibet and the Chinese provinces of Sichuan as well as Yunnan.
• Viola bertolonii Pio (Syn .: Viola heterophylla var. Messanensis W.Becker ): It occurs in two subspecies in Italy and France.
• Viola betonicifolia Sm. (Syn .: Viola caespitosa D.Don , Viola maculicola Koidz. , Viola oblongosagittata Nakai ): It is widespread from tropical and temperate Asia to Australia.
• Viola bezdelevae Vorosch. : It only occurs on the Kuril Islands .
• Viola bhutanica H.Hara : It only occurs in Bhutan .
• Viola bicolor Pursh (Syn .: Viola kitaibeliana var. Rafinesquii (Greene) Fernald , Viola rafinesquei Greene ): It is in the USA in the states of Illinois , Kansas , Missouri, Nebraska , Oklahoma , South Dakota , Indiana , New Jersey , New York , Ohio , Pennsylvania , West Virginia , Colorado, Texas , Alabama , Arkansas , Delaware , Georgia , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maryland , Mississippi, North Carolina , South Carolina , Virginia, and Florida are widespread.
• Yellow violet ( Viola biflora L. , Syn .: Viola kanoi Sasaki , Viola manaslensis F. Maek . , Viola tayemonii Hayata ): The wide distribution area in the northern hemisphere includes Eurasia and North America.
• Viola binayensis Okamoto & K.Ueda : It is endemic to the Moluccas .
• Viola bissetii Maxim. : It occurs only on the Japanese islands of Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku.
• Viola blanda Willd. (Syn .: Viola incognita Brainerd ): It is common in Canada and the USA.
• Viola blandiformis Nakai : Home is Korea and the Japanese islands Honschu and Hokkaidō.
• Viola bocquetiana Yild. : The home is Turkey.
• Viola boissieuana Makino (Syn .: Viola pseudoselkirkii Nakai ): It occurs on the Japanese islands of Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku and in southern Korea.
• Viola brachyceras Turcz. : It is common in China, Mongolia, Russia's Far East, and Siberia .
• Viola brachypetala Gay : The home is Chile.
• Viola brachyphylla W.Becker : It occurs only in Greece and in the former Yugoslavia.
• Viola brevistipulata (Franch. & Sav.) W.Becker (Syn .: Viola pubescens var. Brevistipulata Franch. & Sav. , Viola glabella var. Crassifolia Koidz. , Viola yubariana Nakai , Viola hidakana Nakai , Viola laciniata (H.Boissieu) Koidz. , Viola uniflora var. laciniata H.Boissieu , Viola flaviflora Nakai , Viola kishidae Nakai ): It occurs only on the Japanese island of Hokkaido in five varieties.
• Viola bubanii Timb.-Lagr. : It occurs in Spain and France.
• Viola buchtienii Gand. : The home is Chile.
• Viola bulbosa Maxim. (Syn .: Viola tuberifera Franch. ): The distribution area includes India, Nepal, Bhutan and China.
• Viola bustillosia Gay : The home is Chile.
• Long-tailed violet ( Viola calcarata L. ): It thrives in the Alps, the Jura and the Balkan Peninsula , with the subspecies:
  • Viola calcarata L. subsp. calcarata
  • Viola calcarata subsp. villarsiana (Schult.) Merxm. (Syn .: Viola villarsiana Schult. )
  • Viola calcarata subsp. zoysii (Wulfen) Merxm. (Syn .: Viola zoysii Wulfen )
• Viola calchaquiensis W.Becker : It occurs only in the Argentine province of Tucumán .
• Viola calderensis W.Becker : The home is Chile.
• Viola caleyana G.Don : It is common in Australia .
• Viola cameleo H.Boissieu : The homeland is Sikkim and Sichuan.
• Yellow calamine violet ( Viola calaminaria (Gingins) Lej. )
• Canada violets ( Viola canadensis L. , Syn .: Viola rugulosa Greene ): The wide distribution area includes Canada, the USA and Mexico.
• Viola canescens Wall. ex Roxb. : It is common in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Hubei, Sichuan and Yunnan.
• Dog violets ( Viola canina L. ):
  • Viola canina L. var. Canina (Syn .: Viola ericetorum Schrad. Ex Link , Viola sylvestris Lam. )
  • Viola canina subsp. montana auct. (Syn .: Viola montana auct., Viola ruppii All. )
  • Viola canina subsp. schultzii (Billot) Kirschl. (Syn .: Viola schultzii Billot )
• Viola cano-barbata Leyb. : It is common in Argentina and Chile.
• Viola capillaris Pers. (Syn .: Viola dumetorum var. Araucana Phil. , Viola dumetorum Phil. ): The homeland is Chile.
• Viola caspia (Rupr.) Freyn (Syn .: Viola sylvatica var. Caspia Rupr. ): It comes from the Crimea , the Caucasus, Turkey and Iran.
• Viola castillonii (W.Becker) Xifreda & Sanso (Syn .: Viola exigua var. Castillonii W. Becker ): It occurs only in the Argentine province of Tucumán .
• Viola catalonica W.Becker : It only occurs in Spain.
• Viola caucasica (Rupr.) Kolen. ex Juz. (Syn .: Viola biflora var. Caucasica Rupr. ): The homeland is the Caucasus.
• Viola cazorlensis Gand. : It only occurs in Spain.
• Mont-Cenis violet ( Viola cenisia L. ): It occurs only in the southwestern Alps and in the central Alps .
• Viola cerasifolia A.St.-Hil. : It is common in Brazil.
• Viola chaerophylloides (rule) W.Becker (Syn .: Viola dissecta var. Chaerophylloides (rule) Makino , Viola pinnata var. Chaerophylloides rule , Viola pinnata var. Sieboldiana Maxim. ): It is in China, Korea, on the Japanese islands of Honshu , Kyushu and Shikoku and in the Primorye region.
• Viola chamaedrys Leyb. : It occurs in Chile.
• Viola chamissoniana Went. (Syn .: Viola robusta Hillebr. , Viola tracheliifolia Ging. & Skottsb. ): It occurs only in Hawaii.
• Viola charlestonensis M.S.Baker & JCClausen : It occurs only in the US states of Arizona , Nevada and Utah .
• Viola chassanica cork. : It occurs only in Korea and Russia's Far East .
• Teide violets ( Viola cheiranthifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ): It is endemic to the Canaries .
• Viola chelmea Boiss. & Hero. (Syn .: Viola vilaensis Hayek ): It occurs only in Greece and in the former Yugoslavia.
• Viola chiapasiensis W.Becker : It occurs only in the Mexican state of Chiapas .
• Viola chrysantha Phil .: It occurs in Chile.
• Viola ciliata Schltdl. : It occurs only in the Mexican state of Veracruz and in Guatemala.
• Viola cinerea Boiss. (Syn .: Viola stocksii Boiss. ): It occurs in Egypt , Somalia , Sudan , Oman , Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India.
