Red growths

Red growths
	Coffee bush ( Coffea arabica ), branches with leaves and flowers
Systematics
	Eudicotyledons
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
	Asterids
	Euasterids I
Order :	Enzianartige (Gentianales)
Family :	Red growths
Scientific name
	Rubiaceae
	Yuss.

The plant family of the redness plants (Rubiaceae) even madder plants , coffee plants or rarely Labkrautgewächse called, belongs to the order of the gentian-like (Gentianales). With 626 to 660 genera and 11,150 to 13,150 species , it is one of the five most species-rich families of flowering plants (Magnoliopsida). Many species are used by humans in a variety of ways.

description

Illustration of madder ( Rubia tinctorum )

Threefold flowers of Färber-Meier ( Asperula tinctoria )

Four-fold flowers of the bald cabbage ( Cruciata glabra )

Five-fold flowers of Portlandia grandiflora

Appearance

Most of the species are woody plants that grow as trees or shrubs , more rarely as lianas . Almost all species of the tribe Spermacoceae and in the temperate to arctic latitudes many species of the tribe Rubieae are herbaceous plants , while they are rare annuals, usually persistent, and usually have four-sided stems with distinct nodes ( Nodien ). They grow upright or climbing on their own, sometimes as epiphytes . Very few species are somewhat succulent , some species are xerophytic . Limnosipanea are aquatic plants . They never contain milk juice . The secondary growth in thickness almost always starts from a conventional cambium ring ; in Basanacantha it is abnormal starting from a concentric cambium.

leaves

The leaves are almost always opposite and often arranged cross-opposite. In almost all genera of the Tribus Rubieae, the leaves are in pseudo whorls , while the opposite leaves have the same-looking stipules , which creates the impression of multi- leaf whorls ; in such a whorl there are seldom four, usually six, eight or ten leaves together. The petioles can be fused with the stipules and typically have glandular attachments (colleters); sometimes there are no petioles. The herbaceous to leathery leaf blades are always simple. There is a leaf vein or there is pinnate and net vein. The stomata are typically paracytic. Hair ( trichomes ) are often present on the leaf surfaces . Domatia are often present, mostly in the form of pits, sometimes pockets or tufts of hair. The Rubiaceae family is characterized by so-called interpetiolar stipples, these are the fused stipules (this applies to almost all taxa).

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers are rarely single or mostly in zymous , paniculate inflorescences , rarely in whorls or heads (for example in the tribe Morindeae and Gardenieae). Heady inflorescences often have bracts. In some tribes the bracts are designed as decorative display organs. Sometimes the inflorescences with their bracts act as pseudanthia , so ecologically as flowers .

Flower diagram of woodruff ( Galium odoratum )

Drupes of robusta coffee ( Coffea canephora )

The flowers are mostly hermaphroditic. If they are unisexual, then the plants are monoecious ( monoecious ) or dioecious ( dioecious ) - for example Coprosma - separate sexes, sometimes there is sub-diocyte . The radial symmetry flowers are usually four to five-fold (rarely up to ten). There may be an outer calyx ( e.g. Fernelia, Flagenium ). There are four to five sepals present or they are reduced, often small and easy to miss, or actually absent. When sepals are present, they are durable or perishable, free or fused; they can be large and noticeably colored. When the sepals are fused, the calyx can end in two equal calyx lips or four or five equal or unequal calyx lobes. The usually four or five, rarely three or eight to ten petals are fused tubular in the lower area. The corolla tube rarely ends with two lips. There is only one circle with four to five fertile stamens , which are mostly free and often fused with the base of the petals. The anthers are rarely connected (for example in Argostemma ). The anthers usually open with a longitudinal slit, rarely with pores (for example in Argostemma ). The pollen grains rarely have none, usually three, sometimes four to twelve apertures and are colpat (in Paederieae, Galieae, partly Spermacoceae), porat (in Gardenieae) or colporat (polycolporat in Richardsonia ). Usually two, rarely to nine fruit leaves are a mostly under-earth, only Gaertnera and Pagamea Upper permanent ovary grown. The ovary is rarely single-chambered (for example in Gardenia ), mostly two-chambered or sometimes up to nine-chambered. If the ovary is single-chambered, it contains six to a hundred ovules, otherwise each ovary chamber usually contains one (usually in Rubioideae), rarely up to fifty ovules. The hanging, horizontal or ascending ovules are anatropic or hemianatropic and unitegmisch, tenuinucellate. There is often a discus. It is usually one style or sometimes two to five free or partially overgrown styles are present. The scar is in two parts. Often there is heterostyly .

The flower formula is: or ${\ displaystyle \ star K _ {(4-5, \ 0)} \; C_ {4-5} \; A_ {4-5} \;}$ ${\ displaystyle \; [C _ {(4-5)} \; A_ {4-5}] \; G _ {\ overline {(2)}}}$

Fruits and seeds

The fruits are mostly split fruits , which often disintegrate into two parts when ripe, but berries , stone fruits or capsule fruits are also found. The seeds are rarely winged. The embryo is usually straight or rarely curved.

ingredients

Calcium oxalate crystals are present in raphids in the leaves of Rubioideae, but are absent in Cinchonoideae. Alkaloids are often present. Flavonols are often present, namely mostly kaempferol and quercetin , also arbutin and ursolic acid ; Saponins can sometimes be included.

The rust fungus Hemileia vastatrix on coffee

ecology

The pollination is usually by insects ( Entomophilie ).

A special feature is the " devil's garden ", which are naturally occurring "monocultures" of Duroia hirsuta in the tropical rainforest of the Amazon region, which are created by the ant species Myrmelachista schumanni ( myrmecophilia ); only one species of tree in a rainforest area is an exception.

The rust fungus Hemileia vastatrix occurs on coffee bushes . The coffee fruits are particularly damaged by the coffee cherry beetle ( Hypothenemus hampei ).

Fossils

There are fossil finds on almost every continent. Most of the fossils date from the Miocene (23.0 to 5.3 million years ago). The oldest fossil comes from the Paleocene (65 to 54.8 million years ago).

Subfamily Cinchonoideae tribe Chiococceae: four-fold flower of Bikkia philippinensis

Subfamily Cinchonoideae Tribus Chiococceae: branch with leaves and flowers of Chiococca alba

Subfamily Cinchonoideae Tribus Chiococceae: branch with leaves and flowers of Cubanola domingensis

Subfamily Cinchonoideae tribe Chiococceae: five-fold flowers of Osa pulchra

Subfamily Cinchonoideae tribe Chiococceae: flowers and fruits of Strumpfia maritima

Subfamily Cinchonoideae Tribus Cinchoneae: Branches with leaves and inflorescences of Cinchona calisaya

Subfamily Cinchonoideae Tribus Guettardeae: inflorescence of Arachnothryx leucophylla

Subfamily Cinchonoideae Tribus Guettardeae: leaves and inflorescences of Guettarda speciosa

Subfamily Cinchonoideae Tribus Hamelieae: inflorescence of Deppea splendens 'Agusten'

Subfamily Cinchonoideae tribe Hamelieae: leaves and inflorescence of Hamelia patens

Subfamily Cinchonoideae tribe Hymenodictyeae: Habitus and leaves of Hymenodictyon orixense

Subfamily Cinchonoideae Tribus Naucleeae: Ball-shaped inflorescence of Cephalanthus occidentalis

Subfamily Cinchonoideae Tribus Naucleeae: deciduous leaves and spherical inflorescences of Haldina cordifolia

Subfamily Cinchonoideae Tribus Naucleeae: deciduous leaves and spherical inflorescences of Mitragyna inermis

Subfamily Cinchonoideae Tribus Naucleeae: deciduous leaves and spherical inflorescence of Nauclea orientalis

Subfamily Cinchonoideae Tribus Naucleeae: Ball-shaped inflorescence and fruit of Nauclea latifolia

Subfamily Cinchonoideae Tribus Naucleeae: deciduous leaves and spherical inflorescence of Neolamarckia cadamba

Subfamily Cinchonoideae Tribus Rondeletieae: leaves and inflorescence of Rondeletia odorata

Systematics and distribution

The first valid publication of the family name Rubiaceae was in 1789 by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in Genera Plantarum, p. 196. The type genus is Rubia L.

Synonyms for Rubiaceae Juss. are: Aparinaceae Hoffmanns. & Link, Asperulaceae Cham. ex Spenn. , Cinchonaceae Batsch , Coffeaceae Batsch , Cynocrambaceae Meisn. nom. illeg., Dialypetalanthaceae Rizzini & Occhioni nom. cons., Galiaceae Lindl. , Gardeniaceae Dumort. , Henriqueziaceae Bremek. , Lippayaceae Meisn., Lygodisodeaceae Bartl. , Naucleaceae Wernham , Operculariaceae Juss. ex Perleb , Theligonaceae Dumort. nom. cons.

There used to be an order Rubiales Benth. & Hook. f. But the family Rubiaceae belongs to the order of the gentian-like (Gentianales).

There are species on every continent, even on the Antarctic continent, with a few Coprosma , Galium and Sherardia species. The family occurs mainly in the tropics and subtropics . Only a few species are common in the temperate and cold latitudes. Of the approximately 43 to 44 tribes, 18 occur only in the Old World and 10 only in the New World, the others in both parts of the world.

In Central Europe there are the following five genera with around 35 species: Meier , or Meister ( Asperula ), ragweed ( Cruciata ) with the species Kahles ragweed ( Cruciata glabra ), ciliated ragweed ( Cruciata laevipes ) and Piedmont ragweed ( Cruciata pedemontana ), rennet ( Galium ), Färberröten or Krappe ( Rubia ) and Sherardia with the only kind of field redness ( Sherardia arvensis ).

In the Rubiaceae family there are around 626 to 660 genera with around 11,150 to 13,150 species. The Rubiaceae family is divided into three subfamilies and a total of 43 to 44 tribes:

Subfamily Cinchonoideae

Subfamily Cinchonoideae: Section of an inflorescence with flowers and flower buds of Kelloggia galioides

Subfamily Cinchonoideae Raf. : With about 1500 species it is the smallest of the three subfamilies. They are mostly small trees or bushes. It is divided into about nine tribes, seven of which have a mainly Neotropical distribution:

Tribe Chiococceae Benth. & Hook. f. : It contains about 26 genera in the Neotropic :

Asemnantha Hook. f. (sometimes in Chiococca ): It contains only one species:
Asemnantha pubescens Hook. f. : It thrives in Central American forests from Mexico to Belize .

Badusa A.Gray (Syn .: Bathysograya Kuntze ): It occurs with about three species only in Fiji .

Bikkia Reinw. (Syn .: Bikkiopsis Brongn. & Gris , Grisia Brongn., Thiollierea Montrouz. , Tatea Seem. ): The approximately 20 species occur from the Philippines to the western Pacific islands.

Catesbaea L. (Syn .: Catesbya Cothen. Orth. Var.): It occurs in about 18 species on the Florida Keys and on Caribbean islands.

Ceratopyxis Hook. f. : It contains only one type:
Ceratopyxis verbenacea (Griseb.) Hook. f. : It is endemic to western Cuba .

Chiococca P.Browne (Syn .: Siphonandra Turcz. ): The 23 or so species are widespread in the Neotropic.

Coutaportla Urb. : The roughly two species are distributed from Mexico to Honduras .

Coutarea Aubl. (Syn .: Outarda Dum. Orth. Var.): The six or so species are widespread in the Neotropic.

Cubanola Aiello (Syn .: Gonianthes A.Rich. ): The only two species occur only in the Greater Antilles .

Erithalis P.Browne : The eightor sospecies are common in Florida and Central America .

Eosanthe Urb. : It contains only one type:
Eosanthe cubensis Urb. : It is endemic to eastern Cuba.

Exostema (pers.) Bonpl. (Syn .: Exostemma DC. Orth. Var., Exostemon Post & Kuntze orth. Var., Steudelago Kuntze ): The approximately 44 species are common in the Neotropic.

Hintonia Bullock : The three or so species are common in Central America.

Isidorea A. Rich. ex DC. : The approximately 17 species only occur in the Greater Antilles .

Lorencea Borhidi : It was set up in 2003 in Acta Bot. Hung., 45, p. 17. It contains only one type:
Lorencea guatemalensis (Standl.) Borhidi : It occurs from the Mexican states of Veracruz and Chiapas to Guatemala .

Morierina Vieill. (Syn .: Dolichanthera Schltr. & K.Krause ): The two or so species occur only in New Caledonia .

Nernstia Urb. (Syn .: Cigarrilla Aiello ): It contains only one species:
Nernstia mexicana (Zucc. & Mart. Ex DC.) Urb. (Syn .: Cigarrilla mexicana ( Zucc. & Mart. Ex DC.) Aiello , Coutarea mexicana Zucc. & Mart. Ex DC. , Portlandia mexicana (Zucc. & Mart. Ex DC.) Hemsl. ): It comes to the Mexican States of San Luis Potosí and Hidalgo .

Osa Aiello : It contains only one species:
Osa pulchra (DRSimpson) Aiello : It only occurs in Costa Rica .

Phialanthus Griseb. : The approximately 22 species are native to Florida and the Caribbean islands.

Phyllacanthus Hook. f. (Syn .: Phyllacantha Hook. F. Orth. Var.): It contains only one species:
Phyllacanthus grisebachianus Hook. f. : It is endemic to northwestern Cuba.

Portlandia P.Browne : The seven or so species only occur in Jamaica .

Salzmannia DC. : It contains only one type:
Salzmannia nitida DC. : It occurs in northeastern Brazil .

Schmidtottia Urb. : The 16 or so species occur only in eastern Cuba on soils above serpentine .

Scolosanthus Vahl (Syn .: Antacanthus A.Rich. Ex DC. , Echinodendrum A.Rich. ): The approximately 27 species are native to Caribbean islands.

Siemensia Urb. : It contains only one type:
Siemensia pendula ( C. Wright ex Griseb.) Urb. : It is endemic in western Cuba to the Mogotes (cone karst mountains ) in Pinar del Río .

Solenandra Hook. f. (sometimes in Exostema ): The four or so species are common in the Neotropic.

Strumpfia Jacq. (Syn .: Patsjotti Adans. ): It contains only one species:
Strumpfia maritima Jacq. : Its range extends from southern Florida, southeastern Mexico, the Caribbean islands to northern Venezuela .

Tribus Cinchoneae DC. : It used to contain up to 50 genera. Today it contains about nine genera in the Neotropic:

Cephalodendron Steyerm. (sometimes in Remijia DC. ): It contains only one species:
Cephalodendron aracamunianum Steyerm. : It occurs only in the Amazon basin of Venezuela .

Ciliosemina Antonelli (the two species used to belong to Remijia DC. ): They are shrubs or trees with cross-opposite leaves. It contains only two species in South America:

Ciliosemina pedunculata (H.Karst.) A.Antonelli : It has a wide distribution in northwestern South America in the Venezuelan state of Amazonas, in the Colombian departments of Amazonas , Antioquia , Boyacá , Caquetá , Cundinamarca , Meta and Santander , in the Ecuadorian province of Sucumbíos , in the Ecuadorian province of the Peruvian departments of Loreto , San Martín and Ucayali , and in Brazil only in the western part of the state of Amazonas .

Ciliosemina purdieana (Wedd.) A. Antonelli : It occurs only in the lower Magdalena Valley in the Colombian departments of Antioquia , Bolívar and Santander .

Cinchona trees ( Cinchona L. , Syn .: Kinkina Adans. , Quinquina Boehm. , Pleurocarpus Klotzsch ): The approximately 24 species are distributed in Central America with Costa Rica and Panama as well as South America with Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. Some species and hybrids are grown in tropical areas around the world for quinine production.

Cinchonopsis L.Andersson (sometimes in Cinchona L. ): It contains only one species:
Cinchonopsis amazonica (Standl.) L. Andersson : It is widespread in the Amazon basin.

Joosia H. Karst. : The sevenor sospecies are distributed in the Andes from Colombia to central Peru .

Ladenbergia Klotzsch (Syn .: Cascarilla (Endl.) Wedd. ): The 40 or so species are distributed from Costa Rica to Brazil.

Maguireocharis Steyerm. : It contains only one type:
Maguireocharis neblinae Steyerm. : It occurs from southern Venezuela (southern Sierra de la Neblina) to Brazil (Serra Pirapucú).

Pimentelia Wedd. : It contains only one type:
Pimentelia glomerata Wedd. : It is common in western South America.

Remijia DC. (Syn .: Acrostoma Didr. ): The approximately 41 species are common in tropical South America.

Stilpnophyllum Hook. f. : The four or so species are common in western South America.

Tribus Guettardeae DC. : The approximately 15 genera are common in the Neotropic:

Allenanthus Standl. Some authors turn it into Machaonia Humb. & Bonpl. posed. The roughly two species are distributed from Mexico to Central America.

Antirhea Comm. ex Juss. (Syn .: Antirhoea Comm. Ex Juss. , Antirrhoea Endl. , Guettardella Champ. Ex Benth. , Sturmia C.F.Gaertn. ): The 36 or so species are distributed in tropical Asia, Australia , Madagascar , the Mascarene Islands and the Pacific Islands.

Arachnothryx Planch. (It used to be called Rondeletia L. , Syn .: Cuatrecasasia Standl. , Cuatrecasasiodendron Standl. & Steyerm. ). The 75 or so species are common in the Neotropics.

Bobea Gaudich. (Syn .: Obbea Hook. F. , Rhytidotus Hook. F. Orth. Var., Rytidotus Hook. F. ): The four or so species only occur in Hawaii.

Chomelia Jacq. (Syn .: Anisomeris C.Presl , Caruelina Kuntze ): The approximately 75 species are common in the Neotropics.

Gonzalagunia Ruiz & Pav. (Syn .: Buena Cav. , Caryococca Willd. Ex Roem. & Schult. Nom. Inval. Duggena Vahl nom. Inval., Gonzalea Pers. ): The approximately 40 species are distributed from Mexico to Brazil.

Guettarda L. (Syn .: Cadamba Sonn. , Dicrobotryum Willd. Ex Roem. & Schult. , Donkelaaria Lem. , Edechia Loefl. , Habsia Steud. , Halesia P.Browne , Laugeria L. orth. Var., Laugieria Jacq., Matthiola L., Sardinia Vell. , Tournefortiopsis Rusby , Viviania Raf. ): The 60 to 80 species thrive in tropical forests, mainly in the Neotropics and the Pacific . One species, Guettarda speciosa L. , is widespread along the coasts of the Indian and eastern Pacific Oceans. Guettarda viburnoides Cham. & Schltdl. occurs in Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay.

Hodgkinsonia F. Muell. : The only two species occur in eastern Australia from southeastern Queensland to northeastern New South Wales .

Machaonia Humb. & Bonpl. (Syn .: Bunophila Willd. Ex Roem. & Schult., Microsplenium Hook. F. Nom. Inval., Schiedea A.Rich. , Tertrea DC. ): The approximately 30 species are common in the Neotropic.

Malanea Aubl. (Syn .: Cunninghamia Schreb. , Melanea Pers. Orth. Var.): The approximately 40 species are common in the Neotropic.

Neoblakea Standl. : Of the only two species, one occurs in Ecuador and the other in Venezuela.

Neolaugeria Nicolson (Syn .: Laugeria Vahl ex Hook. F. , Terebraria Sessé ex Kunth ). Some authors call it Stenostomum C.F. Gaertn . posed. The five or so species occur on Caribbean islands.

Pittoniotis Griseb. (sometimes in Antirhea Comm. ex Juss. ): The only three species occur from southern Mexico to Venezuela and Ecuador.

