Gardenias

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Gardenias
A double flowering variety of Gardenia jasminoides

A double flowering variety of Gardenia jasminoides

Systematics
Asterids
Euasterids I
Order : Enzianartige (Gentianales)
Family : Red family (Rubiaceae)
Subfamily : Ixoroideae
Genre : Gardenias
Scientific name
Gardenia
J. Ellis

The gardenia ( Gardenia ) are a plant genus within the family of the Rubiaceae (Rubiaceae). The genus occurs with around 60 to 250 species in the tropics of the Old World . Some species are also cultivated outside of the natural range as ornamental and medicinal plants.

description

Appearance and leaves

Gardenia species are shrubs or, rarely, small trees . They are mostly evergreen , but can optionally be deciduous. They have no thorns or short shoots are converted to thorns. Buds and young twigs are often resinous. Young twigs are square.

The opposite, sometimes arranged in groups at the ends of the branches leaves are stalked or sitting and often possess domatia . The simple leaf blades are leathery. The leaf margins are smooth or serrated. The durable or sloping, triangular stipules are only fused at their base around the branch or even fused together like a cap along their entire length, then they tear open on one side.

Inflorescences and flowers

The bundle to zymous inflorescences sometimes standing on an inflorescence stem are pseudo-lateral and / or terminal. There are bracts available. A few flowers stand together in an inflorescence or it is reduced to just one flower. The flowers are stalked or sessile.

The fragrant, often relatively large and showy, hermaphrodite, weakly zygomorphic flowers are five to twelve-fold and have a double flower envelope . The green sepals are fused. The petals are white at first, then yellow to orange and finally brown. The petals are funnel-shaped or cylindrically fused with five to twelve corolla lobes. There is only one circle with five to nine fertile stamens . Two carpels have become an under constant ovary grown. There is a stamp with a two- to nine-lobed scar. There is often a discus . Pollination occurs by insects ( entomophilia ).

Fruits and seeds

The thick-walled fruit ( berry or stone fruit ) contains many seeds in a pulp-like mass. The medium-sized seeds are flattened and ellipsoidal. The seed coat (testa) is leathery or membranous. The seeds contain horny endosperm and a small to medium-sized embryo with two leaf-like cotyledons ( cotyledons ).

distribution

The genus Gardenia is widespread in tropical and subtropical areas of Africa and Asia, Madagascar and Pacific islands.

Systematics

The genus name Gardenia was in 1761 by John Ellis in Philos. Trans. , 51 (2), p. 935 first published . The generic name Gardenia honors Alexander Garden (1730–1791), a doctor in Aberdeen who had correspondence with Carl von Linné . Synonyms for Gardenia J.Ellis are: Berghias Juss. , Bergkias Sonn. , Bertuchia Dennst. , Caquepira J.F. Gmel . , Decameria Welw. , Gardena Adans. orth. var., Kumbaya Endl. ex Steud. , Piringa Juss. , Pleimeris Raf. , Sahlbergia Neck. nom. inval., Sulipa Blanco , Thunbgeria Montin , Varnera L. , Warneria L. nom. inval., Yangapa Raf. The genus Gardenia was assigned to the tribe Gardenieae, as it was not monophyletically dissolved and so this genus is currently incertae sedis in the subfamily Ixoroideae Raf. within the family of Rubiaceae . The scope of the genus is discussed.

There are around 135 to 250 species of Gardenia (here is a selection):