• Viola clandestina Pursh : This endemic occurs only in the US state of Pennsylvania .
• Viola cochranei H.E.Ballard : It only occurs in the Mexican state of Querétaro .
• Hill violets ( Viola collina Besser , Syn .: Viola teshioensis Miyabe & Tatew. )
• Viola columnaris Skottsb. : It occurs in Argentina.
• Viola commersonii DC. : It is common in Argentina and Chile.
• Comollis violets ( Viola comollia Massara ): This endemic occurs only in the southern Alps .
• Viola confertifolia C.C.Chang : It occurs only in the Chinese province of Yunnan.
• Viola contempta Jord.
• Horned violet ( Viola cornuta L. ): It occurs only in the Pyrenees of France, Spain and Andorra .
• Viola coronifera W.Becker : It occurs only in the Argentine province of Neuquén .
• Viola corralensis Phil . : It occurs only in Chile.
• Viola corsica Nyman (Syn .: Viola bertolonii Salis , Viola heterophylla subsp. Ilvensis W.Becker ): It occurs only in Corsica, Sardinia and Italy.
• Viola cotyledon Went. : It is common in Argentina and Chile.
• Viola crassa Makino : It occurs in Tibet, Japan, Korea and in Russia's Far East .
• Viola crassifolia Fenzl : It occurs only in Turkey.
• Viola crassiuscula Bory : This endemic occurs only in the Sierra Nevada in Spain.
• Viola cretacea Klokov : It only occurs in Ukraine.
• Viola cuatrecasasii L.B.Sm. & A.Fernández : It only occurs in Ecuador.
• Viola cucullata Aiton (Syn .: Viola obliqua Hill ): It is widespread in Canada and the USA; in Europe it is a neophyte in places.
• Viola cuicochensis Hieron. : It occurs in Ecuador.
• Viola cummingii W.Becker : It occurs in Bolivia.
• Viola cuneata S. Watson : It occurs only in the US states of Oregon and California.
• Viola cunninghamii Hook. f. : It occurs in Tasmania and New Zealand .
• Viola curicoensis W.Becker : It occurs in Chile.
• Viola curvistylis by H. Boissieu & Capit. : It occurs in Malaysia, Myanmar and Sumatra .
• Viola cuspidifolia W.Becker : It occurs only in the Chinese provinces of Hubei and Yunnan.
• Viola cyathiformis W.Becker : It occurs in Chile.
• Viola dacica Borbás : The distribution area extends from Albania to Poland.
• Viola dactyloides Schult. : The range includes China, Mongolia, Siberia and Russia's Far East .
• Viola dasyphylla W.Becker : It occurs only in the Argentine province of Neuquén .
• Viola davidii Franch. (Syn .: Viola smithiana W.Becker ): It is common in the Chinese provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan.
• Viola decipiens Reiche : It occurs in Chile.
• Viola declinata Waldst. & Kit. : It only occurs in the Carpathian Mountains .
• Viola decumbens L.f. (Syn .: Viola scrotiformis DC. ): It occurs in South Africa.
• Viola delavayi Franch. (Syn .: Viola boissieui H.Lév. & Maire , Viola impatiens H.Lév. ): It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan.
• Viola delphinantha Boiss. : It occurs in Greece and Bulgaria.
• Viola demetria Prolongo ex Boiss. : It occurs in Spain and Portugal.
• Viola diamantiaca Nakai : It occurs only in the Chinese province of Liaoning and in Korea.
• Viola dichroa Boiss. & A.Huet : It occurs in Turkey.
• Viola diffusa Went. (Syn .: Viola tenuis Benth. ): The distribution area includes India, Nepal, Bhutan, the Philippines, New Guinea, Myanmar, Japan, Taiwan and China.
• Viola diffusoides C.J.Wang : It occurs only in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan.
• Viola dirimliensis Blaxland : It occurs only in the Antalya area in Turkey.
• Viola dirphya A.Tiniakou : It occurs in Greece.
• Viola disjuncta W.Becker (Syn .: Viola atroviolacea W.Becker ): It occurs in Siberia.
• Viola dissecta Ledeb. : It iswidespreadin Mongolia, Korea, Siberia, Russia's Far East, and the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi and northern Sichuan. If varieties are recognized, this only applies to Viola dissecta var. Dissecta . Depending on the author, the viola dissecta var. Incisa (Turcz.) YSChen also belongs here or becomes a separate type of viola incisa Turcz. guided.
• Viola diversifolia (Ging.) W.Becker (Syn .: Viola cenisia var. Diversifolia Ging. ): It occurs only in the Pyrenees.
• Viola doerfleri Degen : It occurs only in the southern former Yugoslavia.
• Viola dolichocentra Botschantz. : It occurs only in Uzbekistan .
• Viola dolichoceras C.J.Wang : It occurs in the Chinese province of Liaoning .
• Humboldt's violet ( Viola dombeyana DC. , Syn .: Viola humboldtii Triana & Planch. ): It occurs in Ecuador and Peru.
• Viola domeykoana Gay : It occurs in Argentina and Chile.
• Viola donetzkiensis Klokov : The home is Ukraine.
• Viola douglasii Steud. : The home is California.
• Duby's violet ( Viola dubyana Burnat ex Gremli ): It occurs only in the Italian Alps.
• Viola dukadjinica W.Becker & Kosanin : It only occurs in Albania.
• Viola dyris Maire : It only occurs in Morocco.
• Viola ecuadorensis W.Becker : It occurs in Ecuador.
• Viola eizanensis (Makino) Makino (Syn .: Viola dissecta var. Eizanensis Makino ): It occurs on the Japanese islands of Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu.
• Tall violet ( Viola elatior Fr. , Syn .: Viola montana L. ): It occurs in Europe and in the temperate zones of Asia.
• Viola elegantula Schott : It occurs in Albania and in the former Yugoslavia.
• Viola Elisabethae Klokov : It occurs in Ukraine.
• Viola eminii (Engl.) REFr. (Syn .: Viola abyssinica var. Eminii Engl. ): It occurs in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Burundi , Rwanda , in the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo .
• Peat violets ( Viola epipsila Ledeb. ): It occurs in Europe, North America, Siberia and the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang and Jilin .
• Viola epipsiloides Á.Löve & D.Löve (Syn .: Viola epipsila subsp. Repens W.Becker , Viola repens Turcz. Ex Trautv. & CAMey. ): It occurs in the temperate zones of Asia, Alaska and Canada.
• Viola ermenekensis Yild. & Dinc : It occurs in Turkey.
• Viola eugeniae Parl. (Syn .: Viola levieri Parl. ): It occurs only in Italy.
