Pietro Andrea Mattioli

Matthiolus, around 1550

Pietro Andrea Gregorio Mattioli (also Pierandrea Mattioli or Pier Andrea , lat.Petrus Andreas Matthiolus ; * March 1500 or 1501 in Siena ; † 1577 in Trento an der Pest ) was an Italian doctor and botanist as well as personal physician to Archduke Ferdinand II and the emperor Maximilian II. His official botanical author's abbreviation is " Mattioli ".

Life

Mattioli was the son of a general practitioner and spent his youth in Venice. He completed his preparation for a law degree at the artist faculty in Padua , but then decided to study medicine . In 1523 he received his doctorate in medicine. In order to improve his surgical skills, he then moved to Perugia to Gregorio Caravita . Between 1521 and 1527 he was temporarily in Rome, where he practiced at the Ospedale di Santo Spirito and at the Xenodochium "San Giacomo" for the terminally ill. His first studies of botany also fall during this time .

In 1527 Mattioli entered the service of the cardinal and bishop of Trento, Bernhard von Cles , to whose palace he dedicated a poem of historical significance (1539). He worked as a general practitioner in Cles in the Non Valley , from 1539 in Gorizia in the then Habsburg county of Gorizia . In the Southern Alps he acquired his immense knowledge of the alpine flora .

The Roman-German King and later Emperor Ferdinand I summoned him to Prague from Gorizia in 1554 or 1555 and appointed him personal physician to his son Archduke Ferdinand II. Mattioli was highly respected at the court and was raised to the nobility in 1562 and appointed court counselor . When Maximilian II succeeded him after the emperor's death in 1564 , Mattioli had his brother relinquish him as personal physician. In 1568 Mattioli submitted his departure and returned to Italy, where he fell victim to a plague epidemic in Trento in 1577 . His grave monument is in the Cathedral of Trento .

plant

Trifolium acetosum ( Oxalis ) from Commentarii… Pedacii Dioscoridis

Mattioli was not only an author of specialist medical writings, but a representative of the vernacular Renaissance humanism , who popularized learned knowledge in his mother tongue by translating scientific works from Greek and Latin, thereby expanding its vocabulary and scientific expression.

As a translator he was involved in Jacopo Gastaldi's edition of the Geography of Ptolemy (1547/48), but he was particularly successful as a translator and commentator on Dioscurides' "Materia medica" . In 1544 he published his Italian translation of the "Materia Medica" based on the Latin translation by Jean Ruel (1516), with an extensive commentary of his own, also in Italian, in this first edition still without illustrations. In 1548 a second edition was published, expanded by a sixth book on the Antidote , and in 1550 and 1551 a third edition, which was expanded again. In 1554 Mattioli then published a completely revised Latin version of his commentary under the title "Commentarii in sex libros Pedacii Dioscoridis", together with a Latin text that differed only slightly from Jean Ruel's text. For the first time, this edition was also equipped with 563 woodcuts, which were then also used in new editions from the fourth Italian edition of 1555.

Thanks to the financial support of the Habsburgs, two splendid editions were published in the Prague Offizin by Georg Melantrich von Aventin , one translated by Thaddäus Hajek from Latin into Czech (1562), the other from Latin into German by Georg Handsch ( Neuw Kreütterbuch , 1563 ). Due to the great demand, Joachim Camerarius the Younger later published the Hand'sche transfer again in a new version ( Kreutterbuch. Frankfurt am Main 1586), partly supplemented by images from Conrad Gessner's estate .

Mattioli described a number of species that are not included in the herbal books of the fathers of botany ( Otto Brunfels - Hieronymus Bock - Leonhart Fuchs ). He was one of the first to describe the tomato imported from America in 1544 and called the yellow forms “mala aurea”, “golden apples”. The first illustration of the horse chestnut in a European herb book comes from him. About this tree he had Willem Quack Elbeen (1527-1561) in a letter from Istanbul reported where this physician of the ambassador Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq of Emperor Ferdinand I am Hof Sultan Suleiman I was. Mattioli's work was extremely successful. Giuseppe Moretti (1782-1853) owned 40 different editions and was able to consult 21 others in libraries. In the period up to 1563 alone, according to Peter Handsch, two and thirty thousand copies were sold.