  • Gardenia actinocarpa Puttock : Home is Queensland .
  • Gardenia anapetes A.C.Sm. : She is endemic to the southwest of the Fiji island of Vanua Levu .
  • Gardenia angkorensis Pit. : It occurs in Cambodia and in the Chinese province of Hainan , there it thrives in forests and bushes by flowing waters in valleys or on mountain slopes.
  • Gardenia annamensis Pit. : The home is Vietnam.
  • Gardenia aqualla Stapf & Hutch. : The home is tropical West Africa to Uganda.
  • Gardenia brachythamnus (K.Schum.) Launert : Home is from Zambia to Namibia.
  • Gardenia brighamii H.Mann : A shrub or small tree with heights of 1 to 6 m thatis native tothe lowlands of Hawaii in tropical dry forest.
  • Gardenia carinata Wall. : The home is Thailand to Malaysia.
  • Gardenia cornuta Hemsl. : The home is Mozambique to South Africa .
  • Gardenia erubescens Stapf & Hutch. : It occurs from western tropical Africa to Uganda. It is a shrub up to 6 m high with edible fruits.
  • Gardenia gjellerupii Valeton : The home is Papua Asia.
  • Gardenia gummifera L.f. : Small trees up to 3 m high; they occur in India.
  • Gardenia hainanensis Merr. : It thrives in forests by flowing waters in valleys or on mountain slopes at altitudes between 100 and 1200 meters only in the Chinese provinces of Hainan and Guangxi (Shangsi).
  • Gardenia imperialis K. Schum. : The small tree with heights of up to 12 meters is native to tropical Africa. It occurs there in two subspecies.
  • Gardenia ( Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis , Syn .: Gardenia angusta (L.) Merr. , Gardenia augusta Merr. Nom. Illeg., Gardenia angustifolia Lodd. , Gardenia florida L. nom. Illeg. Superfl., Gardenia florida f. Oblanceolata Nakai , Gardenia florida var. Ovalifolia Sims , Gardenia florida f. Simpliciflora Makino , Gardenia grandiflora Lour. , Gardenia jasminoides f. Grandiflora (Lour.) Makino , Gardenia jasminoides var. Grandiflora (Lour.) Nakai , Gardenia jasminoides var. Longisepala (Masamune . Longisepala ) FPMetcalf , Gardenia jasminoides f. Maruba (Sieb. Ex flower) Nakai ex Ishii , Gardenia jasminoides var. Maruba (Sieb. Ex flower) Nakai , Gardenia jasminoides f. Oblanceolata (Nakai) Nakai , Gardenia jasminoides f. Ovalifolia (Sims) H Hara , Gardenia jasminoides var. Ovalifolia (Sims) Nakai , Gardenia jasminoides var. Radicans (Thunb.) Makino , Gardenia jasminoides f. Simpliciflora (Makino) Makino , Gardenia jasminoides f. Variegata (Carr.) Nakai , Gardenia jasminoides var. Variegata (Carr.) Makino , Ga rdenia maruba sieve. ex flower , Gardenia pictorum Hassk. , Gardenia radicans Thunb. , Gardenia radicans var. Variegata Carr. , Gardenia schlechteri H.Lév. non Bonati & Petitmengin , Genipa florida (L.) Baill. , Genipa grandiflora (Lour.) Baill. , Genipa radicans (Thunb.) Baill. , Jasminum capense Mill. ): With at least two subspecies. The home is southern China, Taiwan, Japan, Vietnam, North Korea, Cambodia, Thailand, Bhutan, Laos, Nepal, India and Pakistan.
  • Gardenia latifolia Aiton : Shrubs or trees with heights of between 5 and 10 m in India and Bangladesh.
  • Gardenia mannii H.St.John & Kuykendall : The home is the island of Oahu in Hawaii.
  • Gardenia nitida Hook. : The home is tropical West Africa.
  • Gardenia philastrei Pierre ex Pit. : The homeland is Indochina.
  • Gardenia posoquerioides S.Moore : The home is Tanzania, eastern Kenya and eastern Zimbabwe.
  • Gardenia pseudopsidium (Blanco) Fern.-Vill. : Also countedas Sulipa pseudopsidium Blanco in the genus Sulipa .
  • Gardenia remyi H.Mann : Home Hawaii.
  • Gardenia resinifera Roth (Syn .: Gardenia lucida Roxb. ): Shrubs or small trees with heights of up to 3 m in India to Myanmar.
  • Gardenia resiniflua Hiern : The home is Zaire to South Africa.
  • Gardenia sokotensis Hutch. : The home is tropical West Africa.
  • Gardenia sootepensis Hutch. : It occurs in Laos, Thailand and in the Chinese province of Yunnan , where it thrives in forests near rivers, on the edge of villages or on mountain slopes at altitudes between 700 and 1600 meters.
  • Gardenia stenophylla Merrill : It occurs in Vietnam and in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and Zhejiang, where it thrives in forests and bushes by flowing waters in valleys and along the roadside at altitudes between 100 and 800 meters.
  • Gardenia taitensis DC. : The home is the islands of the southwest Pacific.
  • Gardenia ternifolia Schumach. & Thonn. (Syn .: Gardenia jovis-tonantis ): The homeland is tropical Africa to southern Africa.
  • Forest gardenia ( Gardenia thunbergia L. f. ): Shrubs or small trees with heights between 2 and 5 m in Mozambique to South Africa.
  • Gardenia tubifera Wall. : Small tree with heights of up to 15 m in Indochina to Malesia.
  • Gardenia volkensii K.Schum. (incl. Gardenia spathulifolia Stapf & Hutch. ): Home is Ethiopia to southern Africa.

The following are no longer included in this category:

  • Gardenia turgida Roxb. => Ceriscoides turgida (Roxb.) Tirveng.

use

Some species from Asia as well as the Pacific and their varieties are used as ornamental plants , but Gardenia jasminoides is the most commonly used. They are cultivated in parks and gardens. As indoor plants, they belong to the species that are somewhat difficult to care for. There are also varieties with double flowers. Gardenias are considered difficult to cultivate. Since they are native to warm, humid tropical regions, they need high humidity. They bloom best in acidic, well-drained soil .

More pictures

Gardenia brighamii :

  • Six-fold bloom

  • Opposite leaves

  • Habitus

Other types:

swell

  • Tao Chen & Charlotte M. Taylor: Gardenia . Rubiaceae. In: Flora of China Editorial Committee: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae. Volume 19. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 , pp. 141–144 (English, " Gardenia - Online " - online text is identical to the printed work; printed work - full text online). (Section description, distribution and systematics)
  • Description in the Western Australian Flora . (Section description)
  • Entry in the Flora of Zimbabwe . (engl.)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Tao Chen & Charlotte M. Taylor: Gardenia . Rubiaceae. In: Flora of China Editorial Committee: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae. Volume 19. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 , pp. 141–144 (English, " Gardenia - Online " - online text is identical to the printed work; printed work - full text online).
  2. ↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names . Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018. [1]
  3. ^ A b Gardenia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Gardenia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved February 9, 2015.

Web links

Commons : Gardenias  - Collection of images, videos and audio files