Scar (botany)

Scars coenocarpic Gynoecean. a crocus , b iris , c laurel willow , d common mallow , e mimulus , f silver poplar , g mouse-tail fescue , h Setaria glauca , i Juncus alpino-articulatus , k small evergreen

Scars of a hibiscus flower on the branches of the style (stylodia) of the style, which is surrounded by a stamen

The scar or the stigma is the upper portion of the punch of the carpel of a flower . It is usually moist and sticky, but it can also be “dry”, often papillary and designed to collect and germinate pollen . Scar secretions can also take on a nectar function.

An undivided scar is referred to as head-shaped, disc-shaped, mushroom-shaped, spherical or with tapering, elongated, tongue-shaped and as thread-like. If the stigma is divided, depending on the depth of the division, it is called multi-lobed (for example in cruciferous vegetables ) or with several columns (for example in crocuses and bluebells ). If the division extends to the stylus , there are several scars. If there is no stylus, the scar is sessile (for example with poppies ). The scars are seldom hidden in a cavity at the end of the stylus; tubular, tubular (tube scars; Paulownia ). The scars can also be ramified; as with some begonias or feathery; as with rice, as well as being funnel-shaped; as with Crocus sativus .

If several seated scars (often radiating) are combined, one speaks of a scar disc , such as B. poppies or water lilies .

Split greenish stigma with still closed stigma lobes on Echinocereus scheeri var. Obscuriensis

Poppy seed capsule with a grain disc

Close up of the stigma of a tulip

In some families, the Lippenblütlerartigen touch scars are formed. When touched by a pollinator or by external stimuli, they either close forever, only temporarily, or open again quickly.

The hyperstigma is a rare form of very few species (e.g. Tambourissa religiosa ). Here the pollination does not take place directly on the scar, but on the upstream and slimy plug, at the "mouth" of a narrowed flower cup , which here completely encloses the carpels.

The position of the scar to the carpels can be different; Commissural , if it corresponds locally to the junction of the carpule margins or carinal , if it corresponds to the back line of the carpel , divided-carinal is also possible .

Prolonged scars as the stylus branches appear, are also as Stylodien construed Stylodia; false stylus .

In some species ( Apocynaceae ) a so-called “clavuncula” is formed, here the style widens directly below the stigma. This is also known as the stylus or scar head.

In some species the scars imitate the anthers or the whole androeceum e.g. B. Begonias to attract pollinators.

literature

Werner Rothmaler : Excursion flora from Germany vascular plants. Volume 2, 15th edition, Volk und Wissen Verlag GmbH, Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-06-012563-5 , p. 28.

Web links

Commons : Scar (botany) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Morphology and anatomy of flowers and inflorescences. Veit M. Dörken , on uni-konstanz.de.

Individual evidence

↑ KR Shivanna, Rajesh Tandon: Reproductive Ecology of Flowering Plants: A Manual. Springer, 2014, ISBN 978-81-322-2002-2 , p. 51 ff.
^ AJ Richards: Plant Breeding Systems. Second Edition, Chapman & Hall, 1997, ISBN 0-412-57440-3 , p. 57.
↑ Valayamghat Raghavan: Molecular Embryology of Flowering Plants. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1997, ISBN 0-521-55246-X , p. 182.
↑ Joachim W. Kadereit a . a .: Strasburger - Textbook of Plant Sciences. 37th edition, Springer, 2014, ISBN 978-3-642-54434-7 , p. 161.
^ ^A ^b Peter K. Endress : Diversity and Evolutionary Biology of Tropical Flowers. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1994, 1998, ISBN 0-521-42088-1 , pp. 73, 187.
↑ Paul Simons: Plants in motion. Springer, 1994, 2014, ISBN 978-3-0348-6184-7 (reprint), p. 69.
↑ Xiao-Fang Jin, Zhong-Ming Ye, Grace M. Amboka et al .: Stigma Sensitivity and the Duration of Temporary Closure Are Affected by Pollinator Identity in Mazus miquelii (Phrymaceae), a Species with Bilobed Stigma. In: Front Plant Sci. 8, 2017, p. 783, doi : 10.3389 / fpls.2017.00783 .
^ FC Newcombe: Significance of the Behavior of Sensitive Stigmas. In: American Journal of Botany. Vol. 9, No. 3, 1922, pp. 99-120, doi : 10.2307 / 2435484 , online (PDF; 1.4 MB) at Deep Blue, UM Library - University of Michigan Library.
↑ Heinz Ellenberg , Karl Esser , Klaus Kubitzki a . a. (Ed.): Progress in Botany / progress of botany. 42, Springer, 1980, ISBN 978-3-642-67875-2 (reprint), p. 51.
^ Focko Weberling : Morphology of Flowers and Inflorescences. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1989, ISBN 0-521-25134-6 , pp. 187-190.

[1] KR Shivanna, Rajesh Tandon: Reproductive Ecology of Flowering Plants: A Manual. Springer, 2014, ISBN 978-81-322-2002-2 , p. 51 ff.

[2] AJ Richards: Plant Breeding Systems. Second Edition, Chapman & Hall, 1997, ISBN 0-412-57440-3 , p. 57.

[3] Valayamghat Raghavan: Molecular Embryology of Flowering Plants. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1997, ISBN 0-521-55246-X , p. 182.

[4] Joachim W. Kadereit a . a .: Strasburger - Textbook of Plant Sciences. 37th edition, Springer, 2014, ISBN 978-3-642-54434-7 , p. 161.

[Endr-5] A ^b Peter K. Endress : Diversity and Evolutionary Biology of Tropical Flowers. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1994, 1998, ISBN 0-521-42088-1 , pp. 73, 187.

[6] Paul Simons: Plants in motion. Springer, 1994, 2014, ISBN 978-3-0348-6184-7 (reprint), p. 69.

[7] Xiao-Fang Jin, Zhong-Ming Ye, Grace M. Amboka et al .: Stigma Sensitivity and the Duration of Temporary Closure Are Affected by Pollinator Identity in Mazus miquelii (Phrymaceae), a Species with Bilobed Stigma. In: Front Plant Sci. 8, 2017, p. 783, doi : 10.3389 / fpls.2017.00783 .

[8] FC Newcombe: Significance of the Behavior of Sensitive Stigmas. In: American Journal of Botany. Vol. 9, No. 3, 1922, pp. 99-120, doi : 10.2307 / 2435484 , online (PDF; 1.4 MB) at Deep Blue, UM Library - University of Michigan Library.

[9] Heinz Ellenberg , Karl Esser , Klaus Kubitzki a . a. (Ed.): Progress in Botany / progress of botany. 42, Springer, 1980, ISBN 978-3-642-67875-2 (reprint), p. 51.

[10] Focko Weberling : Morphology of Flowers and Inflorescences. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1989, ISBN 0-521-25134-6 , pp. 187-190.