Stenostomum C.F. Gaertn . : The approximately 48 species are common in the Neotropic.

Timonius DC. (Syn .: Abbottia F.Muell. , Burneya Cham. & Schltdl. , Erithalis G.Forst. , Eupyrena Wight & Arn. , Heliospora Hook. F. Orth. Var., Helospora Jack , Polyphragmon Desf. , Porocarpus Gaertn. ) : The approximately 150 to 187 species are distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia, on the Seychelles and on the Pacific islands.

Tribe Hamelieae A.Rich. ex DC. : The approximately five genera are common in the Neotropic:

Deppea Cham. & Schltdl. (Syn .: Bellizinca Borhidi , Choristes Benth. , Csapodya Borhidi , Deppeopsis Borhidi & Strancz. , Edithea Standl. , Schenckia K.Schum. ): The approximately 39 species are in the Neotropic from Mexico via Central America to Panama and from Brazil to northeastern Argentina widespread.

Hamelia Jacq. (Syn .: Duhamelia Pers. , Jangaraca Raf. , Tangaraca Adans. , Tapesia C.F.Gaertn. , Tepesia C.F.Gaertn. ): The approximately 16 species are common in the Neotropic.

Hoffmannia Sw. (Syn .: Campylobotrys Lem. , Erosmia A.Juss. , Euosmia Kunth , Evosmia Humb. & Bonpl. , Higginsia Pers. , Koehneago Kuntze , Ohigginsis Ruiz & Pav. , Xerococcus Oerst. ): The approximately 110 species are in the Neotropis widespread from Mexico across Central America and South America.

Omiltemia Standl. (Syn .: Edithea Standl. ): The only two species occur in southwestern Mexico.

Tribus Hillieae: The approximately three genera are common in the Neotropic:

Balmea Martínez : It contains only one species:
Balmea stormae Martínez : Its distribution area extends from central Mexico via Guatemala to El Salvador .

Cosmibuena Ruiz & Pav. (Syn .: Buena Pohl): The four or so species are widespread in the Neotropics from southeast Mexico through Central America to tropical South America.

Hillia Jacq. (Syn .: Fereiria Vell. Ex Vand. , Ravnia Oerst. , Saldanha Vell. ) :: The approximately 25 species are widespread in tropical America.

Tribe Hymenodictyeae Razafim. & B.Bremer : Most of them are trees. The leaves are cross-opposite. The hermaphroditic flowers are protandric and usually five-fold, rarely six to seven-fold. There is a conspicuous discus. The ovary are bicameral. They form loculicidal capsule fruits. The flattened seeds are laterally winged. The 16 of the 24 Hymenodictyon species and the two Paracorynanthe species thrive in deciduous forests, only three species thrive in evergreen rainforests. Most Hymenodictyon species also thrive in secondary forests and open areas. It has a paleotropic distribution with about two genera:

Hymenodictyon Wall. (Syn .: Benteca Adans. , Kurria Hochst. Ex Steud. ): The 24 or so species are found in tropical Africa and Madagascar , and around four species in Asia, particularly in the Himalayas . The bushes, medium-sized to large trees, reach heights of growth of up to 35 meters, rarely lignified epiphytes.

Paracorynanthe Capuron : The only two species thrive in Madagascar's dry forests. The medium-sized trees reach heights of growth of up to 15 meters.

Tribe Isertieae A.Rich. ex DC. : It contains about three genera in the Neotropic:

Isertia Schreb. (Syn .: Brignolia DC. , Bruinsmania Miq. , Cassupa Humb. & Bonpl. , Creatantha Standl. , Isartia Dum. Orth. Var., Phosanthus Raf. ): The approximately 14 species are distributed in Central and South America.

Kerianthera J.H. Kirkbr . : The only two types occur in Brazil.

Yutajea Steyerm. (sometimes in Isertia Schreb. ): It contains only one species:
Yutajea liesneri Steyerm. : It occurs from Brazil to Trinidad.

Tribus Naucleeae DC. ex Miq. (Syn .: Cephalantheae): Spherical inflorescences are formed. There are epigynous nectaries that are deeply embedded in the flower cup (hypanthium). The secondary pollen presentation is typical, here the pollen is presented on the immature scar flap. By 2014 it contains about 26 since then only about 17 genera with about 194 and palaeotropic distribution:

Adina Salisb. (Syn .: Adinauclea Ridsdale , Haldina Ridsdale , Metadina Bakh. F. , Pertusadina Ridsdale ): The four until 2014, since then about eight species are in subtropical to tropical Asia from Sri Lanka, India, Nepal , Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia , Laos , China (five species), Japan , Korea , Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Sulawesi to Maluku distributed.

Breonadia Ridsdale : it contains only one species:
Breonadia salicina (Vahl) Hepper & JRIWood (Syn .: Adina microcephala (Delile) Hiern , Breonadia microcephala (Delile) Ridsdale , Nauclea microcephala Delile , Nerium salicinum Vahl ): It is on the Arabian Peninsula, from tropical to southern Africa and Madagascar widespread.

Breonia A. Rich. ex DC. (Syn .: Anthocephalus A.Rich. , Cephalidium A.Rich. Ex DC. , Elattospermum Soler. , Franchetia Baill. , Neobreonia Ridsdale ): The approximately 20 species occur in Madagascar.

Cephalanthus L. (Syn .: Acrodryon Spreng. , Axolus Raf. , Eresimus Raf. ): Of the six species, three are found in the New World , two in Asia and one in Africa.

Corynanthe Welw. (Syn .: Pseudocinchona A. Chev. , Pausinystalia Pierre ex Beille ): The six species since 2014 are distributed from western to western- central tropical to northern and northwestern Angola. Including:
Yohimbe ( Corynanthe johimbe ) K. Schum. : It occurs from Nigeria to west-central tropical Africa.

Gyrostipula J.-F.Leroy : The only three species occur on Madagascar and the Comoros .

Janotia J.-F.Leroy : It contains only one species:
Janotia macrostipula (Capuron) J.-F.Leroy : It occurs in central and southern Madagascar.

Ludekia Ridsdale : Of the only two species, one occurs in the Philippines and the other in Borneo.

Mitragyna Korth. (Syn .: Paradina Pierre ex Pit. , Hallea J.-F. Leroy nom. Illeg., Fleroya Y.F.Deng ): The ten or so species are distributed in tropical Africa and tropical Asia.

Myrmeconauclea Merr. : The species are all found in Borneo and one of them also in the Philippines.

Nauclea L. (Syn .: Burttdavya Hoyle , Platanocarpum Korth. , Platanocephalus Crantz , Sarcocephalus Afzel. Ex Sabine , Cephalina Thonn. ): This genus is not monophyletic. It includes around six species from tropical Africa and around six species that are distributed from Asia via Borneo to Australia. This belongs here:
Nauclea latifolia Sm .: It occurs from tropical West Africa to Ethiopia and northwestern Angola.

Neolamarckia Bosser : The only two species found in southern Asia, Southeast Asia, New Guinea and Australia. One species, Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser , is grown in the tropics around the world for wood.

Neonauclea Merr. ( Nauclea Korthals non L. ): The approximately 62 species are distributed in tropical Asia and on the Pacific islands.

Ochreinauclea Ridsdale & Bakh. f. : Of the only two species, one occurs only in India and the other from the Thai peninsula to western Malesia.

Pseudocinchona A. Chev. ex Perrot (sometimes in Corynanthe Welw. ): The five or so species occur in Africa.

Sinoadina Ridsdale : It contains only one species:
Sinoadina racemosa (Sieb. & Zucc.) Ridsdale : It occurs in Myanmar, Thailand, China and Japan.

Uncaria Schreb. (Syn .: Agylophora Neck. Ex Raf. Nom. Inval., Ourouparia Aubl. , Restiaria Lour. , Uncinaria Rchb. Orth. Var., Uruparia Raf. ): It has a disjoint area with 29 species from tropical Asia to Australia, three species in Africa and Madagascar and two in the Neotropic.

For the time being included in the tribe Naucleeae:

Diyaminauclea Ridsdale : it contains only one species:
Diyaminauclea zeylanica (Hook. F.) Ridsdale : It occurs only in Sri Lanka.

Khasiaclunea Ridsdale : It contains only one species:
Khasiaclunea oligocephala (Havil.) Ridsdale : It is distributed from India to northern Myanmar.

Tribus Rondeletieae (DC.) Miq. (Syn .: Rondeletieae Burnett , Rondeletiinae DC. ): It contains about 14 genera (after Rova et al. 2009). Except for two species, all species occur only in the Neotropic. The center of biodiversity is the Greater Antilles . There are trees and bushes:

Acrosynanthus Urb. : Of the six species, five occur only in Cuba (four of them only in eastern Cuba) and one only in Jamaica.

Acunaeanthus Borhidi , Komlodi & Moncada : It contains only one species:
Acunaeanthus tinifolius (Griseb.) Borhidi (Syn .: Rondeletia tinifolia Griseb. , Neomazaea tinifolia (Griseb.) Urb. , Mazaea tinifolia (Griseb.) Alain , Exostema leonis Standl. ): It occurs only in Cuba.

Blepharidium Standl. : It contains only one type:
Blepharidium guatemalense Standl. : It is distributed from southeastern Mexico to Honduras.

Glionnetia Tirveng. : It contains only one type:
Glionnetia sericea (Baker) Tirveng. : It occurs in the Seychelles only on the islands of Mahé and Silhouette. It is one of only two species outside of the Neotropic.

Habroneuron Standl. : It contains only one type:
Habroneuron radicans (Wernham) SPDarwin : It occurs only in the Mexican state of Oaxaca.

Mazaea Krug & Urb. (Syn: Neomazaea Krug & Urb. ): The only two species occur only in Cuba, one only in the province of Holguín and the other only in western Cuba.

Phyllomelia Griseb. (Syn .: Ariadne Urb. ): It contains only one kind:
Phyllomelia coronata Griseb. : It only occurs in western Cuba.

Rachicallis DC. (Syn .: Rhachicallis DC. Orth. Var.): It contains only one species:
Rachicallis americana (Jacq.) Hitchc. : It occurs in southeastern Mexico and on Caribbean islands.

Rogiera Planch. : The 15 or so species are distributed from Mexico through Central America to Colombia.

Roigella Borhidi & M. Fernández Zeq. : It contains only one type:
Roigella correifolia (Griseb.) Borhidi & M. Fernández Zeq. : This endemic occurs only on the Cuban island Isla de la Juventud .

Rondeletia L. (Syn .: Arachnimorpha Desv. Ex Ham. , Javorkaea Borhidi & Járai-Koml. , Lightfootia Schreb. , Peteria Raf. Orth. Var., Petesia P.Browne , Willdenovia J.F.Gmel. , Zalmaria B.D. Jacks . , Zamaria Raf. Nom. Nud.): The extent of this genus is controversially discussed; in the narrowest view, only 20 belong to it, in the broadest view, around 140 species. According to Rova et al. In 2009 Rondeletia contained around 120 species in the Neotropic. Most of the species are found on Caribbean islands. The center of biodiversity is Cuba. Most recently Rova et al. 2009 divided the genus Rondeletia into ten, instead of 15, sections; for example:
Rondeletia odorata Jacq. used as an ornamental plant in the tropics.

Rovaeanthus Borhidi et al. (sometimes in Rogiera Planch. ): The only two species are common from Mexico to Central America.

Spathichlamys R.Parker : it contains only one type:
Spathichlamys oblonga R.Parker : It occurs only in southeastern Myanmar. It is one of only two species within the tribe Rondeletieae that occurs outside of the Neotropic.

Stevensia Poit. (It may belong to Rondeletia L. ): The elevenor sospecies occur only on Hispaniola .

Suberanthus Borhidi & M. Fernández Zeq. : The approximately seven species and two natural hybrids occur only on Cuba and Hispaniola.

Incertae sedis - not in a tribe but in the subfamily Cinchonoideae:

Chione DC. : It contains only one type:
Chione venosa (Sw.) Urb. : It occurs in four varieties from Mexico to Central America to Peru and on the Caribbean islands.

Kelloggia Torr. ex Benth. & Hook. f. : It was previously included in the tribe Rubieae, but is a sister group to this tribe. It has a disjoint area with one species in China and Bhutan and one species in western Mexico and the United States .

Subfamily Ixoroideae

Subfamily Ixoroideae tribe Alberteae: inflorescence from Alberta magna

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Augusteae: Flower of Augusta longifolia

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Augusteae: inflorescence of Wendlandia thyrsoidea

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Coffeeae: leaves and inflorescence of Coffea arabica with five-fold flowers

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Coffeeae: branch with opposite leaves, inflorescence with flower buds and ripe fruits of Tricalysia capensis var. Capensis

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Condamineeae: inflorescence of Alseis floribunda

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Condamineeae: leaves and inflorescences of Calycophyllum candidissimum

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Condamineeae: leaves and inflorescences of Emmenopterys henryi

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Condamineeae: flowers of Pentagonia macrophylla

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Condamineeae: habitus, leaves and inflorescences of Warszewiczia coccinea

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Cordiereae: leaves and inflorescence of Alibertia edulis

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Cordiereae: branch with leaves and fruits of Cordiera sessilis

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Gardenieae: flowers of Atractocarpus fitzalanii

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Gardenieae: Habitus of the reinforced shrub of Canthium coromandelicum with leaves and flowers

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Gardenieae: leaves and flowers of Casasia clusiifolia

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Gardenieae: Flower of Gardenia thunbergia

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Gardenieae: cut fruit of the Jenipapo tree ( Genipa americana )

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Gardenieae: inflorescence of Macrosphyra longistyla

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Gardenieae: leaves and flowers of Randia dumetorum

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Gardenieae: flower of Rothmannia capensis

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribe Gardenieae: habit, leaves and flowers of Tocoyena formosa

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Ixoreae: inflorescence of Ixora javanica

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Ixoreae: The kauliflore Ixora margaretae

Subfamily Ixoroideae tribe Jackieae: habit, leaves and inflorescences of Jackiopsis ornata

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Mussaendeae: The ornamental plant Mussaenda philippica with leaves and inflorescences

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Mussaendeae: inflorescence of Pseudomussaenda flava

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Octotropideae: leaves and inflorescences of Kraussia floribunda

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Octotropideae: inflorescence of Ramosmania rodriguesii

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Pavetteae Inflorescence of Pavetta crassicaulis

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Posoquerieae: flowers of Posoqueria latifolia

Subfamily Ixoroideae tribe Retiniphylleae: Illustration of Retiniphyllum secundiflorum

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Sabiceeae: branch with opposite leaves and flowers of Sabicea panamensis

Subfamily Ixoroideae tribe Scyphiphoreae: Illustration of Scyphiphora hydrophylacea

Subfamily Ixoroideae tribe Sherbournieae: branch with fruits of Mitriostigma axillare

Subfamily Ixoroideae tribe Sipaneae: flowers of Sipanea hispida

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Vanguerieae: Habit of the reinforced shrub of Canthium coromandelicum

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Vanguerieae: leaves and inflorescences of Psydrax odorata

Subfamily Ixoroideae Tribus Vanguerieae: branch with leaves and fruits of Vangueria parvifolia

Subfamily Ixoroideae: leaves and flowers of Burchellia bubalina

Subfamily Ixoroideae Raf. : It contains (as of 2013) about 24 tribes:

Tribus Airospermeae Kainul. & B.Bremer : They are subshrubs, shrubs or small trees with terminal paniculate inflorescences, five-fold flowers, durable sepals, short or long corolla tubes, two-chamber ovaries with a hanging ovule per ovary chamber and fleshy fruits that contain two stone pits. It contains only two genera with only about seven species:

Airosperma Lauterb. & K.Schum. (Syn .: Abramsia Gillespie ): The six or so species occur in New Guinea and Fiji.

Boholia Merr. : It contains only one type:
Boholia nematostylis Merr. : For a long time it was only known from the Philippine island of Bohol , around ten specimens were discovered in two locations on the island of Flores .

Tribe Alberteae Hook. f. : The flowers are fivefold. It contains about three genera and only seven species with a relatively small distribution area in southeastern Africa and Madagascar. The Razafimandimbisonia species were separated from the genus Alberta in 2009 :

Alberta E. Mey. (Syn .: Ernestimeyera Kuntze ): It contains only one type:
Alberta Magna E. Mey. : It occurs in southeastern Africa. Its botanical name honors the 13th century bishop and scholar Albertus Magnus . This evergreen, monopodial shrub or tree has leathery leaves, funnel-shaped, single-colored flower crowns, awl-shaped scar lobes and closing fruits.

Nematostylis Hook. f. : It contains only one type:
Nematostylis anthophylla (A.Rich. Ex DC.) Baill. : It occurs in Madagascar. This deciduous, sympodial-dichasial, semi-succulent shrub reaches heights of growth of up to 3 meters and has semi-succulent leaves, slightly zygomorphic flowers, single-colored, tubular corollas, short, wide, rounded stigma and closing fruits.

Razafimandimbisonia Kainul. & B. Bremer : The five or so species only occur in Madagascar. These evergreen, monopodial shrubs or trees have leathery leaves, more or less curved funnel-shaped two-tone flower crowns, short, wide rounded stigma lobes and the split fruit breaks down into two partial fruits.

Tribus Aleisanthieae Mouly, J.Florence & B.Bremer : The underside of the leaf is woolly hairy, except for Greeniopsis discolor Merr. The small flowers are five-fold and protandric . The short calyx teeth are triangular to rounded. The stamens rise above the corolla. There is secondary pollen presentation. The two-chamber ovary contains many ovules. Capsule fruits are formed. It contains about three genera in Southeast Asia:

Aleisanthia Ridl. : The pollen grains are triporate. The two species Aleisanthia rupestris (Ridl.) Ridl. and Aleisanthia sylvatica Ridl. are common in Southeast Asia.

Aleisanthiopsis Tange : The pollen grains are triporate. The two species Aleisanthiopsis distantiflora (Merr.) Tange and Aleisanthiopsis multiflora Tange are common in Southeast Asia.

Greeniopsis Merr. : The pollen grains are tricolporate. The six or so species are found in the Philippines .

Tribus Augusteae Kainul. & B. Bremer : It contains only two genera:

Augusta Pohl (Syn .: Augustea DC. Orth. Var., Bonifacia Silva Manso ex Steud. , Lindenia Benth. , Schreibersia Pohl nom. Nud., Siphonia Benth. Nom. Illeg.): The four or so species come from Mexico, im northeastern to central Brazil and on the Fiji Islands as well as in New Caledonia.

Wendlandia Bartl. ex DC. : The approximately 80 species are mainly distributed in tropical to subtropical Southeast Asia and some species occur in northern Australia, northeastern Africa and western Asia .

Tribus Bertiereae (K.Schum.) Bridson : It contains only one genus:
Bertiera Aubl. (Syn .: Berthiera Vent. Orth. Var., Justenia Hiern , Pomatium C.F.Gaertn. ): The approximately 52 species are widespread in the Neotropics, but a species Bertiera guianensis occurs in tropical Africa, Madagascar and the Mascarene Mountains .

Tribus Coffeeae DC. : The inflorescences are mostly apparently terminal, deviating from this, the inflorescences formed on short shoots in Coffea are subgenic. Baracoffea (J.-F.Leroy) J.-F.Leroy , most species in Psilanthus subgen. Afrocoffea (Moens) Bridson and most of the species in Argocoffeopsis . The ovary is bicameral. The stylus ends in a two-lobed scar. It contains about six to twelve genera and about 330 species. It occurs only in the Old World, mainly in tropical Africa, but also in Madagascar, the Comoros, Mascarene, in Indomalaysia and Psilanthus also in Australia:

Argocoffeopsis Lebrun : It contains seven to nine recent species in Africa. An extinct species is known:
Argocoffeopsis lemblinii (A.Chev.) Robbr. : It was only collected once in Ivory Coast.