• Viola evae Hieron. ex W.Becker : It occurs only in the province of La Rioja in Argentina.
• Viola eximia Formanek : It occurs only on the Balkan Peninsula .
• Viola fargesii H.Boissieu (Syn .: Viola adenothrix Hayata Viola brachycentra Hayata , Viola trichopoda Hayata , Viola adenothrix var. Tsugitakaensis (Masam.) JCWang & TCHuang , Viola canescens subsp. Lanuginosa W.Becker , Viola principis H.Boissieu , Viola pulla W.Becker , Viola tsugitakaensis Masam. ): It thrives at altitudes of 600 to 3800 meters in Taiwan and in the Chinese provinces of southern Anhui , Fujian , northern Guangdong , northern Guangxi , Guizhou , Hubei , Hunan , Jiangsu , Jiangxi , Sichuan , Yunnan as well as Zhejiang .
• Viola faurieana W.Becker : It only occurs on the Japanese island of Honshu . At least the Chinese localities belong to Viola grypoceras A. Gray .
• Viola fedtschenkoana W.Becker : It occurs in India, Pakistan and Tajikistan.
• Viola filicaulis Hook.f. : It only occurs in New Zealand .
• Viola fischeri W.Becker : It occurs in Siberia.
• Viola fissifolia Kitag. : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Hebei , Heilongjiang , Jilin and Liaoning .
• Viola flagelliformis Hemsl. : It occurs in northern Mexico.
• Viola flettii Piper : It only occurs in Washington state.
• Viola flos-evae Hieron. : It occurs in Argentina.
• Viola fluhmannii Phil . : It occurs in Argentina and Chile.
• Viola formosana Hayata (Syn .: Viola formosana var. Kawakamii (Hayata) JCWang , Viola kawakamii Hayata , Viola kawakamii var. Stenopetala Hayata ): It occurs in Taiwan.
• Viola forrestiana W.Becker : It occurs in Tibet and Yunnan.
• Viola fragrans Sieber : This endemic occurs only in Crete .
• Viola frank-smithii N.H. Holmgren : It is only found in the US state of Utah.
• Viola friderici W.Becker : It occurs in Chile.
• Viola frigida Phil. (Syn .: Viola borchersii Phil. ): It occurs in Argentina and Chile.
• Viola frondosa Velen. : It occurs in North Macedonia .
• Viola fruticosa W.Becker : It occurs in Venezuela.
• Viola fuscifolia W.Becker : It occurs in Peru.
• Viola fuscoviolacea (LGAdams) TAJames (Syn .: Viola hederacea subsp. Fuscoviolacea L.G.Adams ): It occurs in Australia.
• Viola germainii Sparre : It occurs in Chile.
• Viola glabella Nutt. : It occurs in the Kuril Islands , Canada and the USA.
• Viola glacialis Poepp. & Endl. : It occurs in Chile.
• Viola glandularis H.E.Ballard & P.Jørg. : It occurs in Ecuador.
• Viola glaucescens Oudem. : It occurs in India, Nepal, Bhutan and Malaysia.
• Viola glechomoides Leyb. : It occurs in Chile.
• Viola gmeliniana Schult. : It occurs in China, Mongolia, Siberia and Far Eastern Russia.
• Viola godoyae Phil .: It occurs in Chile.
• Viola gracilis Sm. (Syn .: Viola calcarata Munby , Viola cornuta Desf. ): It occurs only on the Balkan Peninsula.
• Viola gracillima A. St.-Hil. : It occurs in Brazil.
• Viola grahamii Benth. : It occurs in Mexico.
• Viola grandisepala W.Becker (Syn .: Viola binchuanensis S.H. Huang , Viola bruneostipulosa Hand.-Mazz. ): It thrives on mountain slopes, shady and damp locations on roadsides at altitudes of 1900 to 3000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan.
• Viola granulosa Wedd. : It occurs in Peru and Chile.
• Viola grayi Franch. & Sav. (Syn .: Viola senamiensis Nakai ): It occurs on the Japanese islands of Honshu and Hokkaidō.
• Viola grisebachiana Vis. : It only occurs on the Balkan Peninsula.
• Viola grypoceras A.Gray (Syn .: Viola grayi var. Candida H.Boissieu , Viola grypoceras var. Barbata W.Becker , Viola grypoceras var. Pubescens Nakai , Viola leveillei H.Boissieu , Viola sylvestris var. Candida (H.Boissieu) H.Lév. , Viola sylvestris var. Grypoceras (A.Gray) Maxim. ): The name Viola faurieana W.Becker was misused for specimens of this species. It is found in Japan, Korea, Taiwan and the Chinese provinces of Anhui , Fujian , southeastern Gansu , Guangdong , Guangxi , Guizhou , Henan , Hubei , Hunan , Jiangsu , Jiangxi , southern Shaanxi , eastern Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang .
• Viola guadalupensis A.M. Powell & Wauer : It occurs in Texas .
• Viola guatemalensis W.Becker : It occurs in Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama.
• Violet calamine pansy , Westphalian calamine violet ( Viola guestphalica Nauenb. , Syn .: Viola calaminaria subsp. Westfalica (W.Ernst) J. Heimans , Viola calaminaria var. Westfalica W.Ernst , Viola lutea var. Westfalica A.AHSchulz ) :
• Viola hallii A. Gray
• Viola hamiltoniana D.Don (Syn .: Viola arcuata Blume , Viola distans Wall. )
• Viola hancockii W.Becker
• Viola hastata Michx.
• Australian violet ( Viola hederacea Labill. , Syn .: Erpetion reniforme Sweet , Viola sieberiana Spreng. ): It was found by plant collectors Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander during their stay at Botany Bay on their trip with James Cook .
• Viola hediniana W.Becker
• Viola heldreichiana Boiss. , occurs on Karpathos and in southwest Anatolia .
• Viola helenae C.N. Forbes & Lydgate
• Viola henryi H. Boissieu
• Viola hieronymi W.Becker
• Viola hillii W.Becker
• Viola hirsutula Brainerd
• Rough violet ( Viola hirta L. )
• Viola hirtipes S.Moore (Syn .: Viola miyabei Makino )
• Viola hispida Lam.
• Viola hissarica Juz.
• Viola hondoensis W.Becker & H.Boissieu (Syn .: Viola nipponica Maxim. , Viola yatabeana Makino )
• Viola hookeri Thomson
• Viola hookeriana Kunth
• Viola hossei W.Becker
• Viola howellii A. Gray
• Viola huesoensis Martic.
• Viola Huidobrii Gay
• Viola hultenii W.Becker
• Viola humilis Kunth
• Viola hunanensis hand.-Mazz.
• Viola hymettia Boiss. & Hero.
• Viola ibukiana Makino
• Viola ignobilis Rupr.
• Viola improcera L.G. Adams
• Viola incisa Turcz.
• Viola inconspicua flower
• Viola indica W.Becker
• Viola ircutiana Turcz.
• Viola irinae Zolot.
• Viola isaurica Contandr. & Quezel
• Viola isopetala Juz.
• Viola iwagawae Makino
• Viola Jagellonica Zapal.
• Viola jalapensis W.Becker
• Viola jangiensis W.Becker
• Viola japonica Langsd. ex went. (Syn .: Viola metajaponica Nakai )
• Viola jaubertiana Marès & Vigin. : This endemic occurs only in Mallorca .
