hibiscus
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Chinese rose hibiscus ( Hibiscus rosa-sinensis ) |
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Hibiscus ( Hibiscus ) - in German Marshmallow - is a plant kind from the family of mallow (Malvaceae) with about 200-675 species . It is mainly found in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world and originally comes from Asia.
Surname
The German name Eibisch (Middle High German ībesch (e) , Old High German ībisca ) comes from ancient Greek ( ἰβίσκος ibískos ), which in turn probably comes from Celtic. In addition to the genus Hibiskus, marshmallow is also used to denote the genera Althaea and Abelmoschus (muskrat) and the species Eibisch ( Althaea officinalis ).
description
The Hibiscus TYPES grow as annual or perennial herbaceous plants , half-shrubs , bushes and trees . The stalked, simple leaves are lobed in some species. There are stipules present.
The flowers are usually individually in the leaf axils, rarely together in inflorescences . The hermaphrodite flowers are radially symmetrical and five-fold. There is usually an outer cup that can have five or more lobes. Five sepals are usually fused bell-shaped. The five petals can have a wide variety of colors. In the subfamily Malvoideae , the stamens of the many stamens have grown together to form a tube surrounding the pistil, the so-called Columna . The five petals overlap in the bud position twisted ( contort ); they are also fused with their base with the Columna. Five carpels have become an ovary grown. There are five branches of the style with heady scars.
Five-way capsule fruits are formed.
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use
Varieties of some species are used as ornamental plants for parks, gardens and rooms.
The hibiscus flowers are also used as tea. The dried chalices and outer chalices of Hibiscus sabdariffa harvested at the time of fruiting are used . The acids it contains, such as B. citric acid , malic acid , tartaric acid and hibiscus acid (allohydroxycitric acid lactone) result in the sour taste. The contained anthocyanins such. B. Delphinidin and cyanidin color the tea infusion dark red. They are therefore primarily used as corrections for taste and appearance. A popular drink is hibiscus flower tea not only in Egypt and Sudan as Karkadeh (كركديه), but also in Mexico (Agua de Jamaica ). The deep red tea is drunk hot or cold. In the vegetarian cuisine of South Asia (e.g. in Sri Lanka) the hibiscus flower is also used in curry dishes.
Pharmaceutical and toxicological aspects
It has been published that tea made from Hibiscus sabdariffa has an antihypertensive effect. In the Far East, too, it is said to have antihypertensive effects, and in African folk medicine, hibiscus is also used as a tea. Indications such as colds, circulatory problems, eczema, mild laxatives and appetite stimulation have not been proven, but are widely used in folk medicine. Hibiscus has a high concentration of vitamin C .
Pregnant women are advised to avoid tea made from Hibiscus sabdariffa , since animal experiments on rats (but not on humans) have observed bladder and uterine contractions, which could theoretically lead to the loss of the unborn child.
Systematics
The genus Hibiscus was established by Carl von Linné . The scope of the genus Hibiscus is controversial.
There are 200 to 675 species of hibiscus (selection):
- Hibiscus acapulcensis Fryxell : It was first described from Mexico.
- Hibiscus acetosella Welw. ex here : It occurs in tropical Africa and Mauritius.
- Hibiscus arnottianus A. Gray : It was first described from Hawaii.
- Hibiscus bojerianus Baill. : It was first described from Madagascar.
- Hibiscus boryanus DC. : It was first described from Réunion.
- Hibiscus brackenridgei A.Gray : It occurs in two subspecies in Hawaii.
- Hibiscus calyphyllus Cav. : It occurs in Africa and Madagascar.
- Hibiscus cameronii Knowles & Westcott : It was first described from Madagascar.
- Kenaf or East Indian hemp rose ( Hibiscus cannabinus L. ): It is widespread in tropical Africa and Asia. It is occasionally planted in southern Europe.
- Hibiscus cisplatinus A. St.-Hil. : It was first described from Brazil.
- Hibiscus clayi O.Deg. & I.Deg. ; only occurs in Hawaii.
- Hibiscus coccineus Walter : It occurs in Florida and Georgia .
- Hibiscus denudatus Benth. : It was first described from North America.
- Hibiscus diversifolius Jacq. : It occurs in tropical and southern Africa, on Madagascar and Mauritius.
- Hibiscus elatus Sw. , occurs only in Cuba and Jamaica.
- Hibiscus fragilis DC.
- Hibiscus fragrans Roxburgh : It was first described from the Indian subcontinent.
- Hibiscus furcellatus Desr. : It occurs from Florida, Mexico and the islands of the Caribbean to Argentina and Paraguay and also in Hawaii.
- Hibiscus fuscus Garcke
- Hibiscus grandidieri Baill. : It was first described from Madagascar.
- Hibiscus grandiflorus Salisb.
- Hibiscus hamabo Siebold & Zucc. : It occurs in Japan and Korea.
- Hibiscus hasslerianus Hochr. : It was first described from Paraguay.
- Hibiscus hastatus L. f. , occurs only in New Guinea, Fiji, Society Islands, and Hawaii.
- Hibiscus heterophyllus Vent. : It only occurs in Queensland .
- Hibiscus indicus (Burm. F.) Hochr. : It was first described from Java.
- Hibiscus insularis Endl. : This endemic is only found on Phillip Island and is one of the rarest species in the genus.
- Hibiscus laevis Scop. (Syn .: Hibiscus militaris Cav. ): It occurs only in the central and eastern United States.
- Hibiscus lasiocarpos Cav. : It is found in the central and eastern United States, California, and the Mexican state of Chihuahua .
- Hibiscus lavateroides Moric.
- Hibiscus ludwigii Roxb. ex Hornem. , occurs in the Chinese province of Yunnan, the Philippines, India, Bangladesh, Indochina, Indonesia, Singapore and Hawaii.
- Marsh flesh ( Hibiscus moscheutos L. ): It occurs in the USA.
- Almond ( Hibiscus mutabilis L. ): It is tree-like with large, five-lobed leaves and large, axillary flowers, which are white when they open in the morning, rose-red at noon and purple-red in the evening. It occurs in China, Japan and Taiwan.
- Hibiscus palustris L. , native to: North America, Portugal, Italy, France, Algeria. Some authors also call it the subspecies Hibiscus moscheutos subsp. palustris (L.) RTClausen to Hibiscus moscheutos .
- Hibiscus paramutabilis L. H. Bailey : It occurs in China.
- Hibiscus pedunculatus L. f. : It occurs in South Africa, Swaziland and Mozambique.
- Hibiscus physaloides Guill. & Perr. : It was first described from tropical Africa.
- Hibiscus platanifolius (Willd.) Sweet : It occurs only in India, Nepal and Sri Lanka.
- Hibiscus radiatus Cav. : It occurs in India, Bangladesh and Myanmar.
- Chinese rose hibiscus ( Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. ): The home is probably tropical Asia.
- Roselle ( Hibiscus sabdariffa L. ): The home is probably tropical Africa.
- Hibiscus schizopetalus (Dyer) Hook. f. : It occurs in Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique.
- Hibiscus scotellii Baker f. : It was first described from Sierra Leone.
- Hibiscus scottii Balf. f. : It was first described from Socotra.
- Hawk hibiscus ( Hibiscus syriacus L. ): The home is China and Taiwan. The species is however often planted in southern and central Europe and is a neophyte in many countries.
- Hour flower ( Hibiscus trionum L. ): It occurs in Europe, Africa and Asia, but the exact homeland is unknown.
- Hibiscus waimeae A.Heller : It occurs in several subspecies in Hawaii.
Depending on the author, the following is no longer included in the genus Hibiscus :
- Linden-leaved marshmallow ( Hibiscus tiliaceus L. ) → Talipariti tiliaceum (L.) Fryxell : It occurs in Africa, Asia, Australia, on islands in the Pacific and from Mexico and the islands of the Caribbean to Central and South America.
literature
- The genus in the Flora of Pakistan (English).
- Ya Tang, Michael G. Gilbert, Laurence J. Dorr: Malvaceae : Hibiscus , p. 264 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 12: Hippocastanaceae through Theaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2007, ISBN 978-1-930723-64-1 .
- Information about medical use on the portal of a manufacturer of beverages with ingredients from organic farming.
- David Allardice Webb: Hibiscus L. In: Thomas Gaskell Tutin u. a .: Flora Europaea . Volume 2. Cambridge University Press 1968, pp. 255-256.
- Walter Erhardt among others: The big pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names . Volume 2. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
- Max Wichtl : Tea drugs and phytopharmaceuticals: a practical manual on a scientific basis. 5th edition. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8047-2369-6 .
Individual evidence
- ^ David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses . 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press 2008, page 406. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4
- ↑ Hibiskus, rose marshmallow on My Beautiful Garden ; accessed on August 15, 2014
- ↑ H. Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 1976, ISBN 978-3-0348-7651-3 , p. 194, ( reading sample )
- ↑ [1] , accessed on May 15, 2016.
- ↑ M. Haji Faraji, AH Haji Tarkhani (1999): The effect of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on essential hypertension . Journal of Ethnopharmacology 65 (3): 231-236.
- ↑ Inês Da Costa-Rocha, Bernd Bonnlaender, Hartwig Sievers, Ivo Pischel, Michael Heinrich (2014): Hibiscus sabdariffa L. in the treatment of hypertension and hyperlipidemia: A comprehensive review of animal and human studies Food Chemistry 165: 424-443.
- ^ Max Wichtl: Tea drugs and phytopharmaceuticals .
- ↑ Hibiscus application at Gesundheit.de, accessed on May 15, 2016.
- ^ Max Wichtl: Tea drugs and phytopharmaceuticals .
- ↑ Hibiscus application at Gesundheit.de, accessed on May 15, 2016.
- ↑ E. Ernst. Herbal medicinal products during pregnancy: are they safe? British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 109: 227-235. (2002)
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Hibiscus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
- ↑ a b c d The International Plant Names Index. [2]
