Hortus sanitatis

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Hortus sanitatis. Mainz 1491. Title page

Hortus sanitatis or Ortus sanitatis is the name of a Latin herbal book that wasfirst printedin June 1491 in Mainz by Jacob Meydenbach . Together with the Latin Herbarius moguntinus (pressure: Peter Schöffer , 1484) and the German by Johann Wonnecke of Kaub written Gart health (pressure: Peter Schöffer, 1485), which stimulated a successful publications Meyde Bach for making his work, is one of the Hortus sanitatis to the "Group of the Mainz herb book incunabula ."

Since the Hortus sanitatis mainly describes medicinal products of plant origin ("herbs") and, to a lesser extent, medicinal products of animal and mineral origin, the work is assigned to the literary genre "herb book".

author

The author ( compiler ) is unknown. Occasionally, Johann Wonnecke von Kaub is incorrectly named as the author.

content

Hortus sanitatis . Mainz 1491, Book I, Chapter 39: Arthemisia

The text is set in two columns.

It is divided into five sections, in which the Simplicia used for therapy are described:

  1. »De Herbis« with 530 chapters on herbs.
  2. "De Animalibus" with 164 chapters on land animals (1st chapter: De homo).
  3. “De Avibus” with 122 chapters on birds and other flying animals.
  4. "De Piscibus" with 106 chapters on aquatic animals.
  5. "De Lapidibus" with 144 chapters on semi-precious stones, ores and minerals.
The conclusion is a treatise on Harnschau and several detailed registers.

Each chapter is introduced with an illustration. The text contains a general description of the respective Simplicium and a list of the “operations” named effects.

The vegetable Simplicia listed in the section “De Herbis” were determined by B. and H. Baumann (2010, pp. 205–222) according to the current nomenclature.

swell

The compiler has compiled the Hortus sanitatis according to well-known medieval encyclopedias, e.g. according to the Liber pandectarum medicinae omnia medicine simplicia continens by Matthaeus Silvaticus (14th century) and according to the Speculum naturale by Vincent de Beauvais (13th century)

The Harnschau text, which concludes the Hortus sanitatis , was borrowed from a urine theory (or urinary region theory ) that was circulated in numerous manuscripts under the names of Zacharias de Feltris or Bartholomäus von Montagna.

A Latin manuscript made in 1477, in which the text core of the Hortus sanitatis is already included, was initially seen as a possible template for printing, but was ultimately recognized as a separate copy of a Latin Circa-instans manuscript . It is estimated that it was built between 1450 and 1477.

reception

In 1534 Stephan Falimirz (also Stefan Falimierz) wrote a compilation “About the Herbs” from the Mainz Ortus sanitatis from 1491 and a Passau Herbarius cum synonimis Germanicis from 1485.

expenditure

Incunabula (prints from the 15th century)

  • Mainz. Jacob Meydenbach (June 23) 1491
  • Strasbourg. Anonymous 1496
  • Strasbourg. Anonymous 1497
  • Strasbourg. Anonymous 1500 (Johann Prüß the Elder?)
  • Paris. Vérard 1500

16th Century

  • Strasbourg after 1500
With woodcuts from the workshop of Hans Grüninger.
  • Venice (Bernhardinus Benalius and Johannes de Cereto de Tridino) 1511
4th reprint: Venice 1611; Reprint (in two volumes) Würzburg 1978.
  • Strasbourg 1517

Sections two through five of the Hortus sanitatis . Without section one “De herbis”. Latin.

Sections two through five of the Hortus sanitatis . Without section one “De herbis”. German.

  • Strasbourg 1529. Hans Grüninger
  • Strasbourg 1529. Balthasar Beck. Garden of health. to Latin ...
  • Strasbourg 1536. Mathias Apiarius. Garden of health Zů Latin ...
  • Frankfurt 1556. Hermann Gülfferich. Gart der Gesundtheyt To Latin ...

Illustrations (selection). Edition Mainz 1491.

  • Title page

  • Book I, Chapter 43 ..... Arbor vel lignum vite paradisi

  • Book I, Chapter 84.Butirum - Butter

  • Book I, Chapter 153. Caseus - Cheese

  • Book I, chapter 192. Fenum - hay

  • Book I, Chapter 221. Hauser vel hausor

  • Book I, chapter 269 ..... Lac - milk

  • Book I, chapter 275. Manna

  • Book I, Chapter 276. Mandragora vir

  • Book I, Chapter 277. Mandragora femine

  • Book I, chapter 292 ..... Mel - honey

  • Book I, Chapter 298 ..... Mirra

  • Book I, Chapter 307. Narcissus

  • Book I, chapter 382. Panis - bread

  • Book I, Chapter 463 ..... Sapo - Soap

  • Book I, Chapter 484 ..... Thus - Weihrauch

  • Book I, chapter 510. Vinum - wine

  • Book I, Chapter 529 ... Zua - Fructus Paradisi

  • Title page to the section ... »De animalibus«

  • Book II, Chapter 1. ..... Homo - human

  • Book II, Chapter 5. ..... Asinus - donkey

  • Book II, chapter 119. Pediculus - louse

  • Book II, chapter 154. Vipera

  • Book II, chapter 155. Unicornus - unicorn

  • Title page of the section ... »De avibus«

  • Book III, Chapter 91 ..... Ova - eggs

  • Title page of the section ... »De piscibus«

  • Book IV, Chapter 3. ..... Allec - fish soup

  • Book IV, Chapter 56 ..... Mugil - Mullet

  • Title page of the section ... »De lapidibus«

  • Book V, Chapter 6. Allectorius - stone from the liver of the capon

  • Book V, Chapter 12. Arena - Sand

  • Book V, Chapter 13. Argilla - earthenware

  • Book V, Chapter 16. Bolus armenicus

  • Book V, Chapter 18. Aurum - Gold

  • Book V, Chapter 20. Argentum - silver

  • Book V, Chapter 21. Argentum vivum - Mercury

  • Book V, Chapter 24. Bezaar - Antidote Stone

  • Book V, Chapter 27. ..... Borax - Toadstone

  • Book V, Chapter 30. ..... Calx - lime

  • Book V, chapter 33. Celidonius - stone from the swallow's stomach

  • Book V, Chapter 35. Cerusa - white lead

  • Book V, chapter 46. Cuprum - copper

  • Book V, Chapter 101. Petroleum - Petroleum

  • Book V, Chapter 124 ..... Sal - salt

  • Book V, chapter 130. Terra sigillata

  • Title page to the section uroscopy

  • Final sheet

See also

literature

  • Brigitte Baumann, Helmut Baumann : The Mainz herb book incunabula - "Herbarius Moguntinus" (1484) - "Gart der Gesundheit" (1485) - "Hortus Sanitatis" (1491). Scientific historical investigation of the three prototypes of botanical-medical literature of the late Middle Ages. Hiersemann, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-7772-1020-9 .
  • Otto Beßler: The German Hortus manuscript of Henricus Breyell. Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig 1952 (= Nova acta Leopoldina. New series, XV, 107), pp. 191–266.
  • Hermann Fischer : Medieval botany. Verlag der Münchner Drucke, Munich 1929, pp. 94-104.
  • Gundolf Keil : Hortus sanitatis. In: Author's Lexicon . 2nd Edition. Volume 4, Col. 154-164.
  • Gundolf Keil: 'Hortus sanitatis'. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil, Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 618 f.
  • Gundolf Keil: Hortus Sanitatis, Gart der Gesundheit, Gaerde der Sunthede. In: Elisabeth B. MacDougall (Ed.): Medieval Gardens. (= Dumbarton Oaks Colloquium on the history of landscape architecture. Volume 9). Washington, DC 1986.
  • Arnold C. Klebs : Herbal facts and thoughts. L'art ancien SA, Lugano 1925.
  • Arnold C. Klebs: Incunabula scientifica et medica. Bruges 1938 (reprinted by Olms, Hildesheim 2004), p. 172.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ortus sanitatis uff teutsch a garden of health. Peter Schöffer, Mainz 1485; Reprint Munich 1966.
  2. ↑ Gundolf Keil, Peter Dilg: herbal books. In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages. Metzler, Stuttgart 1999, Volume 5, Col. 1476-1480.
  3. ↑ Matthew (Silvaticus) Moretus. Liber pandectarum medicinae omnia medicine simplicia continens . Bologna 1474 Bavarian State Library Matthaeus (Silvaticus) Moretus. Liber pandectarum medicinae . Strasbourg around 1480 (digitized version)
  4. ↑ Vincentius. Speculum naturale. Strasbourg 1481. Volume I Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Volume II (digitized version)
  5. ↑ Brigitte Baumann, Helmut Baumann : The Mainz herb book incunabula - "Herbarius Moguntinus" (1484) - "Gart der Gesundheit" (1485) - "Hortus Sanitatis" (1491). Scientific historical investigation of the three prototypes of botanical-medical literature of the late Middle Ages. Hiersemann, Stuttgart 2010, p. 182.
  6. ↑ Bartolomeo Montagna was a medicine professor who died in 1460 in Bologna and Padua. Cf. Gundolf Keil: Montagna (na), Bartolomeo. In: Encyclopedia of Medical History. 2005, p. 1006.
  7. ↑ Gundolf Keil: 'Hortus sanitatis'. In: Encyclopedia of Medical History. 2005, p. 618.
  8. ↑ Jacques Rosenthal . Bibliotheca medii aevi manuscripta. Pars altera. One hundred manuscripts from the Middle Ages from the tenth to the fifteenth centuries. Catalog 90 . Munich 1928. In it: Ernst Schulz. P. V – VI: Foreword (digitized version ) and P. 53–56 (No 146): Manuscript description (digitized version)
  9. ↑ Brigitte Baumann, Helmut Baumann : The Mainz herb book incunabula - "Herbarius Moguntinus" (1484) - "Gart der Gesundheit" (1485) - "Hortus Sanitatis" (1491). Scientific historical investigation of the three prototypes of botanical-medical literature of the late Middle Ages. Hiersemann, Stuttgart 2010, p. 182.
  10. ↑ Friedrich v. Zglinicki : Uroscopy in the fine arts. An art and medical historical study of the urine examination. Ernst Giebeler, Darmstadt 1982, ISBN 3-921956-24-2 , p. 73.
  11. ↑ Mainz. Jacob Meydenbach 1491 (digitized)
  12. ^ Strasbourg. Anonymous 1497 (digitized version)
  13. ↑ With woodcuts from the workshop of Hans Grüninger , which were also used to illustrate the small distilling book . See: Brigitte, Helmut Baumann: The Mainz herb book incunabula. Hiersemann, Stuttgart 2010, pp. 238-239. F. v. Zglinicki believed to be able to assign this pressure to the workshop of Johann Prüss (1447–1510). (Friedrich v. Zglinicki: Uroscopy in the fine arts. An art and medical historical study of the Harnschau. Ernst Giebeler, Darmstadt 1982, ISBN 3-921956-24-2 , p. 60 f.)
  14. ^ Strasbourg, anonymous, c. 1500 (digitized version)
  15. ↑ Strasbourg after 1500 (digitized version)
  16. ^ Strasbourg 1517 (digitized version)
  17. ^ Strasbourg. Apiarius 1536 (digitized version)
  18. ^ Strasbourg 1529. Hans Grüninger (digitized version)
  19. ^ Strasbourg 1529. Balthasar Beck. Garden of health. to Latin ... (digitized version)
  20. ^ Strasbourg 1536. Mathias Apiarius. Gart der Gesuntheit Zů latein ... (digitized version ) (digitized version )
  21. ↑ Frankfurt 1556. Hermann Gülfferich. Gart der Gesundtheyt zu Latin ... (digitized version )
  22. ↑ Mainz. Jacob Meydenbach 1491 (digitized)