• Viola javanica W.Becker
• Viola joergensenii W.Becker
• Viola johnstonii W.Becker
• Viola jooi Janka : It only occurs in Romania .
• Viola jordanii Hanry (Syn .: Viola cilicica Contandr. & Quézel , Viola falconeri Hook. F. & Thomson )
• Viola kalbreyeri W.Becker
• Viola kamibayahsii Nakai
• Viola kapsanensis Nakai
• Viola kashmiriana W.Becker
• Viola kauaensis A. Gray
• Viola Keiskei Miq. (Syn .: Viola keiskei f. Okuboi (Makino) F.Maek. , Viola keiskei var. Okuboi Makino , Viola okuboi (Makino) Makino )
• Viola kermesina W.Becker
• Viola kiangsiensis W.Becker
• Viola kitaibeliana Schult. (Syn .: Viola karakalensis Klokov )
• Viola kitamiana Nakai
• Viola kizildaghensis Dinc & Yild.
• Viola kjellbergii Melch.
• Viola koraiensis Nakai
• Viola kosaninii (sword) Hayek (Syn .: Viola delphinantha subsp. Kosanini sword ): It occurs in Albania and in the former Yugoslavia.
• Viola kunawurensis Royle (Syn .: Viola tianschanica Maxim. )
• Viola kupfferi Klokov
• Viola kusanoana Makino (Syn .: Viola mutsuensis W.Becker )
• Viola kusnezowiana W.Becker
• Labrador violets ( Viola labradorica cabinet , Syn .: Viola conspersa Rchb. )
• Viola lactea Sm. , Occurs only in Western Europe.
• Viola lactiflora Nakai (Syn .: Viola limprichtiana W.Becker )
• Viola lanaiensis W.Becker
• Viola lanceolata L. (Syn .: Viola vittata Greene )
• Viola langeana Valentine , occurs only in Spain and Portugal.
• Viola langsdorffii fish. ex went. (Syn .: Viola simulata M.S.Baker , Viola kamtschadalorum W.Becker & Hultén )
• Viola lanifera W.Becker
• Viola latistipulata Hemsl.
• Viola lavrenkoana Klokov
• Viola lehmanii W.Becker
• Viola leyboldiana Phil.
• Viola libanotica Boiss.
• Viola lilloana W.Becker
• Viola lithion N.H. Holmgren & PKHolmgren
• Viola littoralis Spreng.
• Viola llullaillacoensis W.Becker
• Viola lobata Benth.
• Viola lucens W.Becker
• Sudeten pansy ( Viola lutea Huds. , Incl.Viola sudetica Willd. )
• Viola lyallii Hook.f.
• Viola macloskeyi F.E. Lloyd (Syn .: Viola rotundifolia var. Pallens Banks ex DC. )
• Viola macroceras Bunge
• Viola maculata Cav. (Syn .: Viola microphyllos Poir. )
• Viola magellanica G. Forst.
• Viola magellensis Porta & Rigo ex Strobl : It occurs in Italy, Albania and Greece.
• Viola magnifica C.J.Wang & XDWang
• Viola majchurensis Pissjauk.
• Viola makranica Omer & Qaiser
• Viola mandonii W.Becker
• Viola mandshurica W.Becker (Syn .: Viola ikedaeana W.Becker ex Taken. , Viola mandshurica var. Crassa Tatew. , Viola taiwaniana Nakai , Viola niijimensis Nakai , Viola boninensis Nakai , Viola patrinii var. Triangularis Franch. & Sav. )
• Viola maroccana Maire
• Viola mauritii Tepl. : It is common in North Asia.
• Viola maviensis H. Mann
• Viola maximowicziana Makino
• Viola maymanica Gray-Wilson
• Viola mearnsii Merr.
• Viola membranacea W.Becker
• Viola mercurii Orph. ex Halacsy : It occurs in Greece.
• Viola merrilliana W.Becker
• Viola meyeriana (Rupr.) Klokov (Syn .: Viola minuta var. Meyeriana Rupr. )
• Viola micranthella Wedd.
• Viola microdonta C.C. Chang
• Viola minor (Makino) Makino (Syn .: Viola patrinii var. Minor Makino )
• Viola minuta M.Bieb.
• Viola minutiflora Phil.
• Wonder violet ( Viola mirabilis L. , Syn .: Viola brachysepala Maxim. , Viola mirabilis subsp. Brachysepala (Maxim.) Vorosch. )
• Viola modesta Fenzl ( Syn.Viola ebracteolata Fenzl , Viola modestula Klokov )
• Viola Mongolica Franch. (Syn .: Viola hebeiensis J.W.Wang & TGMa , Viola yamatsutae Ishid. , Viola yezoensis var. Hebeiensis (JWWang & TGMa) JWWang & J.Yang )
• Viola montagnei Gay
• Viola montcaunica Pau
• Viola moupinensis Franch. (Syn .: Viola rosthornii E. Pritz. )
• Viola mucronulifera hand.-Mazz. (Syn .: Viola kwangtungensis Melch. )
• Viola muehldorfii Kiss (Syn .: Viola lasiostipes Nakai )
• Viola munbyana Boiss. & Reut. : It occurs in Sicily and North Africa .
• Viola munozensis W.Becker
• Viola muscoides Phil.
• Viola nagasawae Makino & Hayata (Syn .: Viola pricei W.Becker )
• Viola nannae R.E.Fr.
• Viola nannei Pol.
• Viola nassauvioides Phil.
• Viola nebrodensis C. Presl : This endemic occurs only in the Nebroden of Sicily.
• Viola nemausensis Jord.
• Viola Niederleinii W.Becker
• Viola nobilis W.Becker
• Viola nubigena Leyb.
• Viola nuda W.Becker
• Viola nuevo-leonensis W.Becker
• Penny-leaved violet ( Viola nummulariifolia Vill. ): It occurs in Corsica, France and Italy.
• Viola nuttallii Pursh
• Viola oahuensis C.N. Forbes
• Viola obliquifolia Turcz.
• Viola obtusa (Makino) Makino (Syn .: Viola ovato-oblonga var. Obtusa Makino )
• Viola occulta clay. , a species of Southwest and Central Asia.
• Viola ocellata Torr. & A.Gray
• Viola odontocalycina Boiss.
• Scented violets ( Viola odorata L. , Syn .: Viola wiedemannii Boiss. )
• Viola oligoceps C.C.Chang
• Viola orbiculata Geyer ex BDJJacks.
• Viola oreades M.Bieb. , occurs in the Crimea and the Caucasus
• Viola orientalis (Maxim.) W.Becker (Syn .: Viola uniflora var. Orientalis Maxim. , Viola xanthopetala Nakai )
• Viola orphanidis Boiss. (Syn .: Viola nicolai Pant. ): It occurs on the Balkan Peninsula.
• Viola orthoceras Ledeb.
• Viola ovalleana Phil.
• Viola ovato-oblonga (Miq.) Makino (Syn .: Viola sylvestris f. Ovato-oblonga Miq. )
• Viola oxyodontis H.E.Ballard
• Viola pachyrrhiza Boiss. & High.
• Viola pacifica Juz.
• Viola painteri Rose & House
• Viola pallascaensis W.Becker
• Viola palmata L. (Syn .: Viola triloba pig. , Viola viarum Pollard )
• Viola palmensis (Webb & Berthel.) Sauer (Syn .: Mnemion palmense Webb & Berthel. )
• Marsh violets ( Viola palustris L. , Syn .: Viola juressi Link ex Wein , Viola palustris subsp. Juressi (Link ex Wein) W.Becker ex Cout. , Viola palustris subsp. Palustris )
• Viola papuana W.Becker & Pulle
• Viola paravaginata H.Hara
• Viola parnonia Kit Tan et al.
• Viola parvula Tineo
• Viola pascua W.Becker
• Viola patrinii DC.
• Bird's foot violet ( Viola pedata L. )
• Viola pedatifida G.Don (Syn .: Viola brittoniana Pollard , Viola delphiniifolia Nutt. Ex Torr. & A.Gray )
• Viola pedunculata Torr. & A.Gray
