Wild guava

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Wild guava
Leaves and flowers of the wild guava (Alibertia edulis)

Leaves and flowers of the wild guava ( Alibertia edulis )

Systematics
Order : Enzianartige (Gentianales)
Family : Red family (Rubiaceae)
Subfamily : Ixoroideae
Tribe : Cordiereae
Genre : Alibertia
Type : Wild guava
Scientific name
Alibertia edulis
( Rich. ) A.Rich. ex DC.

The wild guava ( Alibertia edulis ) is a species of the red family (Rubiaceae). The distribution area extends from Mexico through Central America to Brazil and Peru . The fruit is known as Puruí in Brazil and Madroño in Central America .

description

Alibertia edulis forms evergreen , dioecious diocesan trees or bushes up to 5.5–7 meters high with light brown bark .

The short-stalked, simple leaves grow opposite. The leaf stalk is up to about 1.5 inches long. The stiff leaf blade is coarse, leathery, ovate to lanceolate, elliptical or obovate, up to 12–22 centimeters long and 5–10 centimeters wide, round-pointed, pointed to pointed and pointed to wedge-shaped at the base of the leaf. The leaf margin is entire, the veins are pinnate, often changing. The upper side of the leaf is usually slightly glossy to dull, the underside usually hairy to slightly fluffy. The stipules are triangular and pointed, about 5-15 millimeters long and 5-8 millimeters wide and fall off early.

As axillary inflorescences , gold-like clusters of usually two to eight, almost sessile and functionally unisexual flowers are formed at the branch ends. The fused sepals of the individual flowers are up to 1 centimeter long with short, small teeth. The corolla is up to 3 centimeters long, slender, funnel-shaped and white. Four or five lanceolate, recessed and thick corolla lobes are formed. The short stamens, with elongated, almost sedentary anthers, sit inside the corolla tube. The multi-chambered ovary is inferior, with a stylus with elongated, often two to vierästiger scar , which sometimes but not divided and club-shaped stand together. The male flowers have a pistillode and the female flowers have staminodes with antherodes. There is one discus each.

The fruits ( false fruits ) are roundish and weakly ribbed, finely humped berries (armored berries ) that are up to 3–7 centimeters in size. The fruit narrows at the base to a short neck, at the top the short, almost blunt calyx tube with remains of discus inside is preserved. The waxy, bare skin of the fruit is shiny, initially green, then yellow to orange and then brownish to blackish when the fruit is ripe. The fruit shell is up to 7 millimeters thick, tough and leathery. The individual fruit compartments are practically dissolved at maturity. The numerous, orange and lenticular, fine-striped seeds lie close together and are up to 5–7 millimeters in size, flattened and ovoid to rounded. The pasty-creamy pulp turns purple-brownish to blackish when ripe.

Single, unripe fruit

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 22.

Distribution and ecology

The natural range is in Mexico in the states of Chiapas , Oaxaca , Tabasco , Veracruz and Yucatan , on the Caribbean islands Cuba and Trinidad and Tobago , in the Central American states Belize , Costa Rica , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Nicaragua , Panama and in South America in Guyana , French Guiana , Suriname , Venezuela , Brazil , Bolivia , Colombia , Ecuador and Peru. There the species mostly grows in the tropical and subtropical lowlands, particularly near the coasts, and occurs in bushes and in the undergrowth of light forests.

Systematics and research history

Alibertia edulis is a kind of the genus Alibertia that in the family of the Rubiaceae (Rubiaceae) of the subfamily Ixoroideae is assigned. It was first described in 1792 by Louis Claude Marie Richard as Genipa edulis ( Basionym ) and thus placed in the genus Genipa . The type material of the species is said to have been collected by Louis Claude Marie Richard. It is more likely, however, that it was found by Jean Baptiste Leblond in French Guiana and described by Richard shortly afterwards. Augustin-Pyrame de Candolle transferred the species to the genus Alibertia newly established by Achille Richard in 1830 . The generic name Alibertia is reminiscent of the French doctor Jean-Louis Alibert (1768–1837). The specific epithet edulis comes from Latin and means "edible". It thus refers to the edible fruits.