Taxonomic honor

Charles Plumier named in his honor the genus Matthiola the plant family of the redness plants ( Rubiaceae ). Carl von Linné later took over this name.

Fonts

Morbi Gallici nouum ac vtilissimum opusculum quo vera et omnimoda eius cura percipi potest P. Andrea Mattheolo Senensi doctore praestantiss. auctore (per haeredes Hieronymi de Benedictis calcographi, Bologna 1533)

Morbi Gallici curandi ratio exquisitissima: a variis, iisdemque peritissimis medicis conscripta / nempe Petro Andrea Mattheolo, Joanne Almenar, Nicolao Massa, Nicolao Poll, Benedicto de Victoriis . Bebel, Basel 1536. Digitized edition of the University and State Library Düsseldorf

Il Magno palazzo del cardinale di Trento, descritto in ottavarima (Francesco Marcolini da Forli, Venice 1539); Facsimile edition with an accompanying volume by Aldo Bertoluzza, Manfrini, Calliano (Trento) 1984, ISBN 88-7024-237-4

Dioscurides:
- Commentarii in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, De Medica Materia ... Valgrisi, Venice 1554 (digitized version )
  ; 1559 (digitized version) ; 1573 (digitized version) . - Rigaud & Obert, Lyon 1627 (digitized version)
  - Georg Handsch (1529-ca. 1578). Georg Melantrich von Aventin, Prague 1563 (digitized version)
  - Georg Handsch revised by Joachim Camerarius the Younger . It contains images from Conrad Gessner's estate . Johan Feyerabend, Franckfurt am Mayn 1586 (digitized version) ; 1590 (digitized version)

Ptolemeo la geografia di Claudio Ptolemeo alessandrino, con alcuni comenti & aggiunte fatteui da Sebastiano Munstero alamanno, con le tauole non solamente antiche & modern solite di Stamparsi, ma altre nuoue aggiunteui di messer Iacopo Gastaldo piamonteseo italian cosmograph., Rido piamontese italian cosmograph., Pietro Andrea Mattiolo senese medico eccellentissimo con l'aggiunta d'infiniti nomi moderni, ... fatta con grandissima diligenza da esso meser Iacopo Gastaldo, il che in nissun altro Ptolemeo si ritroua ... (By Nicolo Bascarini for Battista Pedrezano, Venice 1547 / 48)

Petri Andreae Matthioli senensis, serenissimi Principis Ferdinandi Auchiducis Austriae & c. Medici, commentarii secundo aucti, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei de medica materia: adjectis quam plurimis Plantarum, & Animalium Imaginibus quae in priore Editione non habentur, eodem Authore (Valgrisius, Venetiis 1558) Digitized edition of the University and State Library Düsseldorf

Le solenni pompe, i superbi, et gloriosi apparati, i trionfi, i fuochi, et gli altri splendidi, & diletteuoli spettacoli, fatti alla venuta dell'inuittissimo imperadore Ferdinando primo, dal sereniss. suo figliuolo l'arciduca Ferdinando, nella real citta'di Praga l'ottauo giorno di nouembre, 1558 ... (Georg Melantrich von Aventin, Prague 1559)

Opusculum de simplicium, medicamentorum facultatibus secundum locos, & genera. Accesserunt quoque praefationes quaedem huic opusculo ad modum necessariae ... (Valgrisi, Venice 1569)

Compendium de plantis omnibus, una cum earum iconibus ... (Valgrisi, Venice 1571) Online

De plantis epitome utilissima Petri Andreae Matthioli ... ( Compendium de plantis omnibus revised by Camerarius (see above), Frankfurt am Main 1586) online
Caspar Bauhin (Ed.): Petri Andreae Matthioli Opera Omnia. Johannes König, Basel 1574.
Opera, quae extant omnia. Frankfurt a. M. 1598 Digitized edition of the University and State Library Düsseldorf

literature

Ilse Jahn : history of biology . Spectrum Academic Publishing House , Heidelberg / Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-8274-1023-1 .
Giuseppe Fabiani, Luciano Bianchi: La vita di Pietro Andrea Mattioli, raccolta dalle sue opere di Giuseppe Fabiani e pubblicata con aggiunte ed annotazioni per cura di Luciano Bianchi. Bargellini, Siena 1872, limited preview in Google Book search.
Paolo Bellintani: Dialogo della peste. Libri Scheiwiller, 2001, ISBN 88-7644-284-7 , p. 216.
Karl Mägdefrau : history of botany . Gustav Fischer Verlag , Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-437-20489-0 .
Ernst Heinrich Friedrich Meyer: History of botany. Volume IV, Verlag der Gebrüder Bornträger, 1875, pp. 366–378.
Francesca Sboarina: Il lessico medico nel "Dioscoride" by Pietro Andrea Mattioli. Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main [a. a.] 2000 (= VarioLingua, 11), ISBN 3-631-36376-1 .
Franz Daxecker: The botanist and doctor Pietro Andrea Matthioli. In: Clinical monthly sheets for ophthalmology. Volume 221, 2004, pp. 516-517.
Franz Daxecker: Medicinal plants in ophthalmology. The translation of the Materia medica of Dioscurides by Pietro Andrea Matthioli. In: Clinical monthly sheets for ophthalmology. 2009, Volume 226, pp. 198-201.
Cesare Preti: MATTIOLI (Matthioli), Pietro Andrea. In: Mario Caravale (ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 72: Massimino-Mechetti. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2009.

Web links

Wikisource: New Kreüterbuch - Sources and full texts

Commons : Pietro Andrea Mattioli - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Literature by and about Pietro Andrea Mattioli in the catalog of the German National Library
Author entry and list of the described plant names for Pietro Andrea Mattioli at the IPNI
Mattioli, Pietro Andrea: Kreutterbuch . Edition of 1563 in German
Mattioli, Pietro Andrea: Kreutterbuch . Edition from 1590 in German, edited by Joachim Camerarius the Younger
Kreutterbuch of the highly learned and well-known Mr. D. Petri Andreae Matthioli: now again with lots of beautiful new figures, also useful art scenes, and other good pieces, on the other hand increased and made out of special diligence . Franckfort am Mayn: [Johann Feyerabend for Peter Fischer & Heinrich Tack], 1590. Digitized edition of the University and State Library Düsseldorf
Works by and about Pietro Andrea Mattioli in the German Digital Library

Individual evidence

↑ A copy of the Czech edition came to the district archive of the city of Náchod ( Okresní archiv v Náchodě ) in 2008 , where it is recorded as "Mattioliho Herbář"; s. [1] .

^ Charles Plumier: Nova Plantarum Americanarum Genera . Leiden 1703, p. 16

^ Carl von Linné: Critica Botanica . Leiden 1737, p. 93

↑ Carl von Linné: Genera Plantarum . Leiden 1742, p. 519

↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names . Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018. [2]

personal data
SURNAME	Mattioli, Pietro Andrea
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Mattioli, Pietro Andrea Gregorio (full name); Mattioli, Pierandrea; Andrea, Pier; Matthiolus, Petrus Andreas; Mattioli (Person)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION	Italian doctor and botanist
DATE OF BIRTH	March 1500 or 1501
PLACE OF BIRTH	Siena
DATE OF DEATH	1577
Place of death	Trento at the plague

[1] A copy of the Czech edition came to the district archive of the city of Náchod ( Okresní archiv v Náchodě ) in 2008 , where it is recorded as "Mattioliho Herbář"; s. [1] .

[2] Charles Plumier: Nova Plantarum Americanarum Genera . Leiden 1703, p. 16

[3] Carl von Linné: Critica Botanica . Leiden 1737, p. 93

[4] Carl von Linné: Genera Plantarum . Leiden 1742, p. 519

[Burkhardt2018-5] Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names . Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018. [2]