Belonophora Hook. f. : The five or so species are common in tropical Africa.

Calycosiphonia Pierre ex Robbr. : The three or so species are common in tropical Africa.

Coffea L. (syn. Buseria T.Durand , Cafe Adans. , Cofeanthus A.Chev. , Hexepta Raf. , Leiochilus Hook. F. , Nescidia A.Rich. , Paolia Chiov. , Paracoffea J.-F.Leroy nom. , Pleurocoffea Baill. , Psilanthopsis A.Chev. , Psilanthus Hook. f. , Solenixora Baill. ): The 103 to 110 species are from tropical to southern Africa, on Madagascar, the Mascarene and islands of the western Indian Ocean, in tropical Asia and Queensland widespread. Some species and hybrids aregrownfor coffee production in humid tropical areas around the world.

Diplospora DC. : The 20 or so species are common in tropical and subtropical Asia.

Discospermum Dalzell : The seven species since 2008 are distributed in Asia and Malesia (India to the Philippines).

Empogona Hook. f. : The approximately 29 species since 2009 are distributed in tropical to southern Africa and Madagascar.

Nostolachma T.Durand (Syn .: Hymendocarpum Pierre ex Pit. , Lachnastoma Korth. ): The approximately six species are common in tropical Asia.

Pubistylus Thoth. (sometimes in Diplospora DC. ): It contains only one species:
Pubistylus andamanensis Thoth. : It only occurs in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands .

Sericanthe Robbr. : The approximately 121 species are distributed in tropical and southern Africa.

Tricalysia A. Rich . ex DC. (Syn .: Bunburya Meisn. Ex Hochst. , Carpothalis E.Mey. , Diplocrater Hook. F. , Discocoffea A.Chev. , Empogona Hook. F. , Eriostoma Boivin ex Baill. Nom. Inval., Natalanthe Sond. , Neorosea N.Hallé , Probletostemon K.Schum. , Rosea Klotzsch ): With around 78 species in tropical and southern Africa with Madagascar.

Xantonnea Pierre ex Pit. : The only two little-known species are common in Indochina and Thailand.

Tribe Condamineeae Hook. f. : They are small to large trees or bushes. The mostly hermaphrodite flowers are usually too many in inflorescences. The ovaries are often two-chambered, usually with many ovules. Loculicidal or septicidal capsule fruits are usually formed. The small to tiny seeds can have a membranous edge or differently shaped wings, or neither. Some species of Pentagonia and Simira with pinnately split leaves are unusual for this family . In the genera Dialypetalanthus and Rustia, the anthers open with pores. They occur mainly in Central and South America, only a few genera occur in southern Asia, Africa or Fiji. It contains about 30 to 35 genera with about 300 species:

Alseis Schott : The wide distribution area of the approximately 18 species ranges from southern Mexico to Peru and eastern Brazil. What is unusual for the family is that they are deciduous.

Bathysa C.Presl (Syn .: Schizocalyx Wedd. , Schoenleinia Klotzsch , Voigtia Klotzsch ): The ten species are common in tropical South America.

Bothriospora Hook. f. (Syn .: Tepesia C.F.Gaertn. ): It contains only one species:
Bothriospora corymbosa (Benth.) Hook. f. (Syn: Evosmia corymbosa Benth. ): This shrub has a five- chamber ovary and forms berries. It is common in northern South America.

Calycophyllum DC. (Syn .: Enkylista Hook. F. Orth. Var., Eukylista Benth. ): The eleven species are common in the Neotropic. The wood of Calycophyllum multiflorum Griseb. is traded under the name Castelo.

Capirona Spruce (Syn .: Loretoa Standl. , Monadelphanthus H.Karst. ): It contains only one species:
Capirona decorticans Spruce : It is common in northern South America.

Chimarrhis Jacq. (Syn .: Pseudochimarrhis Ducke ): The approximately 15 species are widespread from southern Central America and northern South America and occur on Caribbean islands.

Condaminea DC. : The distribution area of the approximately five species extends in Central America from Costa Rica to Bolivia and Peru in South America.

Dialypetalanthus Kuhlm. : It contains only one type:
Dialypetalanthus fuscescens Kuhlm. : It was formerly part of the Myrtales or Gentianales , then in a separate family Dialypetalanthaceae. It thrives as a tree in the rainforest at altitudes of no more than 500 meters in northern South America.

Dioicodendron Steyerm. : It contains only one type:
Dioicodendron dioicum (K.Schum. & K.Krause) Steyerm. : It thrives at medium to high altitudes in the Andes in northwestern South America. It is the only dioecious gendered (diocesan - hence the botanical name) species of this tribe. This tree has small, inconspicuous, greenish-white flowers.

Dolichodelphys K.Schum. & K.Krause : It contains only one type:
Dolichodelphys chlorocrater K.Schum. & K.Krause : It occurs in northwestern South America from Venezuela to Peru.

Dolicholobium A.Gray : The approximately 28 species are distributed from Malesia to the southwestern Pacific region.

Elaeagia Wedd. : The approximately 25 species are common in the Neotropic.

Emmenopterys Olive. (Syn .: Emmenopteryx Dalla Torre & Harms orth. Var.): It contains only one species:
Emmenopterys henryi olive. : It thrives in forests in valleys at altitudes between 400 and 1600 meters in southern China (and northern Vietnam).

Ferdinandusa Pohl (Syn .: Aspidanthera Benth. , Ferdinandea Pohl , Gomphosia Wedd. ): The approximately 24 species are widespread in the Neotropic; they are found mainly in South America, with most species in Brazil.

Hippotis Ruiz & Pav .: The approximately twelve species are common in the Neotropic.

Holtonia Standl. : Maybe with the only kind:
Holtonia myriantha (Standl.) Standl. : She was also put to Elaeagia , who would then not be monophyletic. It is common from Costa Rica to Bolivia and Venezuela.

Macbrideina Standl. : It contains only one type:
Macbrideina peruviana Standl. : The distribution area extends from Colombia to Ecuador and Peru.

Macrocnemum P. Brownne : The approximately six species are distributed from southern Central America to northwestern South America and Jamaica .

Mastic iodendron Melch. : The seven or so species occur from the Moluccas to Fiji.

Mussaendopsis Baill. (Syn .: Creaghia Scort. ): The three or so species are common in Malesia.

Parachimarrhis Ducke : It contains only one species:
Parachimarrhis breviloba Ducke : It thrives in the lowland rainforest of the Amazon basin.

Pentagonia Benth. (Syn .: Megaphyllum Spruce ex Baill. , Nothophlebia Standl. , Seemannia Hook. Nom. Inval., Striolaria Ducke , Watsonamra Kuntze ): The approximately 36 species are widespread in the Neotropic.

Picardaea Urb. : It contains only one type:
Picardaea cubensis (Griseb.) Britton ex Urb. (Syn .: Macrocnemum cubense Griseb. , Picardaea haitiensis Urb. ): It occurs only in Cuba and Hispaniola .

Pinckneya Michx. (Syn .: Pinknea Pers. Orth. Var.): It contains only one species:
Pinckneya bracteata (Bartram) Raf. : It occurs only in the southeastern USA.

Pogonopus Klotzsch (Syn .: Carmenocania Wernham , Chrysoxylon Wedd. , Howardia Wedd. ): The three or so species are common in the Neotropics.

Rustia Klotzsch (Syn .: Henlea H.Karst. , Stomandra Standl. , Tresanthera H.Karst. ): There are trees and bushes. The approximately 17 species are distributed in the Neotropics from southern Central America to northern South America and one species each occurs in Haiti , the Lesser Antilles and the island of Tobago .

Schizocalyx Wedd. (Syn .: Phitopis Hook. F. ): They are trees. The nine species since 2010 are distributed from Costa Rica to tropical South America.

Semaphyllanthe L.Andersson : The six or so species are common in the Neotropic.

Simira Aubl. (Syn .: Arariba Mart. , Blandibractea Wernham , Calderonia Standl. , Exandra Standl. , Sickingia Willd. , Sprucea Benth. , Wernhamia S.Moore ): The wide distribution area of the approximately 43 species extends from Mexico to the Atlantic Rainforest ( Mata Atlântica ) in southern Brazil.

Sommera Schltdl. : The eleven or so species occur from Mexico to Peru.

Tammsia H. Karst. : It contains only one type:
Tammsia anomala H.Karst. : It is widespread from Venezuela to Colombia to Peru.

Warszewiczia Klotzsch : The eight or so species are widespread from southern Central America to northern South America and on the Caribbean islands.

Wittmackanthus Kuntze (Syn .: Pallasia Klotzsch ): It contains only one species:
Wittmackanthus stanleyanus (MRSchomb.) Kuntze : It occurs in northern South America.

Tribus Cordiereae A.Rich. ex DC. emend. Mouly : There are dioecious shrubs and trees. It contains about 13 genera:

Agouticarpa C. Perss. (sometimes in Genipa L. ): The seven or so species are distributed from Costa Rica to tropical South America.

Alibertia A.Rich. ex DC. (Syn .: Borojoa Cuatrec. , Garapatica H.Karst. , Gardeniola Cham. , Genipella Rich. Ex DC. , Scepseothamnus Cham. , Thieleodoxa Cham. ): The approximately 20 species are common in the Neotropic, including:
Alibertia edulis (Rich.) A.Rich. ex DC.

Amaioua Aubl. : The approximately nine species are common in the Neotropic.

Botryarrhena Ducke : The two species are distributed from northern South America to Brazil.

Cordiera A. Rich . ex DC. : The eleven species are common in the Neotropic.

Duroia L. f. (Syn .: Coupoui Aubl. , Cupirana Miers , Cupuia Raf. , Pubeta L. nom. Rej., Schachtia H.Karst. ): The approximately 36 species are distributed from Costa Rica to tropical South America.

Glossostipula Lorence : The approximately three species are distributed from Mexico to Central America.

Kutchubaea fish. ex DC. (Syn .: Einsteinia Ducke , Ibetralia Bremek. , Kotchubaea Regel ex Benth. & Hook. F. ): The approximately 13 species are common in tropical South America.

Melanopsidium Colla (Syn .: Billiottia DC. Nom. Superfl., Pleurocarpus Klotzsch nom. Illeg., Rhyssocarpus Endl. , Viviania Colla nom. Superfl.): It contains only one species:
Melanopsidium nigrum Colla : It occurs in the Brazilian states of Bahia , Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro .

Riodocea Delprete (sometimes in Kutchubaea Fisch. Ex DC. ): It contains only one species:
Riodocea pulcherrima Delprete : It occurs only in the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo.

Stachyarrhena Hook. f. : The approximately 13 species are distributed from Panama to tropical South America.

Stenosis pad C. Perss . : It contains only one type:
Stenosepala hirsuta C. Perss . : It occurs from Panama to Colombia.

Tribe Cremasporeae ( Benth. ) F. White ex Bridson: It contains only one genus:
Cremaspora Benth. (Syn .: Pappostyles Pierre , Pappostylum Pierre orth. Var., Schizospermum Boivin ex Baill. ): The only two (to four) species are distributed in tropical Africa and occur on Madagascar and the Comoros :

Cremaspora triflora (Thonn.) K.Schum. : There are three subspecies.

Cremaspora thomsonii here.

Tribe Gardenieae A.Rich. ex DC. (Syn .: Aulacocalyceae Robbr. & C.Puff ): Augustin Pyramus de Candolle contained 28 genera in 1830, Robbrecht and Puff contained around 80 genera in 1986 and the scope of this tribe has been controversial since the first molecular genetic studies of this family group. In 2014 there are certainly 45 types.

Aidia Lour. ( Anomanthodia Hook. F. , Cupia (Schult.) DC. , Gynopachis Blume , Pseudixora Miq. , Pelagodendron Seem. , Stylocoryna Cav. , Stylocoryne Wight & Arn. Orth. Var.): The approximately 50 species are in tropical Africa, common in southern Asia, Southeast Asia and Oceania .
Aidia racemosa (Cav.) Tirveng. : From Southeast Asia to northern and western Australia.

Aoranthe Somers : The five or so species are common in tropical Africa.

Atractocarpus Schltr. & K.Krause : The approximately 40 species are distributed in Micronesia , the Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu , New Caledonia, Fiji, Tonga , Tahiti and Australia (around seven species).

Aulacocalyx Hook. f. (sometimes with Heinsenia K.Schum. ): The eleven or so species are common in tropical Africa.

Benkara Adans. (Syn .: Fagerlindia Tirveng. , Griffithia Wight & Arnott. ): The 19 or so species are distributed in India, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, China, Japan, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines.

Brachytome Hook. f. : The fiveor sospecies are found in India, Bangladesh , Myanmar, Cambodia, China, Vietnam and Malaysia.

Brenania Keay : The roughly two species are common in tropical Africa.

Bungarimba K.M.Wong : This genus, established in 2004, contains four species that occur in western Malesia and New Guinea.

Calochone Keay : The only two species are common in tropical west-central Africa.

Casasia A.Rich. : The ten or so species are common in the northern Caribbean islands and one variety is also found in southern Florida. There are six species in Cuba and three in Hispaniola.

Catunaregam Wolf (Syn .: Xeromphis Raf. ): The five to maybe ten species are widespread in Africa, some species come from Madagascar, Sri Lanka, India, Kashmir , Pakistan , Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, China, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand , Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia.

Ceriscoides (Hook. F.) Tirveng. (Syn .: Gardenia sect. Ceriscoides Benth. & Hook. F. ): The approximately eleven species occur in Sri Lanka, India, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, China, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines.

Coddia Verdc. : It contains only one type:
Coddia rudis (E.Mey. Ex Harv.) Verdc. : It occurs in Mozambique , Zimbabwe and South Africa as well as Swaziland.

Deccania Tirveng. : It contains only one type:
Deccania pubescens (Roth) Tirveng. : It occurs with two varieties only in southern India.

Dioecrescis Tirveng. : It contains only one type:
Dioecrescis erythroclada (short) Tirveng. : Its range extends from India to Indochina.

Duperrea Pierre ex Pit. : The only two species are common in India, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, China and Vietnam.

Euclinia Salisb. : Of the only three species, two are distributed in tropical Africa and one occurs in Madagascar.

Gardenia J.Ellis : Depending on the author, it contains 60 to 200 or up to 250 species in tropical to subtropical areas of Africa, Madagascar, Asia and on the Pacific islands.

Genipa L .: The only three species are common in the Neotropic.

Heinsenia K. Schum. (sometimes in Aulacocalyx Hook. f. ): It contains only one species:
Heinsenia diervilleoides K. Schum. : It is distributed with two subspecies from Sudan to Zimbabwe.

Hyperacanthus E. Mey . ex Bridson : Of about eleven species, nine occur only in Madagascar and the other two are distributed from southern tropical Africa to southern Africa.

Kailarsenia Tirveng. : The six or so species are distributed from Indochina to western Malesia.

Kochummenia K.M.Wong : There are about two species on the Malay Peninsula.

Larsenaikia Tirveng. : The three or so species are common in northern Australia.

Macrosphyra Hook. f. : The six or so species are common in tropical Africa.

Massularia ( K.Schum. ) Hoyle: It has contained two species since 2015. They are common in western and western-central tropical Africa.

Morelia Rich. ex DC. : It contains only one type:
Morelia senegalensis A.Rich. ex DC. : It is distributed from tropical West Africa to Sudan .

Neofranciella Guillaumin : it contains only one species:
Neofranciella pterocarpon (Guillaumin) Guillaumin : It is native to New Caledonia .

Oligocodon Keay : it contains only one type:
Oligocodon cunliffeae (Wernham) Keay : It occurs in tropical Africa from southern Benin to central Zaire.

Oxyceros Lour. : The twelve species since 2008 are distributed in tropical Asia.

Phellocalyx Bridson : it contains only one species:
Phellocalyx vollescenii Bridson : It occurs from southern Tanzania to Mozambique .

Pleiocoryne Rauschert : It contains only one species:
Pleiocoryne fernandensis (Hiern) Rauschert : The range extends from tropical West Africa to northwestern Angola.

Porterandia Ridl. : The approximately 22 species are distributed from Thailand and Malaysia to Sumatra, Brnoe and Sulawesi.

Preussiodora Keay : It contains only one species:
Preussiodora sulphurea (K.Schum.) Keay : It occurs in tropical Africa in Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria and Gabon.

Randia L. (Syn .: Basanacantha Hook. F. , Foscarenia Vell. Ex Vand. ): It contains about 20 species in the Neotropic.

Rosenbergiodendron Fagerl. (sometimes in Randia L. ): The four or so species are common in the Neotropic.
Rosenbergiodendron formosum (Jacq.) Fagerl. : Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador to Central America.

Rothmannia Thunb. : The at least 30 species are distributed in tropical Africa, Madagascar and Asia.

Rubovietnamia Tirveng. : The only three species occur from southern China to Vietnam and the Philippines.

Sphinctanthus Benth. (Syn .: Conosiphon Poepp. ): The nine species since 2012 are distributed in tropical South America.

Sukunia A.C.Sm. (sometimes included in Atractocarpus Schltr. & K.Krause ): It contains at most two species only in Fiji .

Tamilnadia Tirveng. & Sastre : It contains only one type:
Tamilnadia uliginosa (Retz.) Tirveng. & Sastre : It occurs from the Indian subcontinent, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia to Vietnam.

Tarennoidea Tirveng. & Sastre : The only two types are common in southern Asia and Southeast Asia.

Tocoyena Aubl. : The approximately 19 species are common in the Neotropic.

Trukia Kaneh. (sometimes in Atractocarpus Schltr. & K.Krause )

Vidalasia Tirveng. : The four or so species are distributed from Indochina to the Philippines.

Tribus Greeneeae Mouly, J.Florence & B.Bremer : They are trees or bushes. The underside of the leaf is rarely bare but not woolly hairy (in contrast to Aleisanthieae). The small flowers are five-fold and protogynous . The stamens do not protrude above the corolla. There is a primary pollen presentation (different from Aleisanthieae). The two-chamber ovary contains many ovules. Capsule fruits are formed. It contains about two genera with about ten species:

Greenea Wight & Arn. (Syn .: Rhombospora Korth. ): The nine or so species are common in Malesia , six of them occur in Thailand.

Spathichlamys R.Parker : it contains only one type:
Spathichlamys oblonga R.Parker : It is native to Myanmar and Indonesia.

Tribe Henriquezieae Hook. f. : It contains about three genera with about 20 species in tropical South America:

Gleasonia Standl. : The five or so species are distributed in tropical South America from Venezuela to the Guyanas and northern Brazil.

Henriquezia Spruce ex Benth. : The three or so species are common in tropical South America.

Platycarpum Humb. & Bonpl. : The twelve or so species are common in tropical South America.

Tribus Ixoreae A.Gray : They are trees or bushes. The mostly four-fold flowers are protandric . The stamens rise above the corolla. There is secondary pollen presentation. The ovary, which is usually two, rarely up to seven, contains only one ovule per ovary. The stone fruit usually contains two, rarely up to seven seeds. It occurs in the tropics, with most of the taxa in Asia. Depending on the author, it contained seven to eleven genera, now all of these species are included in one genus (as of 2013):
Ixora L. (Syn .: Becheria Ridl. , Bemsetia Raf. , Captaincookia N.Hallé , Charpentiera Vieill. , Doricera Verdc. , Hitoa Nadeaud , Myonima Comm. Ex A.Juss. , Panchezia Montrouz. , Patabea Aubl. , Schetti Adans . , Siderodendrum Schreb. , Sideroxyloides Jacq. , Thouarsiora Homolle ex Arènes , Tsiangia But, HHHsue & PTLi , Versteegia Valeton ): It is with 300 to 400, today 500 to 560 species in tropical Africa, Madagascar, Asia, the Neotropic and widespread in Pacific Islands. Some varieties of a few species are used as ornamental plants.

Tribe Jackieae Korth. : It contains only one monotypical genus:
Jackiopsis Ridsdale : It contains only one species:
Jackiopsis ornata (Wall.) Ridsdale : It is common in western Malesia.

Tribus Mussaendeae Hook f. : It contains about seven genera in tropical Africa, Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands and from Southeast Asia to the islands of the Pacific Ocean:

Bremeria Razafim. & Alejandro (Syn .: Landia Comm. Ex A.Juss. Nom. Illeg.): The approximately 18 species are distributed on islands of the western Indian Ocean.

Heinsia DC. (Syn .: Epitaberna K.Schum. , Henisia Walp. Orth. Var.): The five or so species are common in tropical and southern Africa.

Landiopsis Capuron ex Bosser : It contains only one species:
Landiopsis capuronii Bosser : It occurs only in northwestern Madagascar.

Mussaenda L. (Syn .: Asemanthia (Stapf) Ridl. , Belilla Adans. , Landia Comm. Ex Juss. , Spallanzania DC. And possibly Aphaenandra Miq. ): The approximately 200 species are in tropical Africa, Madagascar, Asia and the Pacific islands widespread.

Neomussaenda Tange : The only two species occur only on Borneo.

Pseudomussaenda Wernham : The six or so species are common in tropical Africa.

Schizomussaenda H.L.Li (sometimes in Mussaenda L. ): It contains only one species:
Schizomussaenda dehiscens (Craib) HLLi : It is common in Laos, northern Myanmar, northern Thailand, northern Vietnam and in the southwest Chinese provinces of Guangxi and Yunnan .

Tribus Octotropideae Bedd. : It contains about seven to nine genera. It occurs only in the Old World, with genera in tropical Africa, Madagascar, the Comoros, Mascarene, Rodriguez and Indomalaysia:

Feretia Delile : The three or so species are common in tropical and southern Africa.

Fernelia Comm. ex Lam. : The four or so species occur only on the Mascarene Islands .

Flagenium Baill. : The six or so species occur only in Madagascar.

Hypobathrum flower (Syn .: Petunga DC. , Phylanthera Noronha , Platymerium Bartl. Ex DC. , Spicillaria A.Rich. ): The approximately 30 species are common in tropical Asia.

Kraussia Harv. (Syn .: Rhabdostigma Hook. F. ): They are dioeciously separated sexes (diocesan). Of the approximately four species, three species are distributed in tropical and southern Africa and one species occurs only on Socotra .

Octotropis Bedd. : It contains only one type:
Octotropis travancorica Bedd. : It occurs only in the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu .

Pouchetia A. Rich . ex DC. : The roughly four species distributed from tropical West Africa to Sudan and northern Angola.

Ramosmania Tirveng. & Verdc. : The approximately only two species occur only on the island of Rodrigues .

Xantonneopsis Pit. : It contains only one type:
Xantonneopsis robinsonii Pit. : It is native to Vietnam.

Tribus Pavetteae A.Rich. ex dum. : The eight or so genera are only common in the Old World:

Cladoceras Bremek. : It contains only one type:
Cladoceras subcapitatum (K.Schum. & K.Krause) Bremek. : It occurs from eastern Kenya to eastern Tanzania.

Dictyandra Welw. ex Benth. & Hook. f. : The only two types are common in tropical Africa.

Leptactina Hook. f. : The approximately 27 species are distributed in tropical and southern Africa.

Paracephaelis Baill. : One of the four species is distributed from Kenya to Mozambique and on islands in the western Indian Ocean. The other three occur only in Madagascar, one of them also occurred on Réunion.

Pavetta L. (Syn .: Acmostigma Raf. , Baconia DC. , Crinita Houtt. , Exechostylus K.Schum. , Pavate Adans. , Verulamia DC. Ex Poir. ): The 350 to 400 species are distributed in the Paleotropic.

Robbrechtia De Block : The only two species only occur in Madagascar.

Rutidea DC. (Syn .: Rytidea Spreng. Orth. Var.): The approximately 21 species are common in tropical Africa.

Tarenna Gaertn. (Syn .: Bonatia Schltr. & K. Krause , Camptophytum Pierre ex A. Chev. Nom. Inval., Canthiopsis Seem. , Coptosperma Hook. F. , Cupi Adans. , Enterospermum Hiern , Flemingia W. Hunter ex Ridl. , Santalina Baill. , Wahlenbergia Blume , Webera Schreb. , Zygoon Hiern ): The approximately 370 species are distributed in tropical and subtropical Africa, Madagascar, Asia and on the Pacific islands.

Tribe Posoquerieae Delprete : It contains two to four genera in the Neotropic:

Carapichea Aubl. (formerly in Psychotria L. ): It contains about 600 neotropical species, for example:
Nile root ( Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.) L. Andersson )

Molopanthera Turcz. : It contains only one type:
Molopanthera paniculata Turcz. : It occurs in two varieties in eastern Brazil.

Posoqueria Aubl. (Syn .: Cyrtanthus Schreb. , Kyrtanthus J.F.Gmel. , Martha F.Muell. , Posoria Raf. , Ramspekia Scop. , Solena Willd. , Stannia H.Karst. ): The approximately 25 species thrive in forests from Mexico to Bolivia and southern Brazil.

Tribe Retiniphylleae Benth. & Hook. f. : It contains only one genus:
Retiniphyllum Humb. & Bonpl. (Syn .: Ammianthus Spruce ex Benth. , Commianthus Benth. , Endolithodes Bartl. Nom. Inval., Synisoon Baill. ): The approximately 22 species occur on the Guiana and Brazilian shields, some species extend into the Amazon basin . They are shrubs or small trees that usually thrive on "white sand".

Tribus Sabiceeae A.Stahl (Syn .: Virectarieae Verdc. ): It contains only about four (previously seven to nine) genera and about 156 species with pantropical distribution:

Hekistocarpa Hook. f. (Syn .: Hecistocarpus Post & Kuntze orth. Var.): It contains only one species:
Hekistocarpa minutiflora Hook. f. : It occurs from southern Nigeria to Cameroon . It is an herbaceous plant. The closing fruits contain many seeds.

Sabicea Aubl. (Syn .: Cephaelis Sw. , Ecpoma K.Schum. , Paiva Vell. , Patima Aubl. , Pseudosabicea N.Hallé , Schizostigma Arn. Ex Meisn. , Schwenkfelda Schreb. , Schwenkfeldia Willd. Orth. Var., Stipularia P.Beauv . ): Of the approximately 146 species, around 82 species occur on the African continent, around 54 species in the Neotropics, six species on Madagascar, three species on São Tomé and Príncipe and one species on Sri Lanka . There are climbing bushes to lianas. They make berries.

Tamridaea Thulin & B. Bremer : It contains only one species:
Tamridaea capsulifera (Balf. F.) Thulin & B.Bremner : It is endemic to Socotra . It grows as a shrub with a maximum height of 1 meter. The ovary is bicameral and the stigma is bilobed. It forms capsule fruits.

Virectaria Bremek. (Syn .: Phyteumoides Smeathman ex DC. , Virecta Sm. ): The eight or so species are common in tropical West Africa. They are herbaceous to slightly woody plants. They form capsule fruits.

Tribe Scyphiphoreae Kainul. & B.Bremer : It contains only one genre:
Scyphiphora C.F. Gaertn. ( Epithinia Jack ): It contains only one species:
Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea C.F.Gaertn. : It thrives on the coasts of China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Thailand, Madagascar and in the Pacific to the Carolines, New Caledonia and Australia.

Tribus Sherbournieae Mouly & B.Bremer : They are semi-shrubs, shrubs or lianas. They are monoecious with hermaphrodite flowers or they are Gynomonözisch. It contains about four genera:

Atractogyne Pierre : The only two types are distributed in tropical West Africa and west-central Africa.

Mitriostigma Hochst. : The fiveor sospecies are distributed in tropical Africa ( Bioko to Kenya ) and in southern Africa.

Oxyanthus DC. (Syn .: Megacarpha Hochst. ): The approximately 34 species are distributed from tropical to southern Africa.

Sherbournia G.Don (Syn .: Amaralia Welw. Ex Hook. F. ): The approximately 13 species are distributed in tropical Africa.

Tribus Sipaneae Bremek. : It contains about eleven genera, they occur on the Guiana and Brazilian shield as well as in Central America:

Chalepophyllum Hook. f. : It contains only one type:
Chalepophyllum guyanense Hook. f. : It occurs from southern Venezuela to Guyana.

Dendrosipanea Ducke : The only two species occur from southern Venezuela to northern Brazil.

Limnosipanea Hook. f. : The only three species occur from Panama to tropical South America.

Maguireothamnus Steyerm. : The only two species occur in the highlands of Guyana.

Neblinathamnus Steyerm. : The only two species occur in the highlands of Guyana.

Neobertiera Wernham : It contains only one species:
Neobertiera gracilis Wernham : It occurs in Guyana.

Platycarpum Humb. & Bonpl. : The twelve or so species are common in tropical South America.

Pteridocalyx Wernham : The only two species occur in Guyana.

Sipanea Aubl. (Syn .: Ptychodea Willd. Ex Cham. & Schltdl. Nom. Inval., Virecta L. f. ): The 19 or so species are distributed from Central America to tropical South America and on Trinidad.

Sipaneopsis Steyerm. : The approximately 19 species are distributed from Colombia to southern Venezuela and northern Brazil.

Steyermarkia Standl. : It contains only one type:
Steyermarkia guatemalensis Standl. : It occurs from the Mexican state of Chiapas to Guatemala.

Tribe Steenisieae Kainul. & B.Bremer : It contains only one genre:
Steenisia Bakh. f. : The approximately five species occur on Borneo, the Natuna Islands and the Malay Peninsula .

Tribe Trailliaedoxeae Kainul. & B.Bremer : It contains only one genre:
Trailliaedoxa W.W.Sm. & Forrest : It contains only one species:
Trailliaedoxa gracilis W.W. Smith & Forrest : It thrives on rocks or in bushes on mountain slopes in dry and warm valleys at altitudes between 1400 and 3000 meters only in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan .

Tribe Vanguerieae Robyns : They are trees, shrubs and subshrubs. The ovaries are two- to ten-chambered. Each ovary chamber contains only one pendent ovule. They form stone fruits. There are no rhaphids. About 140 species are functionally dioecious and separate sexes (diocesan). They thrive in evergreen rainforests, seasonal green forests, and dry bushes. It contains about 26 paleotropic genera with 600 to 700 species; With 350 species, the African continent is the center of biodiversity:

Afrocanthium (Bridson) Lantz & B.Bremer : It contains around 17 species and iswidespreadfrom Ethiopia to southern Africa.
Afrocanthium burttii (Bullock) Lantz : From the Congo, Zambia, Tanzania and Botswana.

Bullockia (Bridson) Razafim. et al .: Of the approximately eight species, six are found in Africa and two in Madagascar. They are dioecious separate sexes (diocesan).

Canthium Lam. (Syn .: Clusiophyllea Baill. , Dondisia DC. , Lycioserissa Roem. & Schult. , Psilostoma Klotzsch , Meyna Roxb. Ex Link , Meynia Schult. Orth. Var.): The approximately 30 species widespread in tropical and subtropical Africa and Asia.

Cuviera DC. (Syn .: Globulostylis Wernham ): Since 2013 there are only about ten species left in tropical West and Central Africa.

Cyclophyllum Hook. f. (Syn .: Rhopalobrachium Schltr. & K.Krause ): The approximately 37 species occur on New Guinea and on Pacific islands. They are dioecious separate sexes (diocesan).

Eriosemopsis Robyns : It contains only one species:
Eriosemopsis subanisophylla Robyns : It occurs only in KwaZulu-Natal .

Everistia S.T. Reynolds & RJFHend. : It contains only one type:
Everistia vacciniifolia (F.Muell.) STReynolds & RJFHend. : It occurs only in southeastern and eastern Queensland.

Fadogia Schweinf. (Syn. :): The approximately 41 species are distributed from tropical to southern Africa.

Fadogiella Robyns : About three are common in tropical Africa.

Globulostylis Wernham : This genus was reactivated in 2013. The eight or so are common in tropical Central Africa.

Hutchinsonia Robyns : Of the roughly two species, one only occurs in Liberia and the other is common in tropical West Africa.

Keetia E.Phillips : The approximately 32 species are spread from tropical to southern Africa.

Multidentia Gilli : The nine or so species are common in tropical Africa.

Peponidium (Baill.) Arènes : It contains at least 45 species, almost all species occur on Madagascar, only two to four species on the Comoros and two species on the Seychelles. They are dioecious separate sexes (diocesan).

Perakanthus Robyns : It contains only one species:
Perakanthus velutinus (Ridl.) Robyns ex Ridl. : It occurs in Malaysia.

Plectroniella Robyns : It contains only one species:
Plectroniella armata (K.Schum.) Robyns : It occurs in central Africa and southern Africa .

Psydrax Gaertn. (Syn .: Carandra Gaertn. , Everistia S.T. Reynolds & RJFHend. , Mesoptera Hook. F. , Mitrastigma Harv. , Phallaria Schumach. & Thonn. ): The 80 to 100 species are in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World and on the Pacific Islands spread.

Pygmaeothamnus Robyns (Syn .: Eriosemopsis Robyns ): It contains about two species that occur from Burundi to southern Africa.

Pyrostria Comm. ex Juss. (Syn .: Dinocanthium Bremek. , Leroyia Cavaco orth. Var., Leroya Cavaco , Neoleroya Cavaco , Pseudopeponidium Homolle ex Arènes ): It contains at least 80 species. They are mainly found in Madagascar (about 63 species). In addition, 14 species are distributed in eastern and southern Africa, eight species are found on the Mascarene Islands (two species are endemic to Réunion, five on Mauritius and one on Rodrigues Island). But there are also species in Southeast Asia. They are dioecious separate sexes (diocesan).

Robynsia Hutch. : It contains only one type:
Robynsia glabrata Hutch. : It is common in tropical Africa.

Rytigynia flower : The approximately 82 species are distributed in tropical and southern Africa as well as in Madagascar.

Scyphochlamys Balf. f. : It contains only one type:
Scyphochlamys revoluta Balf. f. : It is dioecious separate sexes (diocesan) and occurs only on the island of Rodrigues near Mauritius.

Temnocalyx Robyns : It contains only one species:
Temnocalyx nodulosa Robyns : It is widespread in tropical East Africa.

Vangueria Juss. (Syn .: Ancylanthos Desf. , Lagynias E.Mey. Ex Robyns , Pachystigma Hochst. , Tapiphyllum Robyns , Vavanga Rohr nom. Inval., Wittmannia Vahl ): The approximately 57 species are distributed in tropical and southern Africa and Madagascar.
Vangueria madagascariensis J.F. Gmel. : From Madagascar and South, East, Central to West Africa

Vangueriella Verdc. : The 18 or so species are common in tropical Africa.

Vangueriopsis Robyns : The four or so species occur from Congo to Tanzania and southern Africa.

Incertae sedis - not in a tribe, but in the subfamily Ixoroideae:

Adenorandia Vermoesen : it contains only one species:
Adenorandia kalbreyeri (Hiern) Robbr. & Bridson : It is native to western tropical Africa.

Aidiopsis Tirveng. : It contains only one type:
Aidiopsis orophila (Miq.) Ridsdale : Its range extends from Thailand to western Malesia and also includes the Andamans.

Alleizettella Pit. : The roughly two species occur from southeast China to northern Vietnam.

Burchellia R.Br. : It contains only one type:
Burchellia bubalina (L. f.) Sims : It is common in southern Africa. It occurs in Lesotho and Swaziland and in the South African provinces of Eastern Cape , KwaZulu-Natal , Limpopo , Mpumalanga and Western Cape .

Calycosiphonia Pierre ex Robbr. : The only three species are common in tropical Africa.

Crossopteryx Fenzl : It contains only one species:
Crossopteryx febrifuga (Afzel. Ex G.Don) Benth. : It occurs in the savannah woodlands of tropical Africa.

Dialypetalanthus Kuhlm. : It contains only one type:
Dialypetalanthus fuscescens Kuhlm. : It occurs in Brazil, Bolivia and Peru.

Didymosalpinx Keay: The five or so species are common in tropical Africa.

Fosbergia Tirvengadum & Sastre : The genus established in 1997 occurs with at least five species in China, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam.

Glionnetia Tirveng. : It contains only one type:
Glionnetia sericea (Baker) Tirveng. : This endangered species occurs only on the mountains of the two islands of Mahé and Silhouette , which belong to the Seychelles.

Himalaya T.Yamaz. : The roughly two species are distributed from eastern Afghanistan to south-central China.

Mantalania Capuron ex J.-F.Leroy : The two or so species occur only in Madagascar.

Melanoxerus Kainul. & B.Bremer : It only contains one type:
Melanoxerus suavissimus (Homolle ex Cavaco) Kainul. & B. Bremer : It wasspun offfrom Euclinia . It occurs in Madagascar only in the province of Toliara .

Monosalpinx N.Hallé : It contains only one species:
Monosalpinx guillaumetii N.Hallé : It occurs only in the southwestern Ivory Coast.

Petitiocodon Robbr. : It contains only one type:
Petitiocodon parviflorum (Keay) Robbr. : It occurs from Nigeria to Cameroon.

Pseudaidia Tirveng. : It contains only one type:
Pseudaidia speciosa (Bedd.) Tirveng. : It occurs in southern India and Sri Lanka.

Pseudomantalania J.-F.Leroy : It contains only one species:
Pseudomantalania macrophylla J.-F.Leroy : It is native to Madagascar.

Schumanniophyton Harms (Syn .: Assidora A.Chev. , Chalazocarpus Hiern , Plastolaena Pierre ex A.Chev. , Tetrastigma K.Schum. Nom. Illeg.): The roughly three species are distributed from tropical West Africa to northern Angola . It probably belongs to the tribe Gardenieae.

Subfamily Rubioideae Tribus Anthospermeae: shrub with fruits of Coprosma montana

Subfamily Rubioideae tribe Anthospermeae: The houseplant coral berry ( Nertera granadensis ) with their decorative fruits

Subfamily Rubioideae tribe Anthospermeae: Habitus of Phyllis nobla

Subfamily Rubioideae tribe Argostemmateae: Argostemma montanum between fern

Subfamily Rubioideae tribe Coussareae: habit, leaves and fruits of Coccocypselum hirsutum

Subfamily Rubioideae Tribus Gaertnereae: branch with leaves and fruits of Pagamea guianensis

Subfamily Rubioideae Tribus Knoxieae: leaves and inflorescences of Carphalea kirondron

Subfamily Rubioideae tribe Lasiantheae: Lasianthus jackianus

Subfamily Rubioideae Tribus Morindeae: branch with opposite leaves and collective fruits of Morinda pubescens

Subfamily Rubioideae Tribus Paederieae: Paederia foetida

Subfamily Rubioideae Tribus Paederieae: The ornamental plant Junischnee ( Serissa japonica )

Subfamily Rubioideae Tribus Psychotrieae: habit, leaves and flowers of Geophila repens

Subfamily Rubioideae Tribus Psychotrieae: The ant plant Hydnophytum formicarum

Subfamily Rubioideae Tribus Psychotrieae: The ant plant Myrmecodia tuberosa

Subfamily Rubioideae Tribus Psychotrieae: branch with leaves and inflorescences of Palicourea blanchetiana

Subfamily Rubioideae Tribus Psychotrieae: inflorescence with red bracts of Psychotria poeppigiana

Subfamily Rubioideae Tribus Psychotrieae: branch with leaves and inflorescence with white flowers of Rudgea skutchii

Subfamily Rubioideae Tribus Rubieae: habit, leaves and inflorescences of Turin-Meier Asperula taurina

Subfamily Rubioideae tribe Rubieae: habit and flowers of Crucianella maritima

Subfamily Rubioideae Tribus Rubieae: Long-handled Rose Woodruff ( Phuopsis stylosa )

Subfamily Rubioideae Tribus Rubieae: fruits of the Asiatic madder ( Rubia argyi )

Subfamily Rubioideae Tribus Rubieae: Field reddish ( Sherardia arvensis ) with leaves in whorls

Subfamily Rubioideae Tribus Spermacoceae: leaves and flowers of Bouvardia ternifolia

Subfamily Rubioideae Tribus Spermacoceae: flowers of Diodia virginiana

Subfamily Rubioideae Tribus Spermacoceae: flowers of Houstonia caerulea

Subfamily Rubioideae tribe Spermacoceae: Kadua affinis

Subfamily Rubioideae tribe Spermacoceae: Manettia luteorubra

Subfamily Rubioideae Tribus Spermacoceae: habit, leaves and flowers of Oldenlandia salzmannii

Subfamily Rubioideae Tribus Spermacoceae: inflorescence of Richardia grandiflora with flowers in detail

Subfamily Rubioideae tribe Spermacoceae: Spermacoce pusilla

Subfamily Rubioideae tribe Theligoneae: Theligonum japonicum

Subfamily Rubioideae Tribus Urophylleae: Pauridiantha floribunda

Subfamily Rubioideae

Subfamily Rubioideae Verdc. : It contains about 18 tribes:

Tribus Anthospermeae Cham. & Schltdl. : The eleven or so genera are common in temperate South America, on the South Atlantic islands, in Africa and Australia.

Anthospermum L. (Syn .: Ambraria Heist. Ex Fabr. ): The 37 or so species are widespread from the southwestern Arabian Peninsula via Madagascar and tropical Africa to southern Africa.

Carpacoce Sond. (Syn .: Lagotis E. Mey. ): The seven or so species occur in South Africa.

Coprosma J.R. Forst. & G.Forst. (Syn .: Caprosma G.Don orth. Var., Euathronia Nutt. Ex A.Gray , Eurynome DC. , Marquisia A.Rich. Ex DC. , Pelaphia Banks & Sol. Nom. Inval.): Which are about 110 specieswidespreadfrom Malesia via Papua Asia to Australia, New Zealand and on the sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island and across the Pacific region to southern South America.

Durringtonia R.JFHend. & Guymer : It contains only one type:
Durringtonia paludosa R.JFHend. & Guymer : The home is eastern Australia.

Galopina Thunb. (Syn .: Oxyspermum Eckl. & Zeyh. ): The four or so species are distributed from southern tropical Africa to southern Africa.

Leptostigma Arn. (Syn .: Corynula Hook. F. ): The seven or so species are distributed in eastern Australia and New Zealand as well as in western and southern South America.

Nenax Gaertn. : The 10 or so species are common in southern Africa.

Nertera Banks ex Gaertn. (Syn .: Cunina Gay , Erythrodanum Thouars , Gomezia Mutis orth. Var., Gomosia Lam. Orth. Var., Gomoza Cothen. Orth. Var., Gomozia Mutis ex L. f. , Peratanthe Urb. ): The approximately six species arewidespreadin the New World, China, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Australia, the Pacific Islands, and Tristan da Cunha ; for example:
Coral berry , coral moss ( Nertera granadensis (Mutis ex L. f.) Druce ): It is used as a houseplant; their main effect is achieved through the fruits.

Normandia Hook. f. : It contains only one type:
Normandia neocaledonica Hook. f. : The home of this dioecious gendered (diocesan) species is in New Caledonia.

Phyllis L. (Syn .: Bupleuroides Moench , Nobula Adans. ): There are about two species in Macaronesia .

Pomax Sol. ex DC. : The one or two types occur in Australia.

Tribus Argostemmateae: It contains about two genera:

Argostemma Wall. (Syn .: Argostemmella Ridl. , Pomangium Reinw. ): The at least 106 species are mainly distributed in Asia: India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia , China, Vietnam, Thailand (with around 30 species), Japan, Indonesia , Malaysia, New Guinea and the Philippines and only two species in West Africa.

Mycetia Reinw. (Syn .: Adenosacme Wall. , Lawia Wight ): The approximately 45 species are distributed in tropical to subtropical Asia.

Tribe Coussareae Benth. & Hook. f. : It contains about eight genera:

Coccocypselum P.Browne (Syn .: Bellardia Schreb. , Condalia Ruiz & Pav. , Jontanea Raf. , Lipostoma D.Don , Sicelium P.Browne , Tontanea Aubl. ): The approximately 20 species since 2007 are widespread in the Neotropics.

Coussarea Aubl. (Syn .: Billardiera Vahl , Froehlichia D.Dietr. Orth. Var., Froelichia Vahl , Pacheya Scop. , Pecheya Scop. , Peckeya Raf. Orth. Var.): The approximately 119 species are in the Neotropics from southern Mexico across Central America and widespread on the Caribbean islands to South America.

Cruckshanksia Hook. & Arn. (Syn .: Oreocaryon Kuntze ex K. Schum. , Rotheria Meyen ): The approximately seven species thrive in the Atacama Desert and the Andes of northern to central Chile and in neighboring areas of Argentina.

Declieuxia Kunth (Syn .: Congdonia Müll. Arg. ): The approximately 29 species are widespread in the Neotropic.

Faramea Aubl. (Syn .: Antoniana Tussac , Encopea C.Presl , Famarea Vitman orth. Var., Homaloclados Hook.f. , Neleixa Raf. , Omalocaldos . F Hook. Orth. Var., Potima R.Hedw. , Sulzeria Roem. & Schult . nom. inval., Taramea Raf. orth. var., Tetramerium C.F.Gaertn. , Thiersia Baill. ): The approximately 200 species are widespread in the Neotropic.

Heterophyllaea Hook. f. (Syn .: Teinosolen Hook.f. ): The three types are distributed from Peru to northern Argentina.

Hindsia Benth. ex Lindl. (Syn .: Macrosiphon Miq. ): The eleven or so species are common in Brazil.

Oreopolus Schltdl. (sometimes in Cruckshanksia Hook. & Arn. ): It contains only one species:
Oreopolus glacialis (Poepp. & Endl.) Ricardi : It occurs in the southern Andes from central Chile and Argentina to Tierra del Fuego .

Tribus Craterispermeae Verdc. : It contains only one genus:
Craterispermum Benth. : The approximately 26 species in tropical Africa, Madagascar and the Seychelles are common.

Tribus Danaideae B. Bremer & Manen : It contains about two genera:

Danais Comm. ex Vent. (Syn .: Alleizettea Dubard & Dop )

Schismatoclada Baker : The 19 or so species only occur in Madagascar.

Tribus Gaertnereae Endl. : It contains about two genera:

Gaertnera Lam. (Syn .: Aetheonema Rchb. , Andersonia Willd. Nom. Inval., Fructesca DC. Ex Meisn. , Pristidia Thwaites , Sykesia Arn. ): The approximately 69 species are widespread in the Paläotropis.

Pagamea Aubl. (Syn .: Pegamea Vitman orth. Var.) They are about 25 common in tropical South America.

Tribe Knoxieae Benth. & Hook. f. (Syn .: Triainolepideae): It is the sister tribus of the Spermacoceae. The tribe Knoxieae was enlarged in 2007. They are annual to perennial herbaceous plants, subshrubs, shrubs or small trees. The leaves are cross-opposite or sometimes whorled. The stipules are fringed or rarely triangular. The mostly heterostyle flowers are usually four or five, rarely three or six-fold. The basic number of chromosomes is x = 10. The distribution area includes Africa, Madagascar, southwestern Arabia ( Pentas lanceolata ) and Indomalesia. It contains about 14 genera:

Batopedina Verdc. : The three or so species are distributed from tropical West Africa to Zambia.

Carphalea Juss. : The six or so species only occur in Madagascar.

Chamaepentas Bremek. : The six species since 2007 are distributed from Kenya to tropical southern Africa.

Dirichletia Klotzsch (sometimes in Carphalea Juss. , Syn .: Placopoda Balf. F. ): The five species since 2007 are distributed from tropical northeast Africa to Namibia .

Dolichopentas Kårehed & B.Bremer (sometimes in Pentas Benth. ): The four species since 2007 are widespread in tropical Africa.

Knoxia L. (Syn .: Afroknoxia Verdc. , Baumannia K.Schum. , Cuncea Buch.-Ham. Ex D.Don , Dentillaria Kuntze , Neobaumannia Hutch. & Dalziel , Vissadali Adans. ): The flowers are four-fold. The range is two species in Africa and seven to nine species in tropical and subtropical Asia to Australia and Oceania.

Neopentanisia Verdc. : The only two species are distributed from Angola to the Congo and Zambia.

Otiophora Zucc. (Syn .: Mericocalyx Bamps ): The approximately 17 species are widespread from tropical to southern Africa and Madagascar.

Otomeria Benth. (Syn .: Octomeria Pfeiff. Orth. Var., Tapinopentas Bremek. ): The eight or so species are common in tropical Africa.

Paracnoxia Bremek. : It contains only one type:
Paraknoxia parviflora (Stapf ex Verdc.) Verdc. ex Bremek. : It is common in Central and East Africa.

Parapentas Bremek. : The three or so species are common in tropical Africa.

Pentanisia Harv. (Syn .: Calanda K.Schum. , Chlorochorion Puff & Robbr. , Diotocarpus Hochst. , Holocarpa Baker , Holocarya T.Durand orth. Var., Neopentanisia Verdc. , Paraknoxia Bremek. , Pentacarpaea Hiern , Pentacarpus Post & Kuntze orth. Var .): The 19 species since 2007 are widespread from tropical to southern Africa and Madagascar.

Pentas Benth. (Syn .: Neurocarpaea R.Br. nom. Nud., Orthostemma Wall. Ex Voigt , Vignaldia A.Rich. , Vignaudia Schweinf. Orth. Var.): The approximately 16 (with some authors up to 50) species are from the tropical widespread as far as southern Africa and Madagascar, the Comoros and the Arabian Peninsula. A type of Pentas lanceolata (Forsskål) Deflers is used as an ornamental plant all over the world.

Phyllopentas (Verdc.) Kårehed & B.Bremer (until 2007 in Pentas Benth. ): The 14 species since 2007 are distributed in tropical Africa and Madagascar.

Rhodopentas Kårehed & B. Bremer (in Pentas Benth until 2007): The only two species since 2007 arewidespreadfrom southern Ethiopia to southern Africa.

Triainolepis Hook. f. (Syn .: Paratriaina Bremek. , Princea Dubard & Dop , Thyridocalyx Bremek. ): Of the 15 or so species, nine only occur in Madagascar, one of which extends to the Comoros and Aldabra .

Tribus Lasiantheae B. Bremer & Manen : It contains about three genera:

Lasianthus Jack (Syn .: Dasus Lour. , Dasys Lem. , Dressleriopsis Dwyer , Litosanthes Blume , Mephitidia Reinw. Ex Blume , Nonatelia Kuntze , Octavia DC. , Santia Wight & Arn. ): Of the approximately 184 species, about 160 come in the tropical Asia, about 20 in Africa, three in the Neotropic and one in Australia.

Saldinia A.Rich. ex DC. : The approximately 22 species occur in Madagascar and the Comoros.

Trichostachys Hook. f. : The approximately 14 species are distributed from tropical western to western-central Africa.

Tribus Morindeae Kostel. : They have capitate inflorescences and collective fruits. It is pantropical distribution and there are about (two to six) five genera with about 160 species:

Appunia Hook. f. (Syn .: Bellynkxia Müll. Arg. ): The 15 or so species are common in the Neotropic.

Caelospermum flower (Syn .: Coelospermum flower orth. Var., Holostyla Endl. , Merismostigma S.Moore , Olostyla DC. , Pogonolobus F.Muell. ): The seven to eleven species are in Australasia from tropical Asia (southern and southwestern China as well Indochina) to the Philippines and Solomon Islands, Sumatra , Java , Moluccas, Borneo, New Guinea and in northeastern Australia and New Caledonia. They are mainly lianas.

Gynochthodes flower (Syn .: Imantina Hook. F. , Pogonanthus Montrouz. , Sphaerophora flower ; Tetralopha Hook. F. ): The approximately 93 species are in Australasia from continental southeast Asia via Malesia to Micronesia and Fiji as well as in northern Australia and Madagascar spread.
Gynochthodes umbellata (L.) Razafim. & B. Bremer : From India and Southeast Asia to Northeast Australia

Morinda L. (Syn .: Appunettia Good , Belicea Lundell , Belicia Lundell , Gutenbergia Walp. Orth. Var., Guttenbergia Zoll. & Moritzi , Imantina Hook. F. , Pogonanthus Montrouz. , Rojoc Adans. , Sarcopygme Setch. & Christoph , Sphaerophora Blume , Stigmanthus Lour. , Stigmatanthus Roem. & Schult. Orth. Var.): The approximately 40 species are distributed almost worldwide in tropical to subtropical areas. There are 27 species in China, 18 of them only there.

Siphonandrium K.Schum. : It contains only one type:
Siphonandrium intricatum K.Schum. : It occurs in New Guinea.

Tribus Ophiorrhizae Bremek. ex Verdc. : The roughly four genera are distributed from Asia to Southeast Asia and Australia to the Pacific islands:

Lerchea L. (Syn .: Codaria Kuntze , Polycycliska Ridl. ): The ten or so species are common in Southeast Asia.

Neurocalyx Hook. : The approximately five species occur in India and Sri Lanka.

Ophiorrhiza L. (Syn .: Hayataella Masamune , Mitreola Boehm. , Mungos Adans. , Notodontia Pierre ex Pit. ): The 200 to 300 species are distributed in tropical to subtropical Asia, Australia, New Guinea and on the Pacific islands.

Xanthophytum Reinw. ex Blume (Syn .: Paedicalyx Pierre ex Pit. , Siderobombyx Bremek. , Xanthophytopsis Pit. ): The approximately 30 species are distributed in China, Vietnam, Laos, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, the Philippines and Fiji. The center of biodiversity is Borneo.

Tribus Paederieae DC. : The distribution is pantropical with about four genera and about 70 species:

Leptodermis Wall. : The 40 or so species are distributed from the Himalayas via China (with 34 species) to Japan.

Paederia L. (Syn .: Daun-Contu Adans. , Disodea Pers. , Hondbessen Adans. , Lecontea A.Rich. , Lygodisodea Ruiz & Pav. , Reussia Dennst. Nom. Inval., Siphomeris Bojer ): which are about 30 species distributed in tropical to subtropical Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Mexico and South America.

Serissa Comm. ex Juss. (Syn .: Buchozia L'Hér. Ex Juss. , Democritea DC. , Dysoda Lour. ): The one or two species ( Serissa japonica (Thunb.) Thunb. And Serissa serissoides (DC.) Druce ) come from Nepal, China , Vietnam and Japan.

Spermadictyon Roxb. : It contains only one type:
Spermadictyon suaveolens Roxb. (Syn .: Hamiltonia suaveolens (Roxb.) Roxb. ): The original homeland is the Indian subcontinent. It is cultivated in some areas such as China.

Tribus Psychotrieae Cham. & Schltdl. : It contains about 27 genera:

Amaracarpus flower (Syn .: Melachone Gilli ): The approximately 29 species are distributed from the Seychelles and Andamans to northern Vanuatu .

Anthorrhiza C.R. Huxley & Jebb : The nine or so species occur in Papua New Guinea .

Carapichea Aubl. (sometimes in Psychotria L. ): The six species since 2009 are common in the Neotropic, for example:
Nude root ( Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.) L.Andersson )

Chaetostachydium Airy Shaw (sometimes in Psychotria L. ): The three or so species occur in New Guinea.

Chassalia Comm. ex Poir. : The 40 or so species are widespread in tropical Africa, Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, as well as in Asia.

Chazaliella E. MAPetit & Verdc. : The 20 or so species are common in tropical Africa.

Cremocarpon Baill. : The approximately nine species occur on Madagascar and the Comoros.

Dolianthus C.H.Wright (sometimes in Amaracarpus Blume ): The 13 species that have been found in New Guinea since 2001.

Gamotopea Bremek. (sometimes in Psychotria L. ): The five or so species are common in tropical South America.

Geophila D.Don (Syn .: Carinta W.Wight , Geocardia Standl. ): The approximately 30 species are widespread in tropical Africa, Madagascar, Asia and the Neotropic.

Hydnophytum Jack (Syn .: Lasiostoma Benth. ): The approximately 50 species are distributed from the Andamans , Myanmar and Indochina via Malesia to the southwestern Pacific.

Hymenocoleus Robbr. : The approximately 13 species are distributed from tropical West Africa to Uganda and Angola .

Margaritopsis C. Wright (Syn .: Margaris . Griseb nom inval.. Chytropsia Bremek. ): The approximately 27 species are common in the Neotropics.

Myrmecodia Jack (Syn .: Epidendroides Sol. , Mirmecodia Gaudich. Orth. Var.): The approximately 27 species occur from Vietnam to northern Australia.

Myrmephytum Becc. (Syn .: Myrmecoides Elmer orth. Var., Myrmedoma Becc. ): The approximately five species are distributed from central Malesia to New Guinea.

Notopleura (Benth.) Bremek. (sometimes in Psychotria L. ): The approximately 100 species are common in the Neotropic.

Palicourea Aubl. (Syn .: Colladonia Spreng. , Nonatelia Aubl. , Novatilia Wight orth. Var., Oribasia Schreb. , Rhodostoma Scheidw. , Stephanium Schreb. ): The approximately 280 species are widespread in the Neotropic and thrive especially in the mountains.

Psychotria L. (Syn .: Antherura Lour. , Apomuria Bremek. , Aucubaephyllum Ahlb. , Callicocca Schreb. , Calycodendron A.C.Sm. , Camptopus Hook. F. , Cephaelis Sw. , Cephaleis Vahl orth. Var., Chesnea Scop. , Chytropsia Bremek. , Delpechia Montrouz. , Douarrea Montrouz. , Dychotria Raf. , Eumachia DC. , Eumorphanthus A.C.Sm. , Eurhotia Neck. Nom. Inval., Evea Aubl. , Furcatella Baum.-Bod. Nom. Inval., Galvania Vand. , Gamatopea Bremek. , Gloneria André , Grumilea Gaertn. , Grundlea Steud. Orth. Var., Grunilea Poir. Orth. Var., Ipecacuahna Arruda , Mapouria Aubl. , Megalopus K.Schum. , Myrstiphylla Raf. , Myrstiphyllum P.Browne , Naletonia Bremek. Neoschimpera Hemsl. , Nettlera Raf. , Petagomoa Bremek. , Pleureia Raf. , Polyozus Lour. , Psychotrophum P.Browne , Ronabia St.-Lag. Orth. Var., Stellix Noronha , Straussia A. Gray , Suteria DC. , Tapogomea Aubl. , Trevirania Heynh. , Uragoga Baill. , Viscoides Jacq. , Zwaardekronia Korth. ): The 800 to 1500 species are in the tropics and subtropics in the world, except in Australia.

Readea Gillespie : It contains only one species:
Readea membranacea Gillespie : It only occurs in Fiji.

Ronabea Aubl. (sometimes in Psychotria L. ): The threeor sospecies occur from Belize to the Brazilian Amazon basin.

Rudgea Salisb. (Syn .: Ceratites . Sol ex Miers , Pachysanthus C.Presl , Gloneria André , Strempelia A.Rich ex DC.. ): The about 124 species are widespread in the Neotropics.

Squamellaria Becc. : The four or so species only occur in Fiji.

Streblosa Korth. : The approximately 25 species are distributed in Southeast Asia from the Malay Peninsula via Sumatra, Java, Borneo to the Philippines.

Tribus Putorieae Sweet : It was reactivated and since 2007 only contains one genus:
Plocama Aiton s. l. (Syn .: Aitchisonia Hemsl. Ex Aitch. , Bartlingia Rchb. , Choulettia Pomel , Crocyllis E. Mey . Ex Hook. F. , Gaillonia A.Rich. Ex DC. , Jaubertia Guill. , Neogaillonia Lincz. , Placodium Benth. & Hook. F. , Pseudogaillonia Linchevskii , Pterogaillonia Linchevskii , Putoria Pers. ): Of the approximately 35 species since 2009, one occurs in the Canary Islands and the others are widespread in Eurasia, especially the Mediterranean area to northwestern India and Africa.

Tribe Rubieae Baill. : It is the only tribe with the center of biodiversity in the temperate latitudes . Overall, its range is worldwide ( cosmopolitan ). The origin of this tribe lies in the Old World, the New World was only settled later. Most of the species are herbaceous plants. Many species are adapted to dry locations. The whorls of leaves, which are formed from deciduous leaves with their stipules that look the same, are typical. Sepals are only rudimentary . The two-chamber ovary contains only one ovule in each ovary chamber. The pollen grains are pluricolpat. While the tribe used to be divided into three subtribes, recent studies show that seven clades can be detected. Overall, this tribe is clearly monophyletic. With about 11 (until 2006 about 13) genera and about 975 species:

Meier ( Asperula L. , Syn .: Asterophyllum Schimp. & Spenn. , Blepharostemma Fourr. , Chlorostemma (Lange) Fourr. , Cynanchica Fourr. , Leptunis Steven ): With about 183 species widespread in North Africa , Middle East , Central Asia and Europe, as well some species in Australia as well as New Zealand . The greatest biodiversity is found in the arid regions of the Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean .

Callipeltis Steven : The three or so species are common in Europe and the Middle East.

Crucianella L. (Syn .: Rubeola Mill. ): The 31 to 40 species are distributed in the Mediterranean region, Iran, Central Asia and the Middle East.

Cruciata Mill .: The approximately nine species are distributed from Europe and North Africa as well as Turkey, Iraq and Iran to the western Himalayas. Among them are the types:

Bald cabbage ( Cruciata glabra (L.) Opiz )

Ciliated Ragwort ( Cruciata laevipes Opiz )

Piedmont cabbage ( Cruciata pedemontana (Bellardi) Ehrend. )

Didymaea Hook. f. (Syn .: Balfourina Kuntze ): The seven to twelve species occur in Central America from Mexico to Panama at higher altitudes. They are low, perennial and herbaceous plants. They have (as an original feature within the tribe) opposite leaves, each with a pair of scale-like stipules. The small, bell-shaped flowers are hermaphroditic, four-fold and homostyled. The fleshy stone fruits turn black when ripe.

Labkräuter ( Galium L. , Syn .: Aparinanthus Fourr. , Aparine Guett. , Aparinella Fourr. , Aspera Moench , Bataprine Nieuwl. , Gallion Pohl orth. Var., Gallium Mill. Orth. Var., Relbunium (Endl.) Hook. f. , Trichogalium Fourr. ): The 600 to 655 species are distributed almost worldwide and thrive mainly in meridional to temperate, but also in alpine and arctic areas or at higher altitudes in the subtropical and tropical zones.

Mericarpaea Boiss. : It contains only one type:
Mericarpaea ciliata (Banks & Sol.) Eig : It is an Irano-Turanian floral element and occurs in Palestine, Syria , Iraq and Turkey . It thrives in stony, lime-rich locations. It is an annual herbaceous plant. Up to six leaves stand together in a whorl. The split fruit disintegrates into ciliate partial fruits.

Phuopsis (Griseb.) Hook.f. (Syn .: Laxmannia S.G. Gmel . Ex Trin. , Nemostylis Steven ): With the only species:
Long-handled rose forest master ( Phuopsis stylosa (Trin.) Hook.f. ex BDJacks. ): It thrives in deciduous forests of the Near East only in Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran . It is also rarely used as an ornamental plant.

Rubia L .: The approximately 77 to 80 species are native to tropical and temperate areas of the Old World, i.e. in Eurasia and Africa. Some species are neophytes in many areas of the world. They are perennial, herbaceous or woody plants. They have the typical whorls of leaves. The flowers are usually five-fold. The fruits are fleshy.

Sherardia L. (Syn .: Dillenia Heist. Ex Fabr. , Hexodontocarpus Dulac , Rubeola Hill ): It contains only one species:
Field red ( Sherardia arvensis L. ): It originally comes from the Mediterranean area, is now distributed over large parts of Europe and North America and is also present in Australia as a neophyte.

Valantia L. (Syn .: Meionandra Gauba , Vaillantia Hoffm. Orth. Var.): The seven or so species are mainly distributed in the Mediterranean area, but also reach the Macaronesian and Irano-Turanian flora.

Tribe Schradereae Bremek. : It contains only one genus:
Schradera Vahl (Syn .: Fuchsia Sw. Non L. , Uncariopsis H.Karst. , Urceolaria Willd. Ex Cothen. ): The approximately 16 species are distributed in Asia from the Thai peninsula to New Guinea; but also occur in the Neotropic.

Tribus Spermacoceae Cham. & Schltdl. ex DC. (Syn .: Hedyotideae, Manettieae): It is the sister tribus of Knoxieae. They are mainly herbaceous plants. The stipules are usually fringed. The flowers are usually four-fold. There is only one ovule per fruit chamber. The distribution is predominantly pantropical; only a few genera reach into the temperate zones. It contains about 60 genera:

Agathisanthemum Klotzsch : The four or so species are distributed in tropical and southern Africa and on the Comoros.

Amphiasma Bremek. : The seven or so species are common in tropical and southern Africa.

Amphistemon Groeninckx : The only two species (the subshrubs Amphistemon humbertii and Amphistemon rakotonasolianus ) occur only in Madagascar.

Anthospermopsis (K.Schum.) JHKirkbr. : It contains only one type:
Anthospermopsis catechosperma (K.Schum.) JHKirkbr. : It occurs in northeastern Brazil.

Arcytophyllum Willd. ex Schult. & Schult. f. (Syn .: Anotis DC. , Ereicotis (DC.) Kuntze , Mallostoma H.Karst. , Pseudorachicallis Post & Kuntze orth. Var., Pseudorhachicallis Hook. F. ): The approximately 17 species are from Mexico to western South America.

Astiella Jovet : It contains only one species:
Astiella delicatula Jovet : It occurs in Madagascar.

Bradea Standl. ex Brade : The five or so species are common in southeastern Brazil.

Bouvardia Salisb. (Syn .: Aeginetia Cav. ): The approximately 56 species are distributed from the southern USA via Mexico to Panama.

Carterella Terrell : It contains only one species:
Carterella alexanderae (AMCarter) Terrell : It occurs in Mexico.

Conostomium (Stapf) Cufod. : The approximately five species distributed from Ethiopia to southern Africa.

Cordylostigma Groeninckx & Dessein : The nine or so species are mainly found in eastern and southern Africa and Madagascar. Only one species extends to western Africa and Sudan .

Crusea Cham. & Schltdl. : The approximately 15 species are distributed from Arizona and New Mexico via Mexico to Costa Rica.

Denscantia E.L. Cabral & Bacigalupo (sometimes in Spermacoce L. ): The four or so species are common in eastern Brazil.

Dentella J.R. Forst . & G.Forst. (Syn .: Heymia Dennst. , Lippaya Endl. ): The ten or so species are distributed from southern Asia to Oceania .

Diacrodon Sprague : it contains only one species:
Diacrodon compressus Sprague : It occurs in Brazil.

Dibrachionostylus Bremek. : It contains only one type:
Dibrachionostylus kaessneri (S.Moore) Bremek. : It occurs in tropical East Africa.

Diodella Small (sometimes in Diodia L. ): The 16 or so species are widespread from the southern United States to South America.

Diodia L. (Syn .: Dasycephala (DC.) Hook. F. , Decapenta Raf. , Dioneiodon Raf. , Ebelia Rchb. , Endopogon Raf. , Hemidiodia K.Schum. , Hexasepalum Bartl. Ex DC. , Triodon DC. ) : With about 50 species in warm temperate and tropical areas of the New World and Africa. Some New World species are neophytes found in the tropics of the Old World.

Dolichometra K. Schum. : It contains only one type:
Dolichometra leucantha K.Schum. : It occurs in Tanzania .

Emmeorhiza Pohl ex Endl. : It contains only one type:
Emmeorhiza umbellata (Spreng.) K.Schum. : It occurs in tropical South America and Trinidad .

Ernodea Sw. : With about four species from Florida to Mexico to Central America and the Caribbean islands.

Galianthe Griseb. : The approximately 50 species are distributed in South and Central America.

Gomphocalyx Baker : It contains only one species:
Gomphocalyx herniarioides Baker : It occurs in Madagascar.

Hedyotis L. (Syn .: Allaeophania Thwaites , Anistelma Raf. , Dictyospora Hook. F. , Dimetia (Wight & Arn.) Meisn. , Diplophragma (Wight & Arn.) Meisn. , Dyctiospora Reinw. Ex Korth. , Leptopetalum Hook. & Arn. , Macrandria (Wight & Arn.) Meisn. , Metabolos Blume , Sclerococcus Bartl. Nom. Inval., Scleromitrion (Wight & Arn.) Meisn ., Stelmanis Raf. Nom. Inval., Stelmotis Raf. , Symphyllarion Gagnep. , Wigmannia Walp. Orth. Var.): The approximately 115 species are distributed from tropical to subtropical Asia to the northwestern Pacific, but with a few species in warm-temperate areas.

Hedythyrsus Bremek. : The only two species are common in tropical Central and East Africa.

Houstonia L. (Syn .: Chamisme Raf. , Panetos Raf. , Poiretia J.F. Gmel . ): The approximately 20 species are distributed in North and Central America.

Hydrophylax L. f. (Syn .: Sarissus Gaertn. ): It contains only one species:
Hydrophylax maritima L. f. : It thrives on the coasts of southern India, Sri Lanka, the Andaman Islands and the western Thai peninsula.

Kadua Cham. & Schltdl. (sometimes in Hedyotis L. , Syn .: Wiegmannia Meyen , Gouldia A. Gray ): With about 28 species on Hawaii and in the southern Pacific.

Kohautia Cham. & Schltdl. (Syn .: Duvaucellia Bowdich ): With only about 27 species left in India, Pakistan, Iran, northern East Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, on the Cape Verde Islands and Socotra .

Lathraeocarpa Bremek. : The only two species ( Lathraeocarpa acicularis Bremek. And Lathraeocarpa decaryi Bremek. ) Occur in Madagascar.

Lelya Bremek. : It contains only one type:
Lelya osteocarpa Bremek. : It is common in tropical Africa.

Leptomischus Drake (Syn .: Indopolysolenia Bennet , Polysolen Rauschert nom. Illeg. Superfl., Polysolenia Hook. F. Non Ehrenberg ex Kützing ): The approximately seven species are in northeastern India, in Myanmar, in southern China (five species) and in Vietnam spread.

Leptoscela Hook. f. : It contains only one type:
Leptoscela ruellioides Hook. f. : It occurs in northeastern Brazil.

Lucya DC. : It contains only one type:
Lucya tetrandra (L.) K.Schum. : It occurs on Caribbean islands.

Manettia Mutis ex L. (Syn .: Adenothola Lem. , Conotrichia A.Rich. , Endolasia Turcz. , Ganguebina Vell. Orth. Var., Guagnebina Vell. , Lygistrum P.Browne , Lygistum P.Browne , Nacibaea Poir. Orth. var., Nacibea Aubl. , Neosabicea Wernham , Poederiopsis Rusby , Vanessa Raf. ): With about 124 species in the Neotropic.

Manostachya Bremek. : The three or so species are common in tropical Central and East Africa.

Micrasepalum Urb. : The only two species occur on Caribbean islands.

Mitracarpus Zucc. (Syn .: Schizangium Bartl. Ex DC. , Staurospermum Thonn. ): The approximately 30 species are widespread in the Neotropic. One species, Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC. , is a neophyte in many tropical regions of the world.

Mitrasacmopsis Jovet (Syn .: Diotocranus Bremek. ): It contains only one species:
Mitrasacmopsis quadrivalvis Jovet : It occurs in tropical Central and East Africa as well as in Madagascar.

Neanotis W.H.Lewis : The 30 species are distributed mainly in tropical Asia and Australia.

Neohymenopogon Bennet ( Hymenopogon Wallich in Roxb. , Non Hymenopogum P.Beauvois ): The roughly three species are distributed in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, China (two species) and Vietnam.

Nesohedyotis (Hook. F.) Bremek. : It contains only one type:
Nesohedyotis arborea (Roxb.) Bremek. : It is endemic to St. Helena .

Nodocarpaea A.Gray : it contains only one species:
Nodocarpaea radicans (Griseb.) A.Gray : It occurs in Cuba.

Oldenlandia L. (Syn .: Edrastima Raf. , Eionitis Bremek. , Gerontogea Cham. & Schltdl. , Gonotheca Blume ex DC. , Karamyshevia Fisch. & CAMey. , Listeria Neck. Ex Raf. , Mitratheca K.Schum. , Thecagonum Babu , Thecorchus Bremek. , Theyodis A.Rich. ): It is pantropical and contains about 240 species.

Oldenlandiopsis Terrell & WHLewis : It contains only one species:
Oldenlandiopsis callitrichoides (Griseb.) Terrell & WHLewis (Syn .: Hedyotis callitrichoides (Griseb.) WHLewis , Oldenlandia callitrichoides Griseb. ): It is widespread in the Neotropics. There is a location for Taiwan.

Pentanopsis Rendle : The only two species are distributed from Ethiopia to northern Kenya.

Pentodon Hochst. : The only two species are found on the Arabian Peninsula, in tropical and southern Africa, and on the western Indian Ocean. In the Neotropic they are neophytes.

Phialiphora Groeninckx : This genus was established in 2010 with the two species Phialiphora bevazahensis Groeninckx and Phialiphora capitulata Groeninckx in north-western Madagascar.

Phyllocrater Wernham : It contains only one species:
Phyllocrater gibbsiae Wernham : It occurs on Borneo .

Phylohydrax Puff : The only two species thrive on the coasts from Tanzania to South Africa and Madagascar.

Pleiocraterium Bremek. : The four or so species are common in tropical Asia. They are used by some authors to Hedyotis L. counted.

Polyura hook. f. (unsafe position): It contains only one type:
Polyura geminata (Wall. Ex G.Don) Hook. f. : It occurs from the eastern Himalayas to Assam .

Pseudonesohedyotis Tennant : it contains only one species:
Pseudonesohedyotis bremekampii Tennant : It occurs in Tanzania.

Psyllocarpus Mart. & Zucc. (Syn .: Diodois Pohl nom. Inval.): The nine or so species are common in Brazil.

Richardia L. (Syn .: Plethyrsis Raf. , Ricardia Adans. Orth. Var., Richardsonia Kunth , Schiedea Bartl. Nom. Inval.): With around 15 species widespread in the New World. The species are neophytes in the Paleotropic.

Sacosperma G.Taylor (insecure position): The only two species ( Sacosperma paniculatum (Benth.) G.Taylor and Sacosperma parviflorum (Benth.) G.Taylor ) distributed in tropical West and Central Africa.

Schwendenera K. Schum. : It contains only one type:
Schwendenera tetrapyxis K.Schum. : It occurs in Brazil.

Spermacoce L. (Syn .: Arbulocarpus Tennant , Bigelovia Spreng. Non Smith non Spreng. Non Bigelowia Raf. Non DC. , Borrera Spreng. Orth. Var., Borreria G.Mey. Non Borrera Acharius , Chaenocarpus Juss. , Dichrospermum Bremek. , Diodioides Loefl. nom. inval., Diphragmus C.Presl , Gruhlmannia Neck. ex Raf. , Jurgensia Raf. , Octodon Thonn. , Paragophyton K.Schum. , Pterostephus C.Presl , Spermacoceodes Kuntze , Spermacon Raf. , Tardavel Adans. , Tessiera DC. ): The 250 to 300 species are distributed in tropical to warm-temperate areas almost worldwide. Some species are neophytes in many areas.

Staelia Cham. & Schltdl. : The approximately 14 species are distributed in Mexico and in tropical South America.

Stenaria (Raf.) Terrell (sometimes in Houstonia L. ): The approximately five species distributed in the central and eastern United States as well as in the Bahamas.

Stenotis Terrell : The seven or so species occur in Arizona, New Mexico and northern Mexico.

Stephanococcus Bremek. : It contains only one type:
Stephanococcus crepinianus (K.Schum.) Bremek. : It occurs in tropical western central Africa.

Synaptantha Hook. f. : The only two types are common in Australia.

Thamnoldenlandia Groeninckx : it contains only one species:
Thamnoldenlandia ambovombensis Groeninckx : It occurs in Madagascar.

Tortuella Urb. : It contains only one type:
Tortuella abietifolia Urb. & Ekman : It occurs from Panama to Tobago .

Tobagoa Urb. : It contains only one type:
Tobagoa maleolens Urb. : It is endemic to Île de la Tortue off the north coast of Hispaniola .

Tribe Theligoneae: It contains only one genus:
Theligonum L. (Syn .: Cynocrambe Gagnebin ): The four or so species are distributed from China to temperate East Asia, Macaronesia and the Mediterranean. Including:
Dog cabbage ( Theligonum cynocrambe L. )

Tribus Urophylleae Bremek. ex Verdc. : Tropical and subtropical Asia (most species), tropical Africa (fewer species), tropical Central and South America (fewest species) belong to the wide, almost pantropical distribution area. Most species thrive in the tropical rainforest. They are mostly woody plants. The closing fruits are often fleshy and contain many seeds. It contains about 13 genera with about 240 species:

Amphidasya Standl. (Syn .: Pittierothamnus Steyerm. ): The at least 13 species thrive in humid neotropical forests of Central America and northern South America.

Pauridiantha Hook. f. (Syn .: Commitheca Bremek. ): The 38 or so species are common in tropical Africa and Madagascar.

Pentaloncha hook. f. : The roughly two species occur in Angolan Cabinda and from Equatorial Guinea to Gabon . They are overhanging subshrubs.

Poecilocalyx Bremek. : The four or so species occur in tropical Central Africa. They are small bushes with horizontal branches. The little-flowered inflorescences stand above the bracts.

Praravinia Korth. (Syn .: Paravinia Hassk. Orth. Var., Williamsia Merr. ): The approximately 49 species are common in Malesia.

Raritebe Wernham (Syn .: Dukea Dwyer ): It contains only one species:
Raritebe palicoureoides Wernham : Of the two subspecies, one comes from Colombia and east of the Andes from Ecuador to Peru and one from west of the Andes in Colombia and Costa Rica to Panama.

Stelechantha Bremek. : The four or so species are common in tropical West Africa.

Temnopteryx Hook. f. : It has been included in this tribe since 2010 and contains only one species:
Temnopteryx sericea Hook. f. : It occurs from Cameroon to Gabon. It's a bush. The relatively large flowers have petals-like, purple sepals and a pink to red corolla tube.

Urophyllum Wall. (Syn .: Axanthes Blume , Axanthopsis Korth. , Aulacodiscus Hook. F. Nom. Illeg., Cymelonema C.Presl , Maschalanthe Blume , Maschalocorymbus Bremek. , Pleiocarpidia K.Schum. , Pravinaria Bremek. , Wallichia Reinw. Ex Blume nom. illeg.): The approximately 150 species are widespread in tropical Asia.

Tribe Luculieae: inflorescence of Luculia gratissima .

Damnacanthus indicus subsp. major

Mitchella repens

Incertae sedis - not classified in a subfamily

Incertae sedis - not classified in a subfamily but in a tribe:

Tribus Coptosapelteae Bremek. ex SP Darwin : It contains only two genera:

Acranthera Arn. ex Meisn. (Syn .: Androtropis R.Br. , Gonyanera Korth. , Psilobium Jack ): The approximately 40 species occur in Sri Lanka, India , China , Vietnam , Thailand , Indonesia , Malaysia and most of the species in Borneo.

Coptosapelta Korth. (Syn .: Coptospelta K.Schum. Orth. Var., Thysanospermum Champ. Ex Benth. ): The approximately 16 species are distributed in Vietnam, China, Japan, Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea and the Philippines.

Tribus Luculieae Rydin & B. Bremer : It contains only one genus:
Luculia Sweet : The five or so species are common in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, China (three species) and Vietnam.

incertae sedis - not classified in a subfamily or in any tribe:
Alphabetical list of the genera not yet classified in subfamilies and tribe:

Acrobotrys K.Schum. & K.Krause : It contains only one type:
Acrobotrys discolor K.Schum. & K.Krause : It occurs in Colombia.

Aitchisonia Hemsl. ex Aitch. : It contains only one type:
Aitchisonia rosea Hemsl. ex Aitch. : It occurs in Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Antherostele Bremek. : The four or so species occur in the Philippines.

Aphaenandra Miq. (is also seen as a possible synonym for the genus Mussaenda L. in the tribe Mussaendeae of the subfamily Ixoroideae): It contains only one species:
Aphaenandra uniflora (Wall. Ex G.Don) Bremek. : It occurs from Myanmar to Vietnam and on Sumatra and Java.

Aphanocarpus Steyerm. : It contains only one type:
Aphanocarpus steyermarkii (Standl.) Steyerm. : It only occurs in the Venezuelan state of Bolívar .

Benzonia Schumach. : It contains only one type:
Benzonia corymbosa Schumach. : It is from Guinea.

Berghesia Nees : It contains only one species:
Berghesia coccinea Nees : It occurs in Mexico.

Byrsophyllum Hook. f. : The roughly two types occur in India and Sri Lanka.

Calycosia A.Gray : The eight or so species are distributed from New Guinea to the southern Pacific islands.

Canephora Juss. : The five or so species occur only in Madagascar.

Ceuthocarpus Aiello : It contains only one species:
Ceuthocarpus involucratus (Wernham) Aiello : It is endemic to eastern Cuba.

Chapelieria A.Rich. ex DC. : One or two species occur only in Madagascar.

Clarkella Hook. f. : It contains only one type:
Clarkella nana (Edgew.) Hook. f. : It thrives mostly on limestone in northern India, northern Myanmar, Thailand and China.

Coccochondra Rauschert : It contains only one species:
Coccochondra laevis (Steyerm.) Rauschert : It is native to southern Venezuela.

Coelopyrena Valeton : it contains only one species:
Coelopyrena salicifolia Valeton : It is endemic to the island of Amboina , which belongs to the Moluccas.

Coleactina N.Hallé : It contains only one species:
Coleactina papalis N.Hallé : It occurs in the Congo and Gabon.

Colletoecema E.MAPetit : The three or so species are distributed from tropical, west- central Africa to Angola.

Coptophyllum Korth. (Syn .: Jainia N.P.Balakr. , Pomazota Ridl. ): The threeor sospecies are distributed from the Nicobar Islands to western Malesia.

Coryphothamnus Steyerm. : It contains only one type:
Coryphothamnus auyantepuiensis (Steyerm.) Steyerm. : It is endemic to the Auyan-Tepui in southern Venezuela.

Cosmocalyx Standl. : It contains only one type:
Cosmocalyx spectabilis Standl. : Its range extends from southern Mexico to Belize.

Cowiea Wernham : Of the only two species, one occurs in the Philippines and the other in northeastern Borneo.

Crobylanthe Bremek. : It contains only one type:
Crobylanthe pellacalyx (Ridl.) Bremek. : It only occurs in Sarawak, Borneo.

Damnacanthus C.F. Gaertn. (Syn .: Tetraplasia Rehder ): The approximately 13 species are distributed in northern India, Myanmar, Laos, China (eleven species), Korea, Vietnam and Japan.

Dichilanthe Thwaites : Of the only two species, one occurs only in southwestern Sri Lanka and the other only in western-central Borneo.

Didymochlamys Hook. f. : The two species that remain small mostly thrive epiphytically in northern South America and southern Central America.

Didymopogon Bremek. : It contains only one type:
Didymopogon sumatranum (Ridl.) Bremek. : This endemic only occurs in western Sumatra.

Diyaminauclea Ridsdale (only provisionally placed in the tribe Naucleeae of the subfamily Cinchonoideae): It contains only one species:
Diyaminauclea zeylanica (Hook. F.) Ridsdale : It occurs only in Sri Lanka.

Duidania Standl. : It contains only one type:
Duidania montana Standl. : Its range extends from southern Venezuela to Guyana .

Dunnia Tutcher : It contains only one species:
Dunnia sinensis Tutcher : This endangered species thrives in the thickets and forests of ravines at altitudes of 200 to 900 meters only in the Chinese province of Guangdong .

Eizia Standl. : It contains only one type:
Eizia mexicana standl. : Its range extends from the Mexican state of Chiapas to Guatemala.

Eteriscius Desv. ex Ham. nom. dub .: It contains only one type:
Eteriscius parasiticus Desv. : It is native to Guyana.

Fergusonia Hook. f. : It contains only one type:
Fergusonia zeylanica Hook. f. : It is native to southern India and Sri Lanka.

Flexanthera Rusby : it contains only one species:
Flexanthera subcordata Rusby : It is native to Colombia.

Gaillonia A.Rich. ex DC. : The approximately 27 species are distributed from Central Asia, Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan to Algeria .

Galiniera Delile (Syn .: Ptychostigma Hochst. ): Of the only two species, one occurs in Madagascar and the other is common in tropical Africa.

Gallienia Dubard & Dop : It contains only one species:
Gallienia sclerophylla Dubard & Dop : It occurs only in small areas in Madagascar.

Gardeniopsis Miq .: It contains only one species:
Gardeniopsis longifolia Miq. : It occurs from the Thai to the Malay peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo.

Gentingia J.T.Johanss. & KMWong : It only contains one type:
Gentingia subsessilis (King & Gamble) JTJohanss. & KMWong : It is located on the northwestern Malay Peninsula.

Gillespiea A.C.Sm. : It contains only one type:
Gillespiea speciosa A.C.Sm. : This endemic occurs only on the island of Vanua Levu , which belongs to Fiji.

Guihaiothamnus olive. : This genus, newly established in 1998, contains the only species:
Guihaiothamnus acaulis H.S.Lo : This endemic thrives on shady rocks at altitudes between 100 and 600 meters only in Rongshui in the Chinese autonomous region of Guangxi .

Habroneuron Standl. : It contains only one type:
Habroneuron radicans (Wernham) SPDarwin : It occurs only in the Mexican state of Oaxaca .

Hedstromia A.C.Sm. : It contains only one type:
Hedstromia latifolia A.C.Sm. : It is native to Fiji.

Holstianthus Steyerm. : It contains only one type:
Holstianthus barbigularis Steyerm. : This endemic occurs on Cerro Marahuaca in southern Venezuela.

Homollea Arènes : The three or so species are common in Madagascar.

Homolliella Arènes : it contains only one species:
Homolliella sericea Arènes : It occurs in central and east-central Madagascar and on the Comoros.

Hymenocnemis Hook. f. : It contains only one type:
Hymenocnemis madagascariensis Hook. f.

Hyptianthera Wight & Arn. : It contains one ( Hyptianthera stricta (Roxb. Ex Schult.) Wight & Arn. ) To a few species in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, China and Vietnam.

Jaubertia Guill. : It contains only one type:
Jaubertia aucheri Guill. : It occurs in Omani Muscat , Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Jovetia Guédès : It contains only one species:
Jovetia humilis Guédès : It occurs only in south-eastern Madagascar.

Kajewskiella Merr. & LMPerry : The only two species are found only in the Solomon Islands .

Keenania Hook. f. : The five or so species are found in India, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and southern China.

Khasiaclunea Ridsdale (only provisionally placed in the tribe Naucleeae of the subfamily Cinchonoideae)

Klossia Ridl. : It contains only one type:
Klossia montana Ridl. : It occurs on the Malay Peninsula.

Lamprothamnus Hiern : it contains only one type:
Lamprothamnus zanguebaricus Hiern : It occurs from southern Somalia to Tanzania.

Lecananthus Jack : The three or so species are common in western Malesia.

Lecanosperma Rusby : it contains only one species:
Lecanosperma lycioides Rusby : It occurs in Peru and Bolivia.

Lecariocalyx Bremek. : It contains only one type:
Lecariocalyx borneensis Bremek. : It occurs on Borneo.

Lemyrea (A.Chev.) A.Chev. & Beille : The four or so species only occur in Madagascar.

Lepidostoma Bremek. : It contains only one type:
Lepidostoma polythyrsum Bremek. : It occurs in Sumatra.

Leptunis Steven : It contains only one species:
Leptunis trichodes (J.Gay ex DC.) Shishkin : The wide distribution area extends from the southeastern Caucasus through Afghanistan and Central Asia to northwestern China.

Leucocodon Gardner : it contains only one type:
Leucocodon reticulatum Gardner : It occurs only in central and southwestern Sri Lanka.

Leucolophus Bremek. : The three or so species are common in Southeast Asia.

Maschalodesme Lauterb. & K.Schum. : The two or so species occur only in New Guinea.

Merumea Steyerm. : The roughly two species occur in southern Venezuela and Guyana.

Microphysa Schrenk : It contains only one species:
Microphysa elongata (Schrenk) Pobedimova : It is native to Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan and the north-western Chinese autonomous region of Xinjiang .

Mitchella L. (Syn .: Chamaedaphne Mitchell , Perdicesca Provancher ): It has a disjoint area with a species in eastern Asia with China, Japan, Korea and a species from eastern North America with Canada and the USA via Mexico to Guatemala.

Montamans Dwyer : It contains only one species:
Montamans panamensis Dwyer : It is native to Panama.

Morindopsis Hook. f. : It contains only one type:
Morindopsis capillaris (short) Short : It occurs from northeast India to Indochina.

Motleyia J.T. Johannss. : It contains only one type:
Motleyia borneensis J.T.Johanss. : It occurs in Borneo only in northern Sarawak and southwestern Sabah.

Mouretia Pit. : The five or so species are common in eastern Asia and Southeast Asia.

Myrioneuron R.Br. ex Benth. & Hook. f. : The approximately 14 species are distributed in India, Nepal, Bhutan, China and Vietnam.

Nargedia Bedd. : It contains only one type:
Nargedia macrocarpa Bedd. : It only occurs in Sri Lanka.

Neohymenopogon Bennet : It comprises three species that occur from the Himalayas to China and northern Indochina.

Nichallea Bridson : It contains only one species:
Nichallea soyauxii (Hiern) Bridson : It is native to tropical Africa.

Notopleura (Benth.) Bremek. (sometimes in Psychotria L. ): It contains about 100 Neotropical species.

Opercularia Gaertn. : The 15 or so species occur only in Australia, including Tasmania . They mainly thrive in temperate climates.

Ophryococcus Oerst. (sometimes in Hoffmannia ): It contains only one species:
Ophryococcus gesnerioides Oerst. : The distribution area extends from southern Mexico to Central America.

Ottoschmidtia Urb. : It contains only one type:
Ottoschmidtia microphylla (Griseb.) Urb. : One subspecies each occurs in Cuba and in Haiti .

Pachystylus K. Schum. : The roughly two species occur in New Guinea.

Pagameopsis Steyerm. : The roughly two species are distributed from southern Venezuela to northern Brazil.

Paragenipa Baill. : It contains only one type:
Paragenipa lancifolia (Bojer ex Baker) Tirveng. & Robbr. : It occurs in the Seychelles .

Payera Baill. (Syn .: Coursiana Homolle ): The ten or so species occur in Madagascar.

Perama Aubl. (Syn .: Buchia Kunth , Mattuschkaea Schreb. Nom. Superfl., Mattuschkea Batsch orth. Var.): The approximately 14 species are distributed in tropical South America and on Caribbean islands.

Peripeplus Pierre : It contains only one species:
Peripeplus bracteosus (here) EMAPetit : It is native to Gabon.

Pinarophyllon Brandegee : The roughly two species are distributed from the Mexican state of Chiapas to Guatemala.

Placocarpa Hook. f. : It contains only one type:
Placocarpa mexicana Hook. f. : It is based in the Mexican states of Hidalgo and Veracruz.

Polysphaeria Hook. f. : The approximately 21 species are distributed in tropical Africa and Madagascar.

Prismatomeris Thwaites : The 15 or so species occur on the Indian subcontinent , Myanmar, Thailand, Indochina , China, Malaysia, Singapore , Indonesia, Borneo and the Philippines.

Psathura Comm. ex Juss. (Syn .: Chicoinaea Comm. Ex DC. ): The eight or so species are distributed on islands in the western Indian Ocean.

Pseudogaillonia Lincz. : It contains only one type:
Pseudogaillonia hymenostephana (Daub. & Spach) Lincz. : It occurs from Arabia via Iran and Afghanistan to Pakistan.

Pseudohamelia Wernham : It contains only one species:
Pseudohamelia hirsuta Wernham : It occurs only in southern Chocó in Colombia.

Pseudopyxis Miq. : Of the three species, two are native to Japan and one to China.

Pterogaillonia Lincz. : The approximately three species occur in eastern North Africa, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Pyragra Bremek. : There are about two species in Madagascar.

Rennellia Korth. : The five to six species occur in western Malesia with the Nicobar Islands, the Myanmar peninsula, the Malaysian peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo as well as the Thai peninsula.

Rhadinopus S.Moore : The only two species occur only on the Mori River in Papua New Guinea.

Rhaphidura Bremek. : It contains only one type:
Rhaphidura lowii (Ridl.) Bremek. : It only occurs in Sarawak , Borneo.

Rhipidantha Bremek. : It contains only one type:
Rhipidantha chlorantha (K.Schum.) Bremek. : It is endemic to the Uluguru Mountains in Tanzania.

Riqueuria Ruiz & Pav .: It contains only one species:
Riqueuria avenia Ruiz & Pav .: It occurs in Peru.

Saprosma flower (Syn .: Cleisocratera Korth. , Dysodidendron Gardner , Dysosmia M.Roem. ): The approximately 30 species are common in tropical Asia.

Schizenterospermum Homolle ex Arènes : The four or so species occur in Madagascar.

Schizocolea Bremek. : The roughly two species are common in tropical Africa.

Scyphostachys Thwaites : The approximately two species only occur in Sri Lanka.

Shaferocharis Urb. : The only three species are endemic to eastern Cuba.

Spiradiclis flower : The at least 40 species are distributed in India, Bhutan, Myanmar, China (around 35 species, 31 of which only there), Vietnam and Indonesia.

Stachyococcus Standl. : It contains only one type:
Stachyococcus adinanthus (Standl.) Standl. : The distribution area extends from south-eastern Colombia to Peru and Brazil.

Standleya Brade : The four or so species occur in southeastern Brazil.

Stichianthus Valeton : It contains only one species:
Stichianthus minutiflorus Valeton : It is native to Borneo.

Streblosiopsis Valeton : it contains only one type:
Streblosiopsis cupulata Valeton : It occurs only in Kalimantan on Borneo.

Stylosiphonia Brandegee : it contains only one species:
Stylosiphonia glabra Brandegee : It occurs only in the Mexican state of Chiapas.

Syringantha Standl. : It contains only one type:
Syringantha coulteri (Hook. F.) T.McDowell : It occurs in northeastern Mexico.

Tennantia Verdc. : It contains only one type:
Tennantia sennii (Chiov.) Verdc. & Bridson : The range extends from Somalia to Tanzania.

Thogsennia Aiello : It contains only one species:
Thogsennia lindeniana (A.Rich.) Aiello : It is endemic to eastern Cuba.

Trigonopyrene Bremek. : The approximately nine species are distributed on islands in the western Indian Ocean.

Villaria Rolfe : The five or so species occur in the Philippines.

Zuccarinia flower : it contains only one species:
Zuccarinia macrophylla flower : It occurs in Malaysia, Java and Sumatra.

The ornamental plant Pentas lanceolata

use

The most well-known useful plants of the family include the types Arabica coffee ( Coffea arabica ) and Robusta coffee ( Coffea canephora ) of the genus coffee plants ( Coffea ). The species of the genus Cinchona that produce quinine also belong to the family. The woodruff is known in Central Europe . Species of this family also supply the drugs nausea ( Cephaelis ) and Gambir ( Uncaria ). The alizarine- producing madder ( Rubia tinctorum ) from the eastern Mediterranean and Asia , which was used as a red dye 2000 years ago, was of economic importance . Other types are also used for dyeing. Many types are used in folk medicine.

The wood of some species is used.

Other useful plant genera and species in the tropics and subtropics are Morinda with, for example, the Indian mulberry tree or Noni , as well as Psychotria , a species-rich genus occurring in South America , which includes the species Psychotria viridis , as well as Theligonum with the dog cabbage ( Theligonum cynocrambe ).

As an ornamental plant that is Gardenia jasminoides known. Nertera granadensis is one of the few species that are used as house plants due to their decorative fruits. Other ornamental plants belong to the genera Bouvardia , Hamelia , Ixora , Manettia , Pentas with, for example, Pentas lanceolata and Rondeletia , Cephalanthus with the western button bush ( Cephalanthus occidentalis ), a hardy wood. Asperula and Houstonia species such as the porcelain star are used as garden plants .

swell

The Rubiaceae family on the AP website . (Section systematics)
Description of the Rubiaceae family at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz. (Section description)
Tao Chen, Xianrui Luo, Hua Zhu, Charlotte M. Taylor, Friedrich Ehrendorfer, Henrik Lantz, Michele Funston & Christian Puff: Rubiaceae . In: Flora of China Editorial Committee: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae. Volume 19. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 , pp. 57–368 (English, “ Rubiaceae - Printed Work - Full Text Online ” - online text is identical to the printed work). (Sections Description, Distribution and Systematics)
Birgitta Bremer: A review of molecular phylogenetic studies of Rubiaceae. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Volume 96, No. 1, 2009, pp. 4-26, doi: 10.3417 / 2006197 . (Section systematics)
Birgitta Bremer, Torsten Eriksson: Time tree of Rubiaceae: phylogeny and dating the family, subfamilies, and tribes. In: International Journal of Plant Sciences. Volume 170, No. 6, 2009, pp. 766-793, ISSN 1058-5893 , doi: 10.1086 / 599077 , PDF file. (Section systematics)
Leslie Watson: Entry in the Western Australian Flora . (engl.)
Charlotte M. Taylor: Rubiaceae. In: WD Stevens, C. Ulloa, A. Pool, OM Montiel (editors): Flora de Nicaragua. In: Monographs in systematic botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 85, No. 3, 2001, pp. 2206-2284.
Charlotte M. Taylor, Roy E. Gereau: Rubiacearum Americanarum Magna Hama Pars XXIV: New Species of Central and South American Bouvardia, Hillia, Joosia, Ladenbergia, Pentagonia, and Posoqueria. In: Novon. Volume 20, No. 4, 2010, pp. 470-480, doi: 10.3417 / 2009064 .
S. Nazimuddin, M. Qaiser: Flora of Pakistan 190: Rubiaceae. University of Karachi, Department of Botany, Karachi 1989, pp. 1-145, online.
Christian Puff , from 2007: Flora of Thailand: Rubiaceae .
Niklas Wikström, M. Avino, Sylvain G. Razafimandimbison, Birgitta Bremer: Historical biogeography of the coffee family (Rubiaceae, Gentianales) in Madagascar: case studies from the tribes Knoxieae, Naucleeae, Paederieae and Vanguerieae. In: Journal of Biogeography. Volume 37, No. 6, 2010, pp. 1094–1113, doi: 10.1111 / j.1365-2699.2009.02258.x , PDF file.
Daniela Zappi, 2009: Neotropical Rubiaceae. In: Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics .

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai Tao Chen, Xianrui Luo, Hua Zhu, Charlotte M. Taylor, Friedrich Ehrendorfer, Henrik Lantz, Michele Funston, Christian Puff: Rubiaceae . In: Flora of China Editorial Committee: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae. Volume 19. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 , pp. 57–617 (English, " Rubiaceae - Printed work - full text online " - online text is identical to the printed work).

↑ David P. Edwards, Megan E. Frederickson, Glenn H. Shepard, Douglas W. Yu: A Plant Needs Ants like a Dog Needs Fleas: Myrmelachista schumanni Ants Gall Many Tree Species to Create Housing. In: The American Naturalist , Volume 174, Issue 5, 2009, pp. 734-740. Full text PDF.

^ ^A ^b ^c Rubiaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

↑ Ulrika Manns, Birgitta Bremer: Towards a better understanding of intertribal relationships and stable tribal delimitations within Cinchonoideae ss (Rubiaceae). In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 56, No. 1, 2010, pp. 21-39, doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2010.04.002 , PDF file. ( Memento from March 23, 2012 in the Internet Archive )

↑ Timothy J. Motley, Kenneth J. Wurdack & Piero G. Delprete: Molecular systematics of the Catesbaeeae-Chiococceae complex (Rubiaceae): flower and fruit evolution and biogeographic implications. In: American Journal of Botany, 2005, Volume 92, Issue 2, pp. 316-329. doi: 10.3732 / ajb.92.2.316

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp ^dq ^dr ^ds ^dt ^du ^dv ^dw ^dx ^dy ^dz ^ea ^eb ^ec ^ed ^ee ^ef ^eg ^eh ^ei ^ej ^ek ^el ^em ^en ^eo ^ep ^eq ^er ^es ^et ^eu ^ev ^ew ^ex ^ey ^ez ^fa ^fb ^fc ^fd ^fe ^ff ^fg ^fh ^fi ^fj ^fk ^fl ^fm ^fn ^fo ^fp ^fq ^fr ^fs ^ft ^fu ^fv ^fw ^fx ^fy ^fz ^ga ^gb ^gc ^gd ^ge ^gf ^gg ^gh ^gi ^gj ^gk ^gl ^gm ^gn ^go ^gp ^gq ^gr ^gs ^gt ^gu ^gv ^gw ^gx ^gy ^gz ^ha ^hb ^hc ^hd ^he ^hf ^hg ^hh ^hi ^hj ^hk ^hl ^hm ^hn ^ho ^hp ^hq ^hr ^hs ^ht ^hu ^hv ^hw ^hx ^hy ^hz ^ia ^ib ^ic ^id ^ie ^if ^ig ^ih ⁱⁱ ^ij ^ik ^il ^im ⁱⁿ ^io ^ip ^iq ^ir ^is ^it ^iu ^iv ^iw ^ix ^iy ^iz ^ja ^jb ^jc ^jd ^je ^jf ^jg ^jh ^ji ^jj Rafaël Govaerts, L. Andersson, E. Robbrecht, D. Bridson, AP Davis, I. Schanzer, B. Sonké, 2010: World checklist of Rubiaceae. by Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Rubiaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved June 4, 2020.

↑ Attila Borhidi: Revalidación del género Solenandra Hook, f. (Rubiaceae). In: Acta Botanica Hungarica, Volume 44, 2002, pp. 223-232.

^ Lennart Andersson, Alexandre Antonelli: Phylogeny of the tribe Cinchoneae (Rubiaceae), its position in Cinchonoideae, and description of a new genus, Ciliosemina. In: Taxon. Volume 54, No. 1, 2005, pp. 17-28, abstract , PDF file. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: dead link / gotbot.se
^ DH Lorence, CM Taylor, 2010: Selected Rubiaceae Genera at Tropicos .
↑ Sylvain G. Razafimendimbison, Birgitta Bremer: Taxonomic revision of the tribe Hymenodictyeae (Rubiaceae, Cinchonoideae). In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 152, No. 3, 2006, pp. 331-386, doi: 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2006.00567.x , PDF file.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Stefan D. Löfstrand, Åsa Krüger, Sylvain G. Razafimandimbison, Birgitta Bremer: Phylogeny and Generic Delimitations in the Sister Tribes Hymenodictyeae and Naucleeae (Rubiaceae). In: Systematic Botany , Volume 39, Issue 1, 2014, pp. 304-315. doi : 10.1600 / 036364414X678116
↑ Sylvain G. Razafimendimbison, Birgitta Bremer: Tribal delimitation of Naucleeae (Cinchonoideae, Rubiaceae): Inference from Molecular and Morphological Data. In: Systematics and Geography of Plants. Vol 71, No. 2, 2001, pp. 515-538, JSTOR .
↑ Sylvain G. Razafimendimbison, Birgitta Bremer: Phylogeny and classification of Naucleeae sl (Rubiaceae) inferred from molecular (ITS, rbcL, and trnT-F) and morphological data. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 89, No. 7, 2002, pp. 1027-1041, doi: 10.3732 / ajb.89.7.1027 .
↑ ^a ^b Johan HE Rova, Piero G. Delprete & Birgitta Bremer: The Rondeletia Complex (Rubiaceae): An Attempt to Use ITS, rps16, and trnL-F Sequence Data to Delimit Guettardeae, Rondeletieae, and Sections within Rondeletia. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Volume 96, Issue 1, 2009, pp. 182-193. doi: 10.3417 / 2006179
↑ Kent Kainulainen: Evolution and biodiversity of the Ixoroideae (Rubiaceae). University dissertation from Stockholm: Department of Botany, Stockholm University, 2010 PDF .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae Kent Kainulainen, Sylvian G. Razafimandimbison, Birgitta Bremer: Phylogenetic relationships and new tribal delimitations in subfamily Ixoroideae (Rubiaceae). In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 173, 2013, pp. 387-406. doi: 10.1111 / boj.12038 full text PDF.
↑ ^a ^b Kent Kainulainen, Arnaud Mouly, Aanbar Khodabandeh, Birgitta Bremer: Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Alberteae (Rubiaceae), with description of a new genus, Razafimandimbisonia. In: Taxon. Volume 58, No. 3, 2009, pp. 757-768, abstract , PDF file. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.bergianska.se
↑ ^a ^b ^c Arnaud Mouly, Sylvain G. Razafimandimbison, Jacques Florence, Joël Jérémie, Birgitta Bremer: Paraphyly of Ixora and New Tribal Delimitation of Ixoreae (Rubiaceae): Inference from Combined Chloroplast (rps16, rbcL, and trnT-F) Sequence . In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 96, No. 1, 2009, pp. 146-160, doi: 10.3417 / 2006194 .
↑ Grecebio Jonathan D. Alejandro, Ulrich Meve, Millard Uy, Arnaud Mouly, Mike Thiv, Sigrid Liede-Schumann: Molecular support of the classification of Greeniopsis Merr. in Aleisanthieae (Rubiaceae), with a revision of the genus. In: Taxon. Volume 59, No. 5, 2010, pp. 1547-1564, abstract .
↑ Aaron P. Davis, Michael Chester, Olivier Maurin, Mike F. Fay: Searching for the relatives of Coffea (Rubiaceae, Ixoroideae): the circumscription and phylogeny of Coffeeae based on plastid sequence data and morphology. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 94, No. 3, 2007, pp. 313-329, doi: 10.3732 / ajb.94.3.313 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kent Kainulainen, Claes Persson, Torsten Eriksson, Birgitta Bremer: Molecular systematics and morphological character evolution of the Condamineeae (Rubiaceae). In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 97, No. 12, 2010, pp. 1961-1981, doi: 10.3732 / ajb.1000090 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Arnaud Mouly, Kent Kainulainen, Claes Persson, Aaron P. Davis, Khoon Meng Wong, Sylvian G. Razafimandimbison, Birgitta Bremer: Phylogenetic structure and clade circumscriptions in the Gardenieae complex (Rubiaceae). In: Taxon , Volume 63, Issue 4, 2014, pp. 801–818. doi: 10.12705 / 634.4 full text PDF.
↑ Bonaventure Sonke, E. Bidault, V. Droissart: Taxonomic revision of the genus Massularia (Rubiaceae, Gardenieae), with a new species from Central Africa. Phytotaxa , Volume 203, 2015, pp. 263-270.
↑ Arnaud Mouly, Sylvain G. Razafimandimbison, Anbar Khodabandeh, Birgitta Bremer: Phylogeny and classification of the species-rich pantropical showy genus Ixora (Rubiaceae-Ixoreae) with indications of geographical monophyletic units and hybrids. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 96, No. 3, 2009, pp. 686-706, doi: 10.3732 / ajb.0800235
^ ^A ^b Sylvain G. Razafimandimbison, Kent Kainulainen, Khoon M. Wong, Katy Beaver, Birgitta Bremer: Molecular support for a basal grade of morphologically distinct, monotypic genera in the species-rich Vanguerieae alliance (Rubiaceae, Ixoroideae): Its systematic and conservation implications. In: Taxon. Volume 60 No. 4, 2011, pp. 941-952, PDF file. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.bergianska.se
^ Markus Ruhsam, Aaron P. Davis: A taxonomic revision of the genus Flagenium Baill. (Rubiaceae – Octotropideae). In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 155, No. 4, 2007, pp. 557-570 doi: 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2007.00714.x .
↑ Rocio Cortés-B., Piero G. Delprete, Timothy J. Motley: Phylogenetic Placement of the Tribe Retiniphylleae Among the Subfamily Ixoroideae (Rubiaceae). In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 96, No. 1, 2009, pp. 61-67. doi: 10.3417 / 2006198
^ Saleh A. Khan, Sylvain G. Razafimandimison, Brigitta Bremer, Sigrid Liede-Schumann: Sabiceeae and Virectarieae (Rubiaceae, Ixoroideae): one or two tribes? New tribal and generic circumscriptions of Sabiceeae and biogeography of Sabicea sl In: Taxon. Volume 57, No. 1, 2008, pp. 7-23, abstract , PDF file. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.bergianska.se
^ Sylvain G. Razafimandimbison, H. Lantz, Arnaud Mouly, Birgitta Bremer: Evolutionary trends, major lineages, and new generic limits in the dioecious group of the tribe Vanguerieae (Rubiaceae): Insights into the evolution of functional dioecy. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 96, No. 1, 2009, pp. 161-181, doi: 10.3417 / 2006191 , PDF file. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.bergianska.se
↑ ^a ^b Brecht Verstraete, Olivier Lachenaud, Erik Smets, Steven Dessein, Bonaventure Sonké: Taxonomy and phylogenetics of Cuviera (Rubiaceae – Vanguerieae) and reinstatement of Globulostylis with the description of three new species. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 173, Issue 3, October 16, 2013, pp. 407-441. doi : 10.1111 / boj.12062
^ CE Ridsdale: A review of Aidia sl (Rubiaceae) in Southeast Asia and Malesia. In: Blumea. Volume 41, No. 1, 1996, p. 176.
↑ Kent Kainulainen, Birgitta Bremer: Phylogeny of Euclinia and allied genera of Gardenieae (Rubiaceae), and description of Melanoxerus, an endemic genus of Madagascar. In: Taxon , Volume 63, 2014, pp. 819–830. doi: 10.12705 / 634.2
↑ Elmar Robbrecht: Further observations on the pollen morphology of the south African genus Carpacoce (Rubiaceae-Anthospermeae) . In: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology . tape 45 , no. 3-4 , 1985, pp. 361-371 , doi : 10.1016 / 0034-6667 (85) 90007-7 .
^ Warren L. Wagner, David H. Lorence: Revision of Coprosma (Rubiaceae, tribe Anthospermeae) in the Marquesas Islands . In: PhytoKeys . tape 4 , 2011, p. 109-124 , doi : 10.3897 / phytokeys.4.1600 .
↑ Jesper Kårehed, Birgitta Bremer: The systematics of Knoxieae (Rubiaceae) - molecular data and their taxonomic consequences. In: Taxon. Volume 56, No. 4, 2007, pp. 1051-1076, abstract , PDF file.
^ Sylvain G. Razafimandimbison, TD McDowell, DA Halford, Birgitta Bremer: Molecular phylogenetics and generic assessment in the tribe Morindeae (Rubiaceae – Rubioideae): How to circumscribe Morinda L. to be monophyletic? In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 52, No. 3, 2009, pp. 879-886, doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2009.04.007 , PDF file. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.bergianska.se
^ Sylvain G. Razafimandimbison, Birgitta Bremer: Nomenclatural changes and taxonomic notes in the tribe Morindeae (Rubiaceae). In: Adansonia, series 3. Volume 33, No. 2, pp. 283-309, doi: 10.5252 / a2011n2a13 , PDF file. ( Memento from April 22, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
↑ ^a ^b Maria Backlund, Birgitta Bremer, Mats Thulin: Paraphyly of Paederieae, recognition of Putorieae and expansion of Plocama (Rubiaceae-Rubioideae). In: Taxon , Volume 56, Issue 2.2007, pp. 315-328. doi : 10.1002 / tax.562006
^ VL Soza, RG Olmstead: Molecular systematics of tribe Rubieae (Rubiaceae): evolution of major clades, development of leaf-like whorls, and biogeography. In: Taxon. Volume 59, No. 3, 2010, pp. 755-771, abstract , PDF file.
↑ David Lorence: Lectotypification of Didymaea mexicana Hook. f (Rubiaceae, Rubieae) and the identity of D. alsinoides (Schltdl. & Cham.) Standl. In: Acta Botánica Mexicana. Volume 88, 2009, pp. 73-79, PDF file. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: dead link / redalyc.uaemex.mx
↑ Zeki Aytaç, Nezaket Adıgüzel: A new genus (Mericarpaea Boiss.) Record from Turkey. In: Turkish Journal of Botany. Volume 23, No. 2, 1999, pp. 149–150, (PDF file; 83 kB).
↑ Frederic Lens, Inge Groeninckx, Erik Smets, Steven Dessein: Woodiness within the Spermacoceae – Knoxieae alliance (Rubiaceae): retention of the basal woody condition in Rubiaceae or recent innovation? In: Annals of Botany. Volume 103, No. 7, pp. 1049-1064, doi: 10.1093 / aob / mcp048 .
↑ Inge Groeninckx, Steven Dessein, Helga Ochoterena, Claes Persson, Timothy J. Motley, Jesper Kårehed, Birgitta Bremer, Suzy Huysmans, Erik Smets: Phylogeny of the herbaceous tribe Spermacoceae (Rubiaceae) based on plastid DNA data. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 96, No. 1, 2009, pp. 109-132, 4 illustrations, PDF file.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Inge Groeninckx, Petra De Block, Elmar Robbrecht, Erik Smets, Steven Dessein: Amphistemon and Thamnoldenlandia, two new genera of Rubiaceae (Spermacoceae) endemic to Madagascar. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 163, No. 4, 2010, pp. 447-472, doi: 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2010.01060.x .
↑ Inge Groeninckx, Helga Ochoterena, Erik Smets, Steven Dessein: Molecular phylogenetic and morphological study of Kohautia (Spermacoceae, Rubiaceae), with the recognition of the new genus Cordylostigma. In: Taxon. Volume 59, No. 5, 2010, pp. 1457-1471, PDF file. ( Memento from March 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
↑ ^a ^b Inge Groeninckx, Helga Ochoterena, Erik Smets, Steven Dessein: Molecular phylogenetic and morphological study of Kohautia (Spermacoceae, Rubiaceae), with the recognition of the new genus Cordylostigma. In: Taxon, Volume 59, Issue 5, October 2010. PDF ( Memento of March 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive ).
↑ Inge Groeninckx, Petra De Block, Frank Rakotonasolo, Erik Smets, Steven Dessein: Rediscovery of Malagasy Lathraeocarpa allows determination of its taxonomic position within Rubiaceae. In: Taxon. Volume 58, No. 1, 2009, pp. 209-226, abstract .
↑ Inge Groeninckx, Marie Briggs, Aaron Davis, Petra De Block, Elmar Robbrecht, Erik Smets, Steven Dessein: A new herbaceous genus endemic to Madagascar: Phialiphora (Spermacoceae, Rubiaceae). In: Taxon. Volume 59, No. 6, 2010, pp. 1815-1829 abstract.
↑ Jenny EE Smedmark, Catarina Rydin, Sylvain G. Razafimandimbison, Saleh A. Khan, Sigrid Liede-Schumann, Birgitta Bremer: A phylogeny of Urophylleae (Rubiaceae) based on rps16 intron data. In: Taxon. Volume 57, No. 1, 2008, pp. 24-32, abstract , PDF file. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.bergianska.se
↑ Jenny EE Smedmark, Torsten Eriksson, Birgitta Bremer: Divergence time uncertainty and historical biogeography reconstruction - an example from Urophylleae (Rubiaceae). In: Journal of Biogeography. Volume 37, No. 12, 2010, pp. 2260-2274, doi: 10.1111 / j.1365-2699.2010.02366.x , PDF file. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.bergianska.se
↑ ^a ^b Jenny EE Smedmark, Birgitta Bremer: Molecular systematics and incongruent gene trees of Urophylleae (Rubiaceae). In: Taxon, Volume 60, Issue 5, October 2011, pp. 1397-1406.
^ Diane M. Bridson: Nichallea, a New Tropical African Genus in the Rubiaceae. In: Kew Bulletin. Volume 33, No. 2, 1978, pp. 287-293, JSTOR 4109581 .
^ ^A ^b David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses . 3. Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
^ Opercularia in the New South Wales Flora .

Web links

Commons : Rubiaceae - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Family tree of the tribe of Rubiaceae by Birgitta Bremer, 2009. ( Memento from August 20, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
Family profile at Ulm University. (German)
Entry in the woods of the Andes of Ecuador. (Spanish)
Rubiaceae in Flora do Brasil 2020 of the Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. (Portuguese)