Grove violets
| Grove violets | ||||||||||||
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Grove violets ( Viola riviniana ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Viola riviniana | ||||||||||||
| Rchb. |
The grove violet ( Viola riviniana ) belongs to the violet family (Violaceae) and was voted Flower of the Year 2002. This type of violet is named after August Quirinus Rivinus .
Identifying features
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The grove violet is a deciduous, perennial herbaceous plant . This semi-rosette plant reaches heights of 10 to 30 cm. It can outlast the winter with its rhizomes .
It has 14 to 22 mm long, striking light purple colored flowers . The petals , often overflowing bluish , often overlap and the lowest petal is clearly veined. The flower appears almost square in outline. The whitish spur is thick and slightly outlined at the tip. The appendages of the calyx are about 2 mm long and often larger and ragged at fruit time.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 40 or 46.
The grove violet can easily be confused with the hybrid Viola × bavarica , which has a light purple spur.
ecology
Insects, especially flies, act as pollinators. The seeds are either self-spreading or are dragged away by ants ( myrmecochory ). Kleistogamous flowers that do not open and are self-fertilizing when closed are also rare .
Occurrence
The grove violet blooms in deciduous forests from April to June and is usually found there with oak, birch, beech and hornbeam. It can also be found in sparse bushes and on grasslands . In Central Europe, it is an association character of the Quercion roboris and occurs here mainly in the Holco-Quercetum. It also occurs in societies of the Carpinion Association, acidic Quercetalia pubescentis societies or in Origanetalia societies. In all of Germany and parts of Europe except in the alpine areas it is a common component of the flora. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises to an altitude of 1500 meters.
Art concept
It should be mentioned that the species concept of Viola riviniana is different in Great Britain, Denmark and the Netherlands. According to this, Viola riviniana may well have a purple spur and not so pronounced calyx appendages. The definition of Violareichenbachiana is adjusted accordingly. After that, hybrids between these two species are no longer as common. (Stace 1975: p. 156 f., Stace 1991, Rich & Jermy 1998: p. 113), (Meijden 1990: p. 268), (Hansen 1988: p. 208).
literature
- Rudolf Schubert, Eckehart J. Jäger, Klaus Werner (eds.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland . Founded by Werner Rothmaler . Volumes 1-4 (1994-1996). Gustav Fischer, Jena a. a., ISBN 3-334-60831-X .
- Rudolf Schubert , Günther Wagner : Botanical dictionary. Plant names and botanical technical terms with an “Introduction to the terminology and nomenclature”, lists of the “Author names of plants (taxa)” and “Authors of plant sociological units” as well as an overview of the “System of Plants” and the “System of Plant Societies” ( = UTB . Band 1476 ). 12th edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8252-1476-1 .
- Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany. A botanical-ecological excursion companion to the most important species . 6th, completely revised edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2005, ISBN 3-494-01397-7 .
Web links
- Grove violets. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
- Grove violets . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Viola riviniana Rchb. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved December 25, 2015.
- Distribution in the northern hemisphere according to Eric Hultén
- Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 676 .
- ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 235.
Lung Gentian (1980) | Yellow Daffodil (1981) | Red Forest Bird (1982) | Wild tulip (1983) | Summer Adonis (1984) | Wood Columbine (1985) | Arnica (1986) | Sea thistle (1987) | Marsh Calla (1988) | Carthusian Carnation (1989) | Mountain Sand Bells (1990) | Rosemary Heath (1991) | Round-leaved sundew (1992) | Checkerboard Flower (1993) | Broad-leaved orchid (1994) | Globeflower (1995) | Pasque Flower (1996) | Silver thistle (1997) | Crab Scissors (1998) | Marsh marigold (1999) | Purple Stone Seed (2000) | Blood-red cranesbill (2001) | Grove Violets (2002) | Kornrade (2003) | Alpenbellchen (2004) | Large rattling pot (2005) | Meadow foam herb (2006) | Bach avens (2007) | Nodding Thistle (2008) | Common Wegwarte (2009) | Siberian Iris (2010) | Moor lily (2011) | Heather Carnation (2012) | Hepatica (2013) | Swan Flower (2014) | Ordinary devil bite (2015) | Real cowslip (2016) | Corn Poppy (2017) | Long-Leaved Honorary Award (2018) | Common heather (2019) | Fever Clover (2020)