• Viola pekinensis (rule) W.Becker (Syn .: Viola kamtschatica var. Pekinensis rule )
• Viola pendulicarpa W.Becker
• Viola pentadactyla Fenzl
• Viola perinensis W.Becker : It occurs only in Bulgaria and Greece.
• Trench violets ( Viola persicifolia Schreb. , Syn .: Viola stagnina Kit. Ex Schult. )
• Viola phalacrocarpa Maxim. (Syn .: Viola conilii Franch. & Sav. , Viola ishidoyana Nakai , Viola nipponica Makino , Viola phalacrocarpoides Makino , Viola pseudoprionantha W.Becker , Viola reinii W.Becker )
• Viola philippica Cav. (Syn .: Viola confusa Champ. Ex Benth. , Viola stenocentra Hayata ex Nakai , Viola alisoviana Kiss , Viola tosaensis Nakai , Viola yedoensis Makino , Viola pseudojaponica Nakai , Viola yedoensis var. Pseudojaponica (Nakai) T.Hashim. Ex E. Hama & K.Nakaj. )
• Viola philippii Leyb. (Syn .: Viola arbuscula Phil. )
• Viola pilosa flower (Syn .: Viola buchaneana DC. Ex D.Don , Viola serpens Wall. Ex Ging. )
• Viola pinetorum Greene
• Feather violets ( Viola pinnata L. )
• Viola placida W.Becker
• Viola poetica Boiss. & Spruner : It only occurs in Greece .
• Viola pogonantha W.W.Sm.
• Viola polycephala H.E.Ballard & P.Jørg.
• Viola polymorpha C.C. Chang
• Viola polypoda Turcz.
• Viola popetae Sparre
• Viola portalesia Gay (Syn .: Viola integerrima Phil. )
• Viola portulacea Leyb.
• Viola praemorsa Douglas ex Lindl. (Syn .: Viola flavovirens Pollard , Viola linguifolia Nutt. Ex Torr. & A.Gray , Viola nuttallii var. Praemorsa (Douglas ex Lindl.) S. Watson )
• Viola primulifolia L.
• Viola principis by H. Boissieu
• Viola prionantha Bunge
• Viola pseudoarcuata C.C.Chang
• Viola pseudogracilis Strobl (Syn .: Viola cassinensis Strobl ): It occurs only in Italy .
• Viola pseudomonbeigii C.C.Chang
• Viola pseudovulcanica W.Becker
• Viola pubescens Aiton (Syn .: Viola eriocarpa pig. )
• Viola pulchella Leyb. ex rich
• Viola pulvinata rich
• Low violet ( Viola pumila Chaix , Syn .: Viola pratensis Mert. & WDJKoch )
• Viola purpurea Kellogg :
  • Viola purpurea subsp. integrifolia M.S.Baker & JCClausen
  • Viola purpurea subsp. mohavensis (MSBaker & JCClausen) JCClausen (Syn .: Viola aurea subsp. mohavensis M.S.Baker & JCClausen )
  • Viola purpurea Kellogg subsp. purpurea
  • Viola purpurea subsp. quercetorum (MSBaker & JCClausen) RJLittle (Syn .: Viola quercetorum M.S.Baker & JCClausen )
  • Viola purpurea subsp. venosa (S.Watson) MSBaker & JCClausen (Syn .: Viola nuttallii var. venosa S.Watson )
• Viola pusillima Wedd.
• Viola pygmaea Juss. ex Poir.
• Pyrenees violets ( Viola pyrenaica Ramond , Syn .: Viola prenja Beck )
• Viola raddeana rule (Syn .: Viola deltoidea Yatabe )
• Viola rauliniana Erben (Syn .: Viola heldreichiana auct.): It comes from Crete and Cyprus .
• Viola raunsiensis W.Becker & Kosanin
• Viola reichei Skottsb.
• Forest violets ( Violareichenbachiana Jord. Ex Boreau , Syn .: Viola arenicola Chabert , Viola formosa Vuk. , Viola sylvestris auct.)
• Viola renifolia A. Gray
• Viola replicata W.Becker
• Viola reptans B.L.Rob. (Syn .: Viola pringlei Rose & House )
• Viola rheophila Okamoto
• Viola rhodopeia W.Becker : It only occurs in the Rhodope Mountains .
• Viola rhombifolia Leyb.
• Grove violets ( Viola riviniana Rchb. )
• Viola rockiana W.Becker
• Viola rodriguezii W.Becker
• Viola roigii Rossow
• Viola rossii Hemsl. (Syn .: Viola franchetii H. Boissieu , Viola matsumurae Makino )
• Viola rostrata Pursh
• Viola rosulata Poepp. & Endl.
• Viola rotundifolia Michx.
• Viola rubella Cav.
• Viola rudolphi rafter
• Viola rugosa Phil. Ex W.Becker
• Viola rupestris F.W.Schmidt (Syn .: Viola arenaria DC. ): It iswidespreadwith three subspecies in Eurasia .
• Viola rupicola Elmer
• Viola saccata Melch.
• Viola sacchalinensis H.Boissieu (Syn .: Viola harae Miyabe & Tatew. , Viola komarovii W.Becker , Viola miyakei Nakai , Viola silvestriformis W.Becker , Viola venusta Nakai )
• Viola sacculus Skottsb.
• Viola sagittata Aiton (Syn .: Viola fimbriatula Sm. , Viola ovata Nutt. )
• Viola sandrasea Melch.
• Viola santiagoensis W.Becker
• Viola savatieri Makino
• Viola saxifraga Maire
• Viola scandens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult. (Syn .: Viola nelsonii W.Becker )
• Viola schachimardanica Khalk.
• Viola schaffneriana W.Becker
• Viola schneideri W.Becker
• Viola Schulzeana W.Becker
• Viola scorpiuroides Coss. : It occurs in Greece, Crete and North Africa.
• Viola seleriana W.Becker
• Viola selkirkii Pursh ex Goldie (Syn .: Viola borealis Weinm. , Viola carnosula W.Becker , Viola crassicornis W.Becker & Hultén , Viola imberbis Ledeb. , Viola Kamschatica Ging. , Viola umbrosa Fr. )
• Viola sempervirens Greene
• Viola sempervivum Gay
• Viola senzanensis Hayata
• Viola seoulensis Nakai
• Viola septemloba Leconte (Syn .: Viola egglestonii Brainerd )
• Viola serrula W.Becker
• Viola sheltonii Torr.
• Viola shikokiana Makino
• Viola shinchikuensis Yamam.
• Viola Sieboldii Maxim. (Syn .: Viola pumilio W.Becker )
• Viola see Ana W.Becker
• Viola sikkimensis W.Becker
• Viola sintenisii W.Becker (Syn .: Viola alba subsp. Sintenisii (W.Becker) W.Becker )
• Viola skottsbergiana W.Becker
• Viola somchetica K. Koch
• Whit Violet ( Viola sororia Willd. , Syn .: Viola affinis Leconte , Viola missouriensis Greene , Viola novae-angliae House , Viola sororia 'Priceana', Viola nephrophylla Greene , Viola papilionacea Pursh , Viola papilionacea f. Albiflora Grover , Viola papilionacea var . priceana (Pollard) Alexander , Viola pratincola Greene , Viola priceana Pollard , Viola septentrionalis Greene , Viola sororia f. priceana (Pollard) Cooperr. )
• Viola spathulata Willd.
• Viola speciosa Pant. : It occurs in Albania and the former Yugoslavia.
• Viola spegazzinii W.Becker
• Viola sphaerocarpa W.Becker
• Viola splendida W.Becker : This endemic occurs only in Salerno in Italy.
• Viola steinbachii W.Becker
• Viola stewardiana W.Becker
• Viola stipularis Sw.
• Viola stojanowii W.Becker : It only occurs in Bulgaria and Greece.
• Viola stoloniflora Yokota & Higa
• Viola striata Aiton
• Viola striatella H.Boissieu (Syn .: Viola bambusetorum Hand.-Mazz. , Viola emeiensis ChingJ.Wang , Viola lianhuashanensis ChingJ.Wang & K.Sun , Viola pseudobambusetorum Chang , Viola schensiensis W.Becker ): It thrives on grassy mountain slopes and moist rock sites at altitudes of 1200 to 3400 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Chongqing, Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan.
• Blue violets ( Viola suavis M.Bieb. , Syn .: Viola cyanea Čelak. , Viola segobricensis Pau , Viola sepincola Jord. )
• Viola subandina J.M.Watson (Syn .: Viola pusilla Hook. & Arn. )
• Viola subdimidiata A.St.-Hil.
• Viola subsinuata Greene
• Viola sumatrana Miq.
• Viola szetschwanensis W.Becker & H.Boissieu
• Viola taischanensis C.J.Wang
• Viola takeshimana Nakai
• Viola taltalensis W.Becker
• Viola tanaitica Grosset : It is common in southern Russia.
• Viola tarbagataica Klokov
• Viola tashiroi Makino
• Viola tectiflora W.Becker
• Viola tenuicornis W.Becker (Syn .: Viola tenuicornis subsp. Trichosepala W.Becker , Viola trichosepala (W.Becker) Juz. , Viola variegata var. Chinensis Bunge )
• Viola tenuissima C.C. Chang
• Viola teplouchovii Juz.
• Viola thibaudieri Franch. & Sav.
• Viola Thomasiana Songeon & EPPerrier
• Viola thomsonii Oudem.
• Viola tokubuchiana Makino (Syn .: Viola scabrida Nakai , Viola takedana Makino , Viola nikkoensis Nakai )
• Viola tomentosa M.S.Baker & JCClausen
• Viola triangulifolia W.Becker
• Viola trichopetala C.C.Chang
• Wild pansy ( Viola tricolor L. ):
  • Viola tricolor subsp. curtisii (E. Forst.) Syme (Syn .: Viola curtisii E. Forst. )
  • Viola tricolor subsp. macedonica (Boiss. & Heldr.) AFWSchmidt (Syn .: Viola macedonica Boiss. & Heldr. )
  • Viola tricolor subsp. matutina (Klokov) Valentine (Syn .: Viola matutina Klokov )
  • Viola tricolor subsp. subalpina (Gaudin) Schinz & Thell. (Syn .: Viola saxatilis F.W.Schmidt , Viola tricolor  ? Subalpina Gaudin )
  • Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor (Syn .: Viola tricolor var. hortensis DC. , Viola tricolor var. vulgaris cooking , Viola tricolor subsp. vulgaris (Koch) Oborný )
• Viola tridentata Menzies ex DC.
• Viola triflabellata W.Becker
• Viola trinervata Howell
• Viola tripartita Elliott
• Viola truncata W.Becker (Syn .: Viola huanucoensis W.Becker )
• Viola tsugitakaensis Masam.
• Viola tucumanensis W.Becker
• Viola turkestanica Regel & Schmalh.
• Viola uleana W.Becker : It occurs in Brazil.
• Bog violets ( Viola uliginosa Besser )
• Viola umbraticola Kunth : It occurs in Arizona and Mexico.
• Viola uniflora L .: It occurs in Siberia and Mongolia.
• Viola urophylla Franch. : The two varieties thrive on the edges of forests, in meadows, in grassy locations and on the banks of rivers at altitudes of 1,600 to 3,600 meters in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and western Yunnan.
• Viola ursina Kom .: It occurs on the Kamchatka Peninsula.
• Viola utchinensis Koidz. : It occurs on Okinawa .
• Viola vaginata Maxim. (Syn .: Viola pachyrrhiza Franch. ): It occurs in Japan.
• Valdieri violets ( Viola valderia All. ): It occurs only in the French and Italian Alps.
• Viola vallenarensis W.Becker : It occurs in Chile.
• Viola vallicola A. Nelson (Syn .: Viola nuttallii var. Major Hook. , Viola nuttallii var. Vallicola (A. Nelson) H.St. John ): It occurs in western Canada and in the western and northern United States.
• Viola variegata fish. ex Link (Syn .: Viola tenuicornis subsp. primorskajensis W.Becker , Viola variegata var. viridis Kitag. ): It is on the Japanese islands of Honshu and Shikoku, in Korea, in Russia's Far East and in Siberia, Mongolia, theWidespread in Inner Mongolia and in the Chinese provinces of Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning and Shanxi.
• Viola veronicifolia Planch. & Linden : It occurs in Ecuador.
• Viola vespertina Klokov : It occurs in the Caucasus region.
• Viola villosa Walter : It occurs in the central and eastern United States.
• Viola violacea Makino (Syn .: Viola makinoi H.Boissieu , Viola obtusosagitta Koidz. , Viola sacraricola Nakai , Viola tanakaeana Makino ): It occurs in South Korea, on the Japanese islands of Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku and in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi and Zhejiang.
• Viola volcanica Gillies ex Hook. & Arn. (Syn .: Viola chillanensis Phil. , Viola exilis Phil. ): It occurs in Argentina and Chile.
• Viola wailenalenae (Rock) Skottsb. (Syn .: Viola robusta var. Wailenalenae Rock ): It occurs in Hawaii.
• Viola wallichiana Went. (Syn .: Viola reniformis Wall. ): It occurs in Darjeeling , Sikkim , Nepal and Tibet.
• Viola walteri House (Syn .: Viola appalachiensis L.K. Henry ): It occurs in the northeastern and in the southern United States.
• Viola weberbaueri W.Becker : It occurs in Peru.
• Viola websteri Hemsl. : It occurs in Korea and eastern Jilin .
• Viola weddellii W.Becker : It occurs in Peru.
• Viola weibelii J.F. Macbr . : It occurs in Peru.
• Viola weixiensis C.J.Wang : It occurs in Yunnan .
• Viola werdermannii W.Becker : It occurs in two varieties in Chile.
• Viola willkommii R. Roem. : It only occurs in Spain.
• Viola winteri J.R. Forst. & G.Forst. : It occurs in Chile.
• Viola woosanensis Y.N.Lee & J.Kim : It occurs in southern Korea.
• Viola yazawana Makino : It occurs in Japan and Korea.
• Viola yezoensis Maxim. (Syn .: Viola biacuta W.Becker , Viola flaccida Makino , Viola pycnophylla Franch. & Sav. , Viola yatabei Makino ): It occurs in Japan and Korea.
• Viola yildirimlii Dinc & Bagci : This endemic occurs only in the Turkish province of Adana .
• Viola yunnanensis W.Becker & H.Boissieu : It is common in Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Vietnam and in the Chinese provinces of Hainan and southern Yunnan.
• Viola yunnanfuensis W.Becker (Syn .: Viola bhutanica H.Hara , Viola concordifolia C.J.Wang , Viola cordifolia W.Becker non Schweinitz nor Schur ): It is in Bhutan, in southern Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan spread.
• Viola yuzufelensis A.P. Khokhr . : This endemic occurs only in the Turkish province of Artvin .

Hybrids :

• Bastard forest violet , Bavarian violet ( Viola × bavarica cabinet , hybrid of Violareichenbachiana × Viola riviniana )
• Viola × florariensis Correvon = Viola cornuta × Viola tricolor
• Garden pansy or Viola Wittrockiana group ( Viola × wittrockiana Gams , Syn .: Viola × hortensis auct., Viola tricolor hort.)

The following are no longer included in the viola genre :

• Viola arborea Forssk. => Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.Muell.

use

Some types and varieties of violets are used as ornamental plants . Some species and varieties serve as medicinal and kitchen plants and are used for cosmetic purposes.

Violets as ornamental plants

In parks and gardens in beds or planters , the most common ornamental plants are the scented violet , the horned violet and, probably the most commonly cultivated, the garden pansy , as well as the grove violet with the shape 'Purpurea' (often incorrectly referred to as viola labradorica ), the Peony violets with the varieties 'Albiflora' and 'Freckles' as well as some alpine species for the rock garden. The Parma violet is rarely found in gardens these days.

On the other hand, the Alpine violets and the African violets known as indoor plants do not belong to the genus of violets ( Viola ) .

Violets as medicinal and culinary plants

Scented violets, especially March and Parma violets, have long played an important role in herbalism. Except in the field of naturopathy , especially aromatherapy , they are no longer used. Fragranced and horned violet flowers, like pansy flowers, can also be used in culinary terms and are, for example, one of the ingredients of the original Pear Helene recipe. The well-known violet pastilles are flavored with synthetic violet fragrances ( ionones ). Liqueur flavored with violets is called crème de violette and has been made at least since the early 19th century.

Violets in perfumery

The flowers of March and Parma violets have been used in cosmetic products for centuries. The natural violet blossom absolute has practically disappeared today and is being replaced by the synthetic ionones by the cosmetics industry . Violet leaf absolute (from Viola odorata ), on the other hand, continues to be widely used in perfume production. The so-called "natural violet perfume" has also been extracted for a long time from the so-called violet root / iris root, which consists of dried rhizomes of various types of iris .

etymology

The scientific name Viola is an independent borrowing of the Latin viola (e.g. from Virgil, Columella, Pliny) and is probably the diminutive of the ancient Greek íon or víon , which already occurs in Pindar and Homer and in antiquity with the mythological Io in Has been linked. An exact equivalent of the Latin word can also be found in the Greek name Iólē , or older Viólā , the mythological daughter of King Eurytus of Oichalia on Euboia.

The German name Veilchen can be traced back directly to the Latin name viola , which became fiol in Old High German .

The name pansy is said to be based on a comparison: the two upper petals, usually without a drawing, are the stepdaughters, the conspicuously drawn petals on the side are the natural daughters and the large lower petals with the large sap mark are the mother.

Violets in mythology, customs and literature: see scented violets .

Cultural history

Various mythological stories about the violet were already known to the Greeks, who associated the violet with Io. Ioplokos or ioplokamos were called women with dark curls and iostephanos meant violet- wreathed , which in Pindar's name stands for the city of Athens. Legends explain the name in such a way that Ionic nymphs offered this flower to Jon when Athens was founded, or that Zeus offered it to his lover, the king's daughter Io, as a sweet dish. The ancient authors distinguish three groups of violets: the blue (black or purple), the actual ion ( Viola odorata ), also ion to melan (black violet with Theophrastus), ion porhyrun (purple violet with Dioscurides) and viola purpurea (with the Romans) so called; the white violet, ion to leukon or leukoion, with the Romans viola alba (Pliny), pallens viola (Virgil), leucoium (Columella); and the yellow violet, leukoion melinon (Dioscurides), viola lutea (Pliny), viola crocea (Albertus Magnus).

swell

• Hans Melchior: The phylogenetic development of the Violaceae and the natural relationships of their genera. In: Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis - Feddes Repertorium , Botanische Beihefte. 36, 83-125, Berlin 1925.
• Yousheng Chen, Qiner Yang, Hideaki Ohba, Vladimir V. Nikitin: Violaceae. Viola - online. , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . tape 13 : Clusiaceae through Araliaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2007, ISBN 978-1-930723-59-7 , pp. 138 (English). . (Sections Description and Systematics)
• David Henriques Valentine , Hermann Merxmüller , Alexander Schmidt: Viola L. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 2: Rosaceae to Umbelliferae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1968, ISBN 0-521-06662-X , pp. 270–282 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Hans Melchior: Violaceae. In: A. Engler, K. Prantl 1925: The natural plant families - 21 . Jena 1925. pp. 331-332.
2. ↑ ^{a b} Hans Melchior: Violaceae. In: A. Engler, K. Prantl 1925: The natural plant families - 21 . Jena 1925. p. 334.
3. ↑ Hans Melchior: Violaceae. Pp. 329-363. In: A. Engler, K. Prantl 1925: The natural plant families 21, Leipzig 1925. P. 335.
4. ↑ Wilhelm Becker: Viola L. P. 363-376. In: A. Engler, K. Prantl 1925: The natural plant families 21, Leipzig 1925. P. 363.
5. ↑ J. Christopher Havran, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Harvey E. Ballard Jr. (2009): Evolutionary relationships, interisland biogeography, and molecular evolution in the Hawaiian violets (Viola: Violaceae). American Journal of Botany 96 (11): 2087-2099.
6. ↑ Hermann Meusel ; Eckehart Jäger , Stephan Rauschert, Erich Weinert 1978: Comparative Chorology of Central European Flora - Text, Volume II . Gustav Fischer, Jena. P. 292
7. ↑ Hermann Meusel; Eckehart Jäger, Stephan Rauschert, Erich Weinert 1978: Comparative Chorology of Central European Flora - Maps, Volume II . Gustav Fischer, Jena. P. 289
8. ↑ Thomas Marcussen, Lise Heier, Anne K. Brysting, Bengt Oxelman, Kjetill S. Jakobsen: From Gene Trees to a Dated Allopolyploid Network: Insights from the Angiosperm Genus Viola (Violaceae). In: Systematic Biology , October 3, 2014. Full text online.
9. ↑ ^{a b} Thomas Marcussen et al. 2014: p. 85
10. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq} Viola in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
11. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t} Yousheng Chen, Qiner Yang, Hideaki Ohba, Vladimir V. Nikitin: Violaceae. : Viola , p. 74 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 13 - Clusiaceae through Araliaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press , Beijing and St. Louis 2007, ISBN 978-1-930723-59-7 .
12. ↑ ^{a b c} Matthias Erben: Cytotaxonomic investigations on south-east European viola species of the Melanium section. In: Communications from the Botanical State Collection, Munich. Vol. 21, No. 2, 1985, pp. 339-740, online .
13. ↑ Thomas Raus: Additions and amendments to the flora of the Karpathos island group (Dodekanesos, Greece). In: Botanika Chronika. Volume 12, 1996, pp. 21-53.
14. ^ Peter Hadland Davis (ed.): Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 1 (Pteridophyta to Polygalaceae) . Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 1965, ISBN 0-85224-159-3 , pp. 531 (reprinted 1997).
15. ↑ Richard Willfort: Health through medicinal herbs: recognition, effect u. Application. 11th edition, Trauner, Linz 1971. ISBN 3-85320-001-X .
16. ↑ Dieter Martinetz, Roland Hartwig: Pocket book of fragrances: a lexicon from AZ. Harri Deutsch, Thun 1998, ISBN 3-8171-1539-3 .
17. ^ H. Gams, W. Becker, 1925: Violaceae. In: G. Hegi: Illustrated flora of Central Europe. 1st ed. Volume V (1), Carl Hanser, Munich, pp. 585-668. P. 587.
18. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 (reprint from 1996).
19. ^ H. Gams, W. Becker, 1925: Violaceae. In: G. Hegi: Illustrated flora of Central Europe. 1st ed. Volume V (1), Carl Hanser, Munich, pp. 586-587.

Supplementary literature

• Fritz Köhlein: Viola - violets, pansies, horned violets. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-8001-6655-0 .
• Elisabeth Mayer: wild fruits, wild vegetables, wild herbs. 2nd edition, Leopold Stocker Verlag , Graz 2001, ISBN 3-7020-0835-7 , pp. 31–32.
• Marion Nickig, Elke von Radziewsky: Pansies and violets. Ellert & Richter, Hamburg 1999, ISBN 3-89234-837-5 .

Identification key

• Identification key for the wild violet species in Germany.

Web links

Commons : Veilchen ( Viola )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Wiktionary: violets  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

• Violet homepage.
• The American Violet Society .
• Numerous detailed recordings at botanische-spaziergaenge.at .

 Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap