Common chicory

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Common chicory
Common chicory (Cichorium intybus)

Common chicory ( Cichorium intybus )

Systematics
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Cichorioideae
Tribe : Cichorieae
Genre : Wegwarten ( Cichorium )
Type : Common chicory
Scientific name
Cichorium intybus
L.

The Common (or Common) Chicory ( Cichorium intybus ) and chicory (from the Latin cichorea called), is a plant from the family of the daisy family (Asteraceae). It often grows on roadsides in Central Europe. Cultivated forms are chicory , sugar loaf ( meat cabbage ), radicchio , cut chicory and the root chicory. In 2020 the common chicory is " Medicinal Plant of the Year ". It was also “ Vegetable of the Year ” in 2005 and “ Flower of the Year ” in 2009 in Germany.

features

Flower heads of the common chicory
Flower heads in profile

The common chicory is a perennial , herbaceous plant ( hemicryptophyte ) that reaches heights of 30 to 140 cm. It has a deep tap root . The stems are sparsely branched. The basal leaves and the lower stem leaves are pinnately cut in the shape of an inclined saw, their underside is hairy with hairs. The basal leaves are 8 to 25 cm long and 1 to 7 cm wide. The upper stalk leaves have an elongated-lanceolate shape , are pinnate to undivided and are sessile without a petiole with a hollowed leaf base .

The flower heads consist only of ray-flowers . They have a diameter of 3 to 5 cm, the lateral ones usually stand in pairs to five. They are short-stalked or sessile. The head cover is double-rowed, with the outer bracts being shorter and clearly protruding. The bracts are mostly hairy glands. The ray-florets are sky blue, rarely white; Flowering time is from June to October. The pollination is done by insects, mainly by bees and hover flies . The conspicuous inflorescences are only open in the morning and only for one day at a time. If they are closed, the plant hardly stands out against its surroundings.

The achenes are 2 to 3 mm long, ovate, rather angular and do not have a distinct pappus ; this consists only of short, rather inconspicuous scales.

Common Chicory Pollen Grain (400 ×)

The chromosome number is 2n = 18 or 18 or 36 for Cichorium intybus. subsp. sativum.

ingredients

The common chicory stores inulin as a reserve carbohydrate in the roots . The bitter substances are primarily the two sesquiterpene lactones lactucin and lactucopicrin . Other ingredients are esculetin , esculin , cichoriin , umbelliferone , scopoletin and 6,7-dihydroxy coumarin as well as other sesquiterpene lactones and their glycosides.

Distribution and locations

The common chicory is native to Europe, West Asia and North West Africa, and it was also introduced in Africa, North and South America. In Central Europe it grows on pastures, on ruderal sites and fields. Along paths and streets it typically settles in wayside and step plant communities . It occurs mainly in societies of the Agryopyro-Rumicion association, but also in the Polygonion avicularis, Convolvulo-Agropyrion or Dauco-Melilotion associations. In China and the USA, the plant - including transgenic forms - is grown commercially as a fodder crop. It occurs mainly on fresh to rather dry, nutrient-rich soils and can also tolerate a certain salinity. The vertical distribution extends to the montane altitude level at 1500 m. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises in the Vorarlberg part at the Auenhütte in the Schwarzwassertal up to an altitude of 1280 meters.

Systematics

Rare white form of the common chicory

The common Wegwarte belongs to the genus of the Wegwarten ( Cichorium ).

Several subspecies can be distinguished within the species:

  • Cichorium intybus subsp. intybus
  • Cichorium intybus subsp. spicatum I. Ricci : It was only newly described in 2007 and occurs in Italy and Croatia.
  • Cichorium intybus subsp. glabratum (C. Presl) Arcang. : Is used by Euro + Med as a synonym for Cichorium intybus .
  • Cichorium intybus subsp. intybus : It includes the cultivated forms:
    • Foliosum group: Also called Cichorium intybus convar. foliosum (Hegi) Holub . The chicory belongs to this group of varieties .
    • Sugar Loaf Group ( Sugar Loaf ): Grown mainly in Italy. Also considered part of the foliosum group.
    • Radicchio group
    • Salad group: It also contains varieties of radicchio.
    • Sativum group, the root chicory: It is also called Cichorium intybus var. Sativum DC. designated. The roasted roots are used as a coffee substitute , the leaves as silage . More recently, the root chicory has also been grown as a source of fructan.

Naming

Ordinary chicory by the roadside

Cichorium (Latin also formerly cichorea and cicorea ) is the Latin version of the Greek name κιχώριον for chicory, chicory, endive. The ancient Greek word is probably a foreign word from Egyptian, since the chicory and the endive were first cultivated in Egypt as medicinal and lettuce plants according to Pliny. The specific epithet goes back to the Latin word intubus (Greek: έντυβον) for chicory, endive, which is related to the Egyptian word tybi for January, since the leaves of the endive were eaten especially as a winter salad.

ecology

The common chicory is considered a pioneer plant and is deep-rooted. The flowers are pollinated by bees, such as the trouser bees , and hoverflies. They are only open in the morning from 6 a.m. to 11 a.m.

use

Ordinary chicory

A honey bee collects pollen from a chicory

The traditional use of the game as salad or vegetables comes from Campania and Calabria . It is called here cicoria selvatica ("wild chicory") or cicoria verde ("green chicory").

The plant species has been used to manufacture medicines since the Middle Ages at the latest . Under the name solsequium, it is possibly one of the plants from Charlemagne's estate ordinance (the name is ambiguous and was also used for marigold , dandelion and St. John's wort ).

Paracelsus recommends it as a sweaty, Kneipp for stomach, intestinal and liver diseases. In herbal medicine , it is used to stimulate and heal the spleen , liver and gall bladder, but is also used for general cleansing of skin diseases and eczema .

Popular uses include appetite stimulation (whole plant), stimulating the secretion of digestive juices, and laxative effects. The Wegwarte in Germany has a positive rating for the medicinal treatment of loss of appetite and dyspeptic complaints. The bitter guajanolides are likely to be effective in stimulating the appetite and digestion. There is little evidence of effectiveness in other areas of application. However, a more recent study aims at the sedative, psycho-relaxing and stress-reducing effects of Cichorium intybus ssp, which are known from traditional use. silvestre have confirmed. In summary, Gerhard Madaus wrote in 1938: "Because of its extensive effectiveness and reliability, Cichorium ... is one of the most important herbal medicines". The common Wegwarte was named Medicinal Plant of the Year 2020 by the NHV Theophrastus association .

Root chicory

The roasted chicory was first added to the coffee beans to give it more color and bitterness. From the middle of the 18th century it was also used alone as a coffee drink ("substitute coffee"). The inventor of chicory coffee ( Muckefuck ) are the Hanoverian officer Christian von Heine from Holzminden and the Braunschweig innkeeper Christian Gottlieb Förster († around 1801), who received concessions to run chicory factories in Braunschweig and Berlin around 1769/70 . The cultivation was sponsored by Frederick the Great, for example .

In the middle of the 19th century, chicory root was widely cultivated, but today it no longer plays a major economic role in connection with its original use as a coffee drink; The best-known commercial product with a proportion of root chicory among its ingredients is Caro coffee . Nevertheless, their cultivation is currently experiencing a renaissance, as the prebiotic dietary fiber inulin, which is increasingly used by the food industry for so-called functional food , is obtained from root chicory .

The chicory roots in a display case (length of the case estimated 1 m). Taken at the State Garden Show Schwäbisch Gmünd (Baden-Württemberg) in May 2014.

Chicory / salad chicory / radicchio

Commercial chicory
Chicory with roots

As the name suggests, the salad chicory is used as a food in the kitchen, but as such it was not an "invention" until the 19th century. According to tradition, the chief horticulturist at the Botanical Garden in Brussels, Bresier, pulled the first chicory sprouts in 1846. He let the roots grow in the open, but covered them so that they were light-tight so that they developed as few bitter substances as possible. According to another version, this type of forcing can be traced back to a chance observation: when Belgian farmers cut their chicory roots in the greenhouse in 1870 as a result of an unusually high harvest, they discovered the strong buds during the winter.

Only the sprouts are used for the salad. The beet-like roots are therefore buried and covered in November; during winter, the previously shortened leaves and the terminal buds sprout 15 to 20 cm long and 5 cm thick spindle-shaped solid buds. Due to the light protection, they are pale and delicate. They are prepared as a salad or vegetable.

Myths, sagas, poetry

Many myths are known, especially from the end of the Middle Ages, which attribute incredible magical powers to the chicory, especially in love magic. It is intended to make the bearer of the plant (excavated according to a certain rite) invincible and generally invulnerable in battle. Other myths are that a chicory under the pillow of the virgin makes the future husband appear in a dream. If the plant with a deer antler is dug up on St. Peter's Day, then, according to another superstition, one can beguile anyone who is touched with it.

A source cites an old legend according to which the flowers of the chicory are the blue eyes of a transformed damsel who waits in vain on the way for her lover to return from the crusade to the Holy Land. One may recognize here motifs from the novel Heinrich von Ofterdingen by the romantic poet Novalis . It is questionable, however, whether a real equivalent of the symbol of Romanticism, the “ blue flower ”, which comes from this Novalis novel, can be seen in the chicory.

In the Fruit-Bringing Society , Siegmund Wiprecht von Zerbst is assigned the common Wegwarte.

The heath poet Hermann Löns dedicates a poem to the Wegwarte in his volume “Der kleine Rosengarten”.

Waykeeper

There is a flower,
Where the wind blows the dust,
its blossom is blue,
but its leaves are gray.

I stood by the path,
held on to my hand,
you turned your eyes
away from me.

Now you stand by the way,
the wind is blowing,
your eyes, the blue
ones, they are blind from the dust.

As you stand and wait,
That I am, therefore,
ways waiting, waiting way,
you do not bloom In so more.

There is also a poem by Isolde Kurz with the title The Wegwarte , which takes up the above motif in Novalis.

The chicory

With bare feet at the edge of the path, Your
eyes quietly turned,
Did you see the
girl in the blue dress by gorse and heather ?

The path becomes silent, the path becomes empty.
So happiness no longer comes today?
The sun goes down reddish,
your limbs stare in the wind.

- Happiness doesn't come to my poor house, that's
why I stand out here by the road;
and if it comes on horseback, on foot,
I approach it with greetings.

The hikers pass by in various ways
on horseback, on foot, in carts.
- Didn't you see happiness?
They leave them laughing.

The rain slaps her face,
she is still standing, she doesn't notice:
- Perhaps it has already come,
- Has taken the other road

The little feet are rooted on the ground
The eyes became a flower.
She feels it and feels it like in a dream,
she waits at the edge of the road.

Common names

For the common Wegwarte there are or existed the other German-language trivial names : Cichurien ( Mecklenburg ), Cikary ( Eifel ), Feldwegwarte, Hemelslötel, Hindeg ( Silesia ), Hindlauf ( Middle High German ), Hindlaup (Middle High German), Hindlefte (Middle High German), Hindleufte ( Schlesien), Hindlichte (Middle High German), Hindlock ( Middle Low German ), Hindloff (Middle Low German), Hindlope (Middle Low German), Hindluft ( Schmalkalden ), Hinlaup, Hintlauf, Hintlefft (Middle Low German), Hintloft (Middle Low German), Hindtlauf, Hintloifte ( Old High German ), Hindtlauf, Hintloifte (althochdeutsch) Hintlopht (althochdeutsch) Hintloufte (middle Low German), Hintluch (medium high German), dog race, dog Läufte (Silesia), Hindlauf, Hindlaup, Hindlefte, Hindlichte, Irish Hard ( Göttingen ), Verfluchte Jungfer ( Prussia ), Kankerkraut, Kattenworza ( St Gallen near Werdenberg ), crayfish, fashion ( Swabia ), calendula, rough oak (Sommerfeld), pork breast, Somm erwend, Sonnendrath ( Thuringia ), Sonnenkraut, Sonnenwedel (Thuringia), Sonnenwendel (Middle High German), Sonnenwendel, Sonnenwerbel, Sonnenwerdel (Middle High German), Sonnenwirbel, Blauer Sonnenwirbel (Middle High German), Sonworbel (Middle High German), Sunderwerbel (Middle High German), Sunnenwerbel Sunnenwerve (Middle Low German), Sunnenwervel (Middle Low German), Sunniwirpela (Old High German), Sunwirbel (Middle High German), tarant tail, bird lamp, convertible angel ( Transylvania ), Wartkraut, Wasserwart (Silesia), path light (Silesia), Wegerein (Middle High German) Gallen), Weglug ( Braunschweig , Switzerland ), Wild Weglug, Wegwart (Braunschweig), Wegwarte (Austria), Wegwartz, Wegweiss, Wegweise (Middle High German), Wegweisse, Wegworz, Wendel (Silesia), Weygebreit (Middle Low German), Wirbel (Middle High German) , Würza (St. Gallen), Zichorjen (Weser), Zichurn (Mecklenburg), Zikohri (Transylvania) and Zuckerei ( Westphalia ).

In Schnittzichorie or chicory is a group of varieties of chicory. The variety known in Italy as Catalogna is mostly sold as dandelion in Germany because of the similarity of the leaves .

history

swell

literature

  • Manfred A. Fischer , Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol. 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 (characteristics, distribution).
  • Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive. CD-ROM. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 (characteristics, distribution)
  • Cichorium intybus. In: Mansfeld's World Database of Agriculture and Horticultural Crops. (Systematics)
  • Heinrich Marzell: Magic plants witch potions. Customs and superstitions. (= Kosmos Library. Volume 241). Stuttgart 1963.
  • Wolf-Dieter Storl, Paul Pfyl: Known and forgotten vegetables - medicine, ethnobotany, recipes. 2002, ISBN 3-85502-808-7 .
  • Quanzhen Wang, Jian Cui: Perspectives and utilization technologies of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.). In: African Journal of Biotechnology. Vol 10, March 14, 2011.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Cichorium intybus. In: Digital Flora of Taiwan. Retrieved October 10, 2008.
  2. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 975 .
  3. ↑ Harsh Pal Bais, GA Ravishankar: Cichorium intybus L - cultivation, processing, utility, value addition and biotechnology, with an emphasis on current status and future prospects . In: Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture . tape 81 , no. 5 , April 2001, ISSN  0022-5142 , p. 467-484 , doi : 10.1002 / jsfa.817 (English).
  4. ^ Cichorium intybus. In: Flora of North America. Retrieved October 10, 2008.
  5. ↑ Bernd Gehlken: Cichorium intybus-ways edge societies. In: Notebook of the Kassel School . Kassel 62.2003, pp. 54-78.
  6. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 653.
  7. ^ A b Werner Greuter : Compositae (pro parte majore). In: W. Greuter, E. von Raab-Straube (Ed.): Compositae. Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. 2006+ Cichorium intybus. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
  8. ↑ a b Walter Erhardt among others: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names . Volume 2, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 , p. 1303.
  9. ↑ Oswald Schmiedeberg : Historical and experimental studies on chicory and chicory coffee in terms of diet and health. In: Archives for Hygiene 76, 1912, pp. 210–244.
  10. ↑ Pliny the Elder : C. Plinii Secundi Naturalis historia. Edited by D. Detlefsen , I – VI (in 3 volumes), Berlin 1866–1882, here: Volume 3, p. 219 f .: Plinius XX, 74 f. ("Cichorium refrigerat [...]").
  11. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 2nd, improved edition. Birkhäuser, Basel / Boston / Berlin 1983, ISBN 3-7643-1399-4 .
  12. ↑ Cichorium intybus (chicory) . Monograph BGA / BfArM (Commission E). Federal Gazette. 1987 Apr. 23; 76. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
  13. ^ W. Blaschek, S. Ebel, E. Hackenthal, U. Holzgrabe, K. Keller, J. Reichling, V. Schulz (eds.): Hager's handbook of drugs and medicinal substances. HagerROM. Springer, Heidelberg 2006.
  14. ↑ The Blauwarte is the "Plant of Europe 2005" - wild vegetables and medicinal plants / calming effect. In: Doctors newspaper. December 8, 2004.
  15. ^ Cichorium intybus . In: Gerhard Madaus: Textbook of biological remedies. Thieme, Leipzig 1938. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
  16. ↑ Wegwarte is Medicinal Plant of the Year 2020. In: Pharmazeutische Zeitung . June 5, 2019, accessed August 30, 2019 .
  17. ↑ Christian Gottlieb Förster : History of the invention of the chicory coffee. Georg Ludewig Förster, Bremen 1773.
  18. ↑ Hengartner / Merki p. 109.
  19. ↑ Udelgard Körber-Grohne: Useful plants in Germany from prehistory to today . Theiss, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-933203-40-6 , pp. 287-292 (repr.)
  20. ↑ Heinrich Marzell: magical plants witches potions. Customs and superstitions. (= Kosmos Library. Volume 241). Stuttgart 1963, p. 30.
  21. ^ Stichmann-Marny, 1994.
  22. ↑ The small rose garden at Internet Archive
  23. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 98 f. (on-line)
  24. ↑ Pedanios Dioscurides . 1st century: De Medicinali Materia libri quinque. Translation. Julius Berendes . Pedanius Dioscurides' medicine theory in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902, p. 224 (Book II, Chapter 159): Seris (digitized version )
  25. ↑ Pliny the Elder , 1st century: Naturalis historia Book XX, Chapter XXIX – XXX (§ 73–74): Intubi. Cichorium (digitized version) ; Translation Külb 1855 (digitized version )
  26. ↑ Galen , 2nd century De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus , Book VIII, Chapter XVIII / 7 (based on the Kühn 1826 edition, Volume XII, p. 119): Seris. Cichorium (digitized version)
  27. ↑ Constantine the African , 11th century: Liber de gradibus simplicium . Pressure. Opera . Basel 1536, p. 353: Sponsa solis (digitized version )
  28. ↑ Circa instans 12th century print. Venice 1497, sheet 209v: Sponsa solis (digitized version )
  29. ↑ Abu Muhammad ibn al-Baitar , 13th century, Kitāb al-jāmiʿ li-mufradāt al-adwiya wa al-aghdhiya. Translation. Joseph Sontheimer under the title Large compilation on the powers of the well-known simple healing and food. Hallberger, Stuttgart Volume I 1840 [(digitized)] Volume II 1842, pp. 575-578: Cichorium (digitized)
  30. ^ Charles Victor Daremberg and Friedrich Anton Reuss (1810–1868). S. Hildegardis Abbatissae Subtilitatum Diversarum Naturarum Creaturarum Libri Novem. Physica , Book I, Chapter 60: Sun Vortex . Migne, Paris 1855. Sp. 1153 (digitized version ) - Translation: Herbert Reier: Hildegard von Bingen Physica. Translated into German after the text edition by JP Migne, Paris 1882. Kiel 1980, p. 85: Sun vortex is warm and humid, tends towards loveliness in its nature and is an earth child. But those who carry it with them or those who strive beyond others are persecuted with hatred by other people. But those who suffer around the chest because they have a hoarse voice, take Sunnenwirbel and of the same weight the larger cletta, cook them in pure wine and strain them through a cloth and often drink it after supper. His chest and voice will improve. And if you have no proper digestion, take Sunnenwirbel and the larger Cletta with the same weight, dry them in the sun or over hot bricks, pulverize that, add the third part of one of the two crystallized or dried salt, and then make honey sausage with honey , and drink this quite often after breakfast and at night. He will have digestion at the right time. In this way the herb is suitable for medicine if God does not prevent it.
  31. ^ German Macer . After: Bernhard Schnell, William Crossgrove: The German Macer. Vulgate version. Niemeyer, Tübingen 2003, p. 370 (Chapter 70): Intibus sturdy ; P. 380 (Chapter 92): Intibus - stůr . According to Schnell and Crossgrove, these two chapters of the German Macer are drawn from the Intibo chapter of " Gargilii martialis Medicina ex oleribus et pomis ": Valentin Rose (philologist) : Plinii secundi quae fertur una cum Gargilii Martialis medicina. Nunc primum edita. Teubner, Leipzig 1875, pp. 145–146: De intibo (digitized version ) --- Cpg 226 , Alsace, 1459–1469, sheet 202r: Solis sponsa (digitized version ) . Transcription: (.lxviij. Intibus means stubborn / he is hotter and printer natural (He dispenses the rure and mustards the stomach with food) (The door tempered with boleta mustard the heat on the eyes (The same dispenses podogram (the roots are coated with it heals because the tarant stung (the root poleta tempered the holy for (the juice with roses oley vnd tempered with it and painted on the sickle) helps yme (with a drink he helps the sick suckers (the same drink over the next day helps the blood count (the juice with it and with bly know tempered helps / deleted to the statute that is there
  32. ↑ Galangal spice treatise 13th / 14th century --- Clm 13 076 (without location), 1356, sheet 22v: Solsequium (digitized version ) --- Clm 7755 (without location), 15th century, sheet 145v : Solsequium wegwart (digitized) --- Cpg 620 , Southwest Germany, around 1450, sheet 90v: Wegwart (digitized) . Transcription: Wegwart is ain krawt and if you sew it from under yourself and in then sober drink, he sells all wetness and smells the prust from stercket to dz hercz it also sells vil inside sick when you drink it with wine --- Cpg 226 , Alsace, 1459–1469, sheet 154r: Solsequium. Wegwart (digitized version ) . Transcription: A drink to the breast of Solsequium is called wegwart and has blue flowers that look after the sun shin that one in essich sudet vnd ​​the hot drink / all smercz of the breast / or what is digestible in the stomach / that is digestible and consumed this drink with siner krafft / vnd what the heart starts and all other things in the man make it heal and wholesome --- Cpg 666 , Southwest Germany, 1478, sheet 128r – v: Wegwart (digitized) . Transcription: Item for daz fever Item for daily fever that the person has / daz kumpt von vierley things It kumbt whether a person is happy after the pade vein is almost cold vein after heysser arbeytt cold / on the other hand from bad drink ve warm after the pade ader heysser arbeytt for the third time by vngesotner speyß ader dÿ czweÿ times is soten for the fourth time whoever is too heyss padtt who is cold to handling cold water and then after nymer warms / do for sal he take away keeper with wrcz and with all vnd To cut dy too small pieces and boil the dÿ with vinegar and drink daz three day early and late daz helps
  33. ^ Konrad von Megenberg , 14th century: Book of nature. Output. Franz Pfeiffer . Aue, Stuttgart 1861, p. 394 (V / 28): Sunnenwerbel (digitized version )
  34. ↑ Nikolaus Frauenlob : Pharmacopoeia 15th century Cpg 583 , South-West Germany (Mattighofen), 1482–1486, sheet 30r: Wegwart (digital copy ) . Transcription: Wegwart is ain guet krawt Vnd is good against dÿ gifft Man sal wegwart juice drink or man sally the puluer with wine because the Wegwart jn is boiled That helps against all gifft if people have used them and the drink makes people happy and heals the body [bold type denotes the rubricated places ]
  35. ↑ Herbarius Moguntinus , Mainz 1484, Part I, Chapter 32: Cicorea. Solar vortex (digitized
  36. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit . Mainz 1485, chapter 93: Cicorea. Wegewarten or sunnen wyrbel (digitized version )
  37. ↑ Hortus sanitatis 1491, Mainz 1491, Part I, Chapter 116: Cicorea (digitized version )
  38. ^ Hieronymus Brunschwig : Small distilling book , Strasbourg 1500, sheet 114v – 115r: Wegwyß. Wegwyß flowers (digitized version )
  39. ^ Otto Brunfels : Contrafayt Kreüterbůch . Johann Schott, Strasbourg 1532, p. 288: Wegwart (digitized version )
  40. ↑ Hieronymus Bock : New Kreütter Bůch . Wendel Rihel, Strasbourg 1539, Part I, Chapter 91: Wegwart (digitized version )
  41. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs : New Kreütterbuch… Michael Isingrin, Basel 1543, Chapter 263: Wegwart (digitized version )
  42. ^ Pietro Andrea Mattioli : Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Translation by Georg Handsch, edited by Joachim Camerarius the Younger , Johan Feyerabend, Franckfurt am Mayn 1586, sheet 150r – 151v: Endives and Wegwart (digitized version )
  43. ↑ Nicolas Lémery  : Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples. , Paris 1699, p. 195: Cichorium (digitized version) ; Translation. Complete material lexicon. Initially designed in French, but now after the third edition, enlarged by a large one [...] translated into High German / by Christoph Friedrich Richtern, [...]. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun, 1721, Sp. 307: Cichorium (digitized version)
  44. ↑ Albrecht von Haller (editor): Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which clearly and completely explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and the art of pharmacy [...]. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, Sp. 406–408: Cichorium (digitized version )
  45. ^ Jean-Louis Alibert : Nouveaux éléments de thérapeutique et de matière médicale. Crapart, Paris Volume II 1804/05, pp. 115–116: Chicory (digital version )
  46. ↑ August Friedrich Hecker 's practical medicine theory. Revised and enriched with the latest discoveries by a practicing doctor . Camesius, Vienna, Volume I 1814, p. 221: Radices Cichorei (digitized version )
  47. ↑ Jonathan Pereira’s Handbook of Medicines Doctrine. From the point of view of the German Medicin edited by Rudolf Buchheim . Leopold Voß, Leipzig 1846-48, Volume II 1848, p. 434: Cichorium Intybus (digitized version )
  48. ^ Theodor Husemann : Handbook of the entire drug theory. Springer, Berlin 2nd ed. 1883, p. 663: Radix Cichorii (digitized version )

Web links

Commons : Common Wegwarte  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Wegwarte  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Wiktionary: chicory  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations