Herbal Book

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Mandrake males from the herb book Gart der Gesundheit . Mainz 1485

A herbal book (also Herbar or Latin Herbarius ; Italian Erbario or Erbario farmaceutico ) is a pharmacognostic reference work that describes (often with images, Herbarium pictum ) medicinal plants and other medicinal drugs and explains their use. If plants ("herbs") are also the determining group, then medicinally used animals, minerals as well as animal and human products are also treated.

history

The word “herb book” (from Dutch “Cruijdeboeck”) was first used in the 16th century.

The history of the herb books can be traced back to antiquity. As the earliest herbal book in the sense of an independent and complex drug monograph, that dates from the 4th century BC. Resulting Chr. Rhizotomikón the Greek physician Diocles of Karystos . The oldest preserved herbal book is the richly illustrated, late antique Vienna Dioscurides Codex, a gift from the citizens of Honoratae to the aristocrat Anicia Juliana in Constantinople (before 512), the model of which was created in the first century. Such and similar works, however, remained rather exceptional until the late Middle Ages , only since the beginning of modern times have herbal books been continuously illustrated.

An important early medieval source is the Liber de cultura hortorum (Hortulus) , a didactic poem in hexameters by the Reichenau abbot Walahfrid Strabo . The Macer floridus is also a didactic poem and influenced by the Hortulus . The author, Odo von Meung, lived in the 11th century. The Circa instans , which originated in Salerno around 1150 , also gained significant influence . The Prüller herb book from the first half of the 12th century is considered the first German-language herb book . The Physica of Abbess Hildegard von Bingen and its reception in Latin and German works also belong to the genre of herbal books.

Around 1288 the herbal book or pharmacopoeia of the Italian monk Rufinus (of Genoa), abbot of the monastery of Tire , was created, which contains, among other things, parts of Circa instans , Macer Floridus and Pedanios Dioskurides .

The medieval manuscripts, which are more closely oriented towards observing nature with regard to their plant illustrations, include the Erbario Carrarese (Ms. Egerton 2020 in the British Museum, around 1400) and the Codex Roccabonella (Cod. Lat. 59.2548 in the Biblioteca Marciana in Venice, around 1419/1420) . The text of Erbario Carrarese , produced in Padua, goes back to the Liber aggregatus in medicinis simplicis of the Pseudo-Serapion, the illustration to the Ms. Egerton 747 of Circa instans . The author of the Codex Roccabonella compilation, also called Rinio-Herbarium , illustrated by the painter Andrea Amadio , for which there is no direct text, but whose illustrations largely correspond to those of Erbario Carrarese, was probably the doctor Niccolo Roccabonella from Conegliano .

After the invention of printing with movable type, books could be produced which - in contrast to manuscripts - were reasonably affordable and therefore found much wider distribution: Especially the herbal books, which were published in the national language (and not in Latin , the language of scholars) were one publishing success. In France, England and other European countries, but especially in Germany, numerous editions from the early modern period to the 18th century appeared.

The first printed herbal books include an edition published around 1471 of the 13th century Liber de proprietatibus rerum by Bartholomaeus Anglicus (also Bartholomäus Glanville), which contains an alphabetical section on plants, and the first herbal book print ever to be a 1477 by Anton Koberger published an excerpt from Das puch der Natur by Konrad von Megenberg .

Already before - in 1484 - Schöffer had published the Herbarius moguntinus ( Herb book printed in Mainz ), which was long considered the first herbal book printed in German-speaking countries. However, as early as 1483 in Magdeburg , the printer Bartholomäus Ghotan published the Promptuarium medicinae, which was laid out as a pharmacological-nosological manual, as the first Low German (Elbe-Eastphalian) herbal book print.

The above-mentioned works Macer floridus and Circa instans , along with other sources, served as a text basis for one of the most effective printed herbal books, the Gart der Gesundheit , written by Johann Wonnecke von Kaub , in 1485 from the office of Peter Schöffer , Mainz . It is published in over 60 editions (13 of them during the incunable period alone ) from the 15th to the 18th century, later by Eucharius Rößlin the Elder. J. and Adam Lonitzer edited, published.

The first printed English herb book appeared in 1525, the first illustrated herb book in England, the Grete Herball , was first printed in 1526.

meaning

Herbal books are primarily specialist books for doctors and pharmacists . But for the authors it was usually also important to impart knowledge of medicinal products and plants to laypeople beyond specialist circles or to recommend the cultivation of medicinal plants.

Particularly noteworthy are the herbal books of the so-called “ fathers of botany ”. They reproduce the treated medicinal plants (mostly) in lifelike images. One of them is Hieronymus Bock (1498–1554), who describes in detail and according to his own experience native plants that grow mainly in southwest Germany, whereby he was the first to mention many morphological details. The first edition of his Kreutter book from 1539 had no images, these can be found in the editions since 1546.

If the original text in Bock is remarkable, in De historia stirpium (1542), in German translation under New Kreuterbuch (1543) by Leonhart Fuchs (1501–1566), it falls slightly in a contemporary comparison. On the other hand, the illustrations, which have been created with the greatest care, are impressively lifelike and botanically of the highest rank, are judged completely differently. These woodcuts were taken over into numerous other works (reduced in size, cut backwards, etc.).

The third “father of botany” is Otto Brunfels (1488–1534). In 1530 his Herbarium vivae eicones appeared , in 1532 the Contrafyt Kreüterbuch . The doctor Pietro Andrea Mattioli (1500–1577) was particularly successful as an author . His translations of the “ De materia medica ” by the Greek doctor Pedanios Dioscurides , known as the “Dioscurides Commentary” and commented on by him, appeared in around 60 editions and in several languages; edited after his death, among others by Joachim Camerarius the Younger , Bernhard Verzascha and Theodor Zwinger . Jakob Theodor ( Tabernaemontanus , 1520 / 1530–1590) wrote a herbal book that is one of the most detailed and original. During his lifetime, only the first volume of the Neuw Kreuterbuch was printed in 1588. The second and third volumes followed in 1591.

The works of the Flemish Rembert Dodoens (Dodonaeus, 1517–1585, Cruijdeboeck ), Matthias de L'Obel (1538–1616) and Charles de l'Écluse (Clusius, 1526–1609 ) point to the modern age ).

See also

literature

  • Agnes Arber: Herbals. Their Origin and Evolution. Cambridge 1912; 2nd edition there 1953.
  • Frank J. Anderson: An illustrated history of the herbals. New York 1977.
  • Frank J. Anderson: Herbals through 1500. 2 volumes. New York 1983-1984 (= The illustrated Bartsch. Volume 90).
  • Susanne Baumann: Pictures of plants in old herbal books. The umbellifers in the herbaria and herb book literature of the early modern period. (= Heidelberg writings on the history of pharmacy and natural science. 15). Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8047-1568-0 .
  • Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. (Mathematical and natural scientific dissertation Würzburg 1994) Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1998 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 65). ISBN 3-8260-1667-X , pp. 144-183.
  • Otto Beßler: The German Hortus manuscript of Henricus Breyell. Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig 1952 (= Nova acta Leopoldina. New series, XV, 107), pp. 191–266 (with fold-out family table of the herb book incunabula and Hortus Breyell).
  • Henrike Fricke: The history of herbal literature with special consideration of the "Herbarium Siegesbeckianum". Grin, 2017, ISBN 978-3-668-49375-9 . (Bachelor thesis 2013)
  • Rudi Maus (Ed.): The 'Lexicon plantarum' (manuscript 604 of the Munich University Library). A forerunner of the German herbal book incunabula, part I. (= texts and studies on the history of natural sciences. Volume 2). Würzburg 1941. (Mathematical and scientific dissertation Berlin)
    • Gerhard Bahn (Hrsg.): The 'Lexicon plantarum' (manuscript 604 of the Munich University Library): A forerunner of the German herbal book accessories, part II. (= Texts and studies on the history of natural sciences. Volume 3). Würzburg 1941. (Mathematical and scientific dissertation Berlin)
    • Werner Thode (Hrsg.): The 'Lexicon plantarum' (manuscript 604 of the Munich university library). A forerunner of the German herb book incunabula, part III. (= Texts and studies on the history of the natural sciences. Volume 4) (Mathematical and natural scientific dissertation) Berlin 1942.
  • Johannes Helm, Peter Hanelt: The "Kreutterbuch" by Johannes Kentmann from 1563. In: Johannes Helm (Hrsg.): Johannes Kentmann (1518–1574). A Saxon doctor and naturalist. (= Sudhoff's archive. Supplement 13). F. Steiner, Wiesbaden 1971, pp. 89-177.
  • Gundolf Keil : 'Gart', 'Herbarius', 'Hortus'. Notes on the oldest herbal book incunabula. In: Gundolf Keil (ed.): "Gelêrter der arzenîe, ouch apotêker": Contributions to the history of science. Commemorative publication Willem Frans Daems. (= Würzburg medical historical research. Volume 24). Pattensen, Hannover / Würzburg 1982, pp. 589-635.
  • Gundolf Keil, Peter Dilg: Herb books. In: Robert Auty u. a. (Ed.): Lexicon of the Middle Ages . Volume 5, Munich / Zurich 1991, ISBN 3-7608-8905-0 , Sp. 1476-1480.
  • Hans Wölfel: The drug book 'Circa instans' in a version of the XIII. Century from the University Library Erlangen . Math.-nat. Dissertation Berlin 1939.
  • Claus Nissen: The botanical book illustration. Your history and bibliography. Vol. 1-2 and Suppl. Stuttgart 1951-1966.
  • Johannes Gottfried Mayer : The first printed herbal books and the Angelika water of the Donaueschingen Tauler manuscript. In: Gundolf Keil (Ed.): Würzburger Fachprose-Studien. Contributions to medieval medicine, pharmacy and class history from the Würzburg Medical History Institute. (= Würzburg medical historical research. 38). Würzburg 1995, ISBN 3-8260-1113-9 , pp. 156-177.
  • Bernhard Schnell , William Crossgrove: The German "Macer" (Vulgate version). With an impression of the Latin Macer Floridus "De viribus herbarum". Tübingen 2003, ISBN 3-484-36050-X .
  • Peter Schöffer: Herbarius Latinus. Mainz 1484. (Source: Erlangen-Nürnberg University Library, Trew Collection .) 1 CD-ROM for Mac / PC; PDF file. Erlangen 2005, ISBN 3-89131-430-2 .
  • Wilhelm Ludwig Schreiber: The herbal books of the 15th and 16th centuries. 1924 (epilogue to the facsimile edition of the Hortus sanitatis. German. Peter Schöffer, Mainz 1485. ) New print Hiersemann, Stuttgart 1982.
  • Leo Jules Vandewiele: Een Middelnederlandse versie van de Circa instans van Platearius naar de Hss. Portland, British Museum MS. Loan 29/332 (XIVe eeuw) en Universiteitsbibliotheek te Gent Hs. 1457 (XVe eeuw) . Oudenaarde / Belgium 1970.
  • Josef Hasitschka: Admonter Herbarium From old herbal books and recipes from Admont Abbey. 2001, ISBN 3-7954-1440-7 . (on-line)
  • Siegrid Hirsch, Felix Grünberger: The herbs in my garden. 2010, ISBN 978-3-901279-77-5 . (on-line)
  • Thomas Richter: Medicinal herb. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil, Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , pp. 545-553.
  • Tullia Gasparrini Leporace, Gino Poliacci, Siro Luigi Maffei: Un inedito erbario farmaceutico mediovale. Florence 1952 (= Biblioteca della 'Rivista di storia delle scienze mediche e naturali'. Volume 5).

Web links

Wikisource: Herbal Books  - Sources and Full Texts
Commons : Herbal Books  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The definition of the terms herbal book and herbarium. ( Memento of the original from September 29, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kraeuterbuecher.at
  2. ↑ Frank J. Anderson: An illustrated history of the herbals. New York 1977.
  3. ^ Charles Singer : The herbal in antiquity. In: Journal of Hellenic Studies. Volume 47, 1927, pp. 1-52.
  4. ^ Thomas Richter: Melissa officinalis L .: A leitmotif for 2000 years of scientific history. (= Würzburg medical historical research. 64). Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1998, ISBN 3-8260-1645-9 , p. 24. (Dissertation Würzburg 1997)
  5. ^ Pedanius Dioscurides - The Vienna Dioscurides: Codex medicus Graecus 1 of the Austrian National Library. (Glanzlichter der Buchkunst, Volume 8/1) Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt 1998. Commentary by Otto Mazal p. 4.
  6. ↑ Barbara Fehringer [-Tröger]: The "Speyerer Herbal Book" with Hildegard von Bingen's medicinal plants. A study on the Middle High German “Physica” reception with a critical edition of the text. (= Würzburg medical historical research. Supplement 2). Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1994.
  7. ↑ Lynn Thorndike , Francis S. Benjamin Jr. (Ed.): The herbal of Rufinus [= Liber De virtutibus herbarum ...], edited from the unique manuscript. Chicago 1945; anastatic reprints ibid in 1946 and 1949 (= [only the reprints] Corpus of mediaeval scientific texts. Volume 1).
  8. ↑ www.wyrtig.com: A Timeline of Early Sources of Information about Gardens and Plants .
  9. ↑ Felix Andreas Baumann : The Erbario Carrarese and the pictorial tradition of the Tractatus de herbis. A contribution to the history of the representation of plants in the transition from the late Middle Ages to the early Renaissance. Bern 1974 (= Bern writings on art. Volume 12).
  10. ↑ See Ettore de Toni: Il libro dei semplici di Benedetto Rinio. In: Memorie della Pontificia Accademia Romana dei Nuovi Lincei, Ser. II. Volume 5, 1919, pp. 171-279, Volume 7, 1924, pp. 275-398, and Volume 8, 1925, pp. 123-264.
  11. ^ M. Minio: Il quattrocentesco codice “Rinio” integralmente rivendicato al medico Nicolo Roccabonella. In: Atti del Ist. Ven. die Sc., Lettere ed Arti, Classe di Sc. moral lettere. Volume 111, 1952/1953, pp. 49-64.
  12. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. 1998, pp. 169-172, 178 f., 218 and 241.
  13. ^ De proprietatibus rerum . Cologne: Printer of the Flores Sancti Augustini (Jan Veldener). Rather Johann Schilling (Solidi) at the expense of William Caxton, around 1471 ( digitized ).
  14. ^ Johannes G. Mayer : The first printed herbal books and the Angelika water of the Donaueschingen Tauler manuscript. In: Würzburg specialist prose studies. Contributions to medieval medicine, pharmacy and class history from the Würzburg Medical History Institute, [Festschrift] Michael Holler on his 60th birthday. (= Würzburg medical historical research. 38). Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1995, ISBN 3-8260-1113-9 , pp. 156-177; here: p. 158 f.
  15. ↑ Agnes Arber: Herbals. Their origin and evolution. Cambridge 1912, p. 10.
  16. ↑ Peter Seidensticker (Ed.): The Promptuarium medicinae: Magdeburg: Bartholomäus Ghotan 1483. (= Corpus herbariorum. Volume 1). Schauenburg, Lahr 1990, ISBN 3-7946-0263-3 .
  17. ↑ Peter Seidensticker: 'Promptuarium medicinae' ('Beredicheyt der artzedige', '[Schone] Arstedyge boeck'). In: Author's Lexicon . 2nd Edition. Volume 7, Col. 864-867.
  18. ↑ Johanna S. Belkin, Earle R. Caley : Eucharius Rösslin the Younger, On Minerals and Mineral Products. Chapters on Minerals from his "Kreutterbůch": Critical text, English translation and commentary. (= Ars medica. IV, 1). Berlin / New York 1978.
  19. ^ Peter Treveris: The Grete Herball. London 1526.
  20. ↑ Brigitte Hoppe : Hieronymus Bock's book of herbs. Scientific historical study, with a list of all plants in the work, the litarian sources, the healing indications and the uses of the plants. Stuttgart 1969.
  21. ↑ Leesmaar.