Other synonyms are Alibertia acuminata (Benth.) Sandwith , Alibertia hexagyna H.Karst. , Alibertia longistipulata L.Riley , Alibertia panamensis L.Riley , Alibertia tobagensis Sprague & ROWilliams , Alibertia trinitatis Sprague & ROWilliams , Alibertia tutumilla Rusby , Amaioua edulis (Rich.) Baill. , Borojoa lanceolata (Cham.) Cuatrec. , Cordiera acuminata Benth. , Cordiera edulis (Rich.) Kuntze , Cordiera hexagyna (H.Karst.) Kuntze , Garapatica edulis (Rich.) H.Karst. , Gardenia edulis (Rich.) Poir. , Sabicea edulis (Rich.) Seem. ex BDJacks. , Sabicea edulis (Rich.) Seem. , Thieleodoxa lanceolata Cham. and Thieleodoxa nitidula Bremek.

There are two varieties :

  • Alibertia edulis var. Edulis with a glossy upper surface and a bald or slightly downy hairy lower surface. The stipules reach a length of 5 to 15 rarely up to 22 millimeters. The natural range is at altitudes of mostly less than 500 meters, in Costa Rica and Panama it also reaches an altitude of 1000 meters and in Brazil 1700 meters.
  • Alibertia edulis var. Premontana (CMTaylor) Delprete & CHPerss. differs from the edulis variety by the matt leaf upper side, the bald underside and the smaller stipules, which are usually only 4 to 7, rarely up to 11 millimeters long. The distribution area is in foothills forests at heights of 800 to 1700 meters.

use

The sweet pulp is edible and is used to make beverages and jelly. The fruits are harvested when they are ripe and brown. Mostly, fruits from wild trees are used, which grow in large stands, especially on the coasts. However, trees are also grown from seeds and then serve as fruit trees, ornamental trees or as shade providers.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ German name after Robert Zander : Zander. Concise dictionary of plant names. Edited by Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold . 18th edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5408-1 , p. 127.
  2. ↑ a b Nowak, Schulz: Pocket dictionary of tropical useful plants and their fruits. P. 28.
  3. ↑ a b c d e Taylor et al .: New Taxa, New Combinations, New Names, and Lectotypification for Several Species Found in Mexico and Central America , 2011, pp. 136, 137.
  4. ^ Alibertia edulis at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  5. ^ A b Alibertia edulis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  6. ↑ a b Nowak, Schulz: Pocket dictionary of tropical useful plants and their fruits. P. 29.
  7. ↑ Genipa edulis. In: The International Plant Name Index. Retrieved December 14, 2014 .
  8. ↑ Alibertia edulis. In: The International Plant Name Index. Retrieved December 14, 2014 .
  9. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , p. 50 (reprint from 1996).
  10. ↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names. Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018, BGBM .
  11. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , pp. 222-223 (reprint from 1996).
  12. ↑ Alibertia edulis. In: The Plant List. Retrieved December 14, 2014 .

literature

  • Food and fruit-bearing forest species. 3: Examples from Latin America , FAO Forestry Paper 44/3, FAO, 1986, ISBN 92-5-102372-7 , p. 7 ff.
  • H. Karsten : Florae Columbiae. Tomus Primus, 1858-1869, pp. 57f, T. 28, online at biodiversitylibrary.org.
  • Alibertia edulis at Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, accessed September 4, 2019.
  • Bernd Nowak, Bettina Schulz: Pocket dictionary of tropical crops and their fruits . Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2009, ISBN 978-3-494-01455-5 , p. 28, 29 .
  • Charlotte M. Taylor, Joaquín Sánchez-González, Barry Hammel et al .: Rubiacearum Americanarum Magna Hama Pars XXVIII: New Taxa, New Combinations, New Names, and Lectotypification for Several Species Found in Mexico and Central America . In: Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature . tape 21 , no. 1 . Missouri Botanical Garden, 2011, p. 133-148 , doi : 10.3417 / 2009129 .

Web links

Commons : Wild Guava  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Alibertia edulis at Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Costa Rica, accessed on September 4, 2019.
  • Alibertia edulis on discoverlife.org, accessed September 4, 2019.
  • Puruí YouTube video, accessed September 4, 2019 (Brazilian).