Malvoideae
Malvoideae | ||||||||||||
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Wild mallow ( Malva sylvestris ), illustration |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Malvoideae | ||||||||||||
Burnett |
Malvoideae is a subfamily within the plant family of the Mallow family (Malvaceae). The varieties of some species are used as ornamental plants .
description
Vegetative characteristics
They are mostly woody plants. The simple leaves have serrated or smooth edges.
Generative characteristics
Many genera have a secondary chalice. The hermaphroditic, five-fold flowers have a double flower envelope . In the subfamily Malvoideae, the many stamens have grown together to form a tube ( columna ) surrounding the pistil .
Systematics
The subfamily of the Malvoideae was set up in 1835 by Gilbert Thomas Burnett in Outlines of Botany , pp. 816, 1094, 1118 under the name "Malvidae".
The subfamily of the Malvoideae includes about 78 genera with about 1670 species. The species-richest genus within this subfamily is with about 550 species hibiscus ( Hibiscus ). The subfamily Malvoideae is divided into four tribes; two other genera are not assigned to any tribe:
- Tribus Malveae
J. Presl : It contains about 69 genera:
- Abutilon Mill . : There are 100 to 160 species; many species arecalled beautiful mallow , well-known species are velvet poplar and room maple
- Acaulimalva Krapov. : The approximately 19 species thrive in the Andes .
- Akrosida Fryxell & Fuertes : Of the only two species, one occurs in Brazil and the other only in the Dominican Republic.
- Hollyhocks ( Alcea L. ): The 50 or so species are distributed from the Mediterranean to Central Asia.
- Allosidastrum ( top right ) Krapov., Fryxell & DMBates : The four or so species are common in the Neotropic .
- Allowissadula D.M.Bates : The nine or so species occur from Texas to Mexico .
- Marshmallow ( Althaea L. ): The twelve or so species are common in Eurasia .
- Andeimalva J.A.Tate : The four or so species thrive in the Andes .
- Mock mallow ( Anisodontea C. Presl ): The 19 or so species occur in South Africa.
- Anoda Cav. : The ten or so species are common in the Neotropic.
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Asterotrichion Klotzsch : It contains only one species:
- Asterotrichion discolor (Hook.) Melville : This endemic occurs only in Tasmania .
- Bakeridesia Hochr. : The approximately 13 species are common in Central America .
- Bastardia Kunth : The eight or so species are common in the Neotropics.
- Bastardiastum (Rose) DMBates : The six or so species occur in Mexico.
- Bastardiopsis (K.Schum.) Hassl. : The six or so species are common in South America .
- Batesimalva Fryxell : There are about two species in Mexico.
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Billieturnera Fryxell : it contains only one species:
- Billieturnera helleri (Rose) Fryxell : It occurs from southeast Texas to northeast Mexico .
- Briquetia Hochr. : The four or so species are common in the New World.
- Callirhoe Nutt. : The eight or so species are common in North America .
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Calyculogygas Krapov. : It contains only one type:
- Calyculogygas uruguayensis Krapov. : It occurs in Uruguay .
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Calyptraemalva Krapov. : It contains only one type:
- Calyptraemalva catharinensis Krapov. : It occurs only in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina .
- Corynabutilon (K.Schum.) Kearney : The seven or so species occur in Argentina and Chile .
- Cristaria Cav. : The approximately 75 species are common in South America.
- Dendrosida Fryxell : The approximately seven species occur in Mexico, Colombia and Venezuela.
- Dirhamphis Krapov. : The two species occur in Bolivia and Paraguay .
- Eremalche Greene : The four or so species occur in the USA.
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Fryxellia D.M.Bates : It contains only one species:
- Fryxellia pygmaea (Correll) DMBates : It occurs in southwestern North America.
- Fuertesimalva Fryxell : The approximately 13 species are distributed from Central to South America and are found in the Galapagos .
- Gaya Kunth : The 20 or so species are found in the New World and New Zealand .
- Gynatrix Alef. : The two species occur in southeastern Australia.
- Herissantia medic. : The six or so species are mainly found in the Neotropic.
- Hochreutinera Krapov. : The two types are distributed from Mexico to South America.
- Hoheria A. Cunn. : The three to six species occur in New Zealand (and the Kermadec Islands ).
- Horsfordia A.Gray : The four or so species occur in southwestern North America.
- Iliamna Greene : The seven or so species are common in North America.
- Kearnemalvastrum D M.Bates : The two types are common in Central America.
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Kitaibela Willd. : It contains about two types:
- Kitaibela vitifolia Willd. : It only occurs on the Balkan Peninsula .
- Kitaibela balansae Boiss. : It occurs in the Middle East .
- Krapovickasia Fryxell : The four or so species are distributed from Central to South America.
- Bush poplars ( Lavatera L. ): The 5 to 25 species are distributed from Macaronesia and the Mediterranean to Central and South Asia.
- Lawrencia Hook. : The twelve or so species are common in Australia (including Tasmania ).
- Lecanophora Speg. : The approximately five species occur in Argentina .
- Malacothamnus Greene : The approximately 20 species are widespread in North, Central and South America.
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Funnel mallow ( Malope L. ): There are about four species in the Mediterranean area:
- Malope anatolica Huber-Morath : It occurs only in Asia Minor .
- Malope malacoides L .: The approximately six subspecies occur in the Mediterranean area.
- Malope rhodoleuca Maire : It occurs only in Morocco .
- Malope trifida Cav. : It occurs only in the Mediterranean area.
- Mallow ( Malva L. ): It contains about 25 species.
- Malvastrum A.Gray : It contains about 14 species.
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Malvella Jaub. & Spach : The four species have a disjoint area, including in the Mediterranean area:
- Malvella sherardiana (L.) Jaub. & Spach
- Meximalva Fryxell : There are about two species from the USA to Mexico.
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Modiola Moench : It contains only one species:
- Modiola caroliniana (L.) G.Don : It is originally native to the New World and is a neophyte in many countries such as Spain and Portugal.
- Modiolastrum K.Schum. : The seven or so species are common in South America.
- Monteiroa Krapov. : The five or so species are common in tropical South America.
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Napaea L .: It probably only contains one species:
- Napaea dioica L .: It occurs in the USA.
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Neobaclea Hochr. : It contains only one type:
- Neobaclea crispifolia (Cav.) Krapov. : It only occurs in Patagonia .
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Neobrittonia Hochr. : It contains only one type:
- Neobrittonia acerifolia (G.Don) Hochr. : It occurs in Mexico.
- Nototriche Turcz. : The approximately 100 species are common in South America.
- Palaua Cav. : The approximately 15 species thrive in the Andes .
- Periptera DC. : The four or so species occur in Mexico.
- Phymosia Desv. ex Ham. : With about eight species that occur in Central America
- Plagianthus J.R. Forst . & G.Forst. : With two species in New Zealand (and the chatham islands)
- Pseudabutilon R.E.Fr. : The 18 or so species are common in the New World.
- Rhynchosida Fryxell : The roughly two species are common in the New World.
- Robinsonella Rose & Baker f. : The approximately 14 species are common in Central America.
- Sida L .: There are around 200 species.
- Sidalcea A.Gray : The approximately 20 species are common in North America.
- Sidasodes Fryxell & Fuertes : The roughly two species are common in South America.
- Sidastrum Baker f. : The seven or so species are common in the Neotropic.
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Sphaeralcea A. St.-Hil. : The approximately 60 species are common in the New World, for example:
- Sphaeralcea procera Ced.Porter
- Tarasa Phil .: The 25 or so species thrive in the Andes .
- Tetrasida Ulbr. : The four or so species are common in South America.
- Wissadula medic. : The approximately 25 to 30 species are mainly distributed in the Neotropic.
- Tribus Gossypieae: It contains about eleven genera since 2016:
- Alyogyne Aleph. : The four or so species occur in Australia.
- Azanza Aleph. : This genus, reactivated in 2016, contains only two species in the Paleotropic .
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Cephalohibiscus Ulbr. : It contains only one type:
- Cephalohibiscus peekelii Ulbr. : It occurs in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands .
- Cienfuegosia Cav. : The approximately 25 species occur in the New World and Africa.
- Gossypioides Skovst. ex JBHutch. : Of the only two species, one occurs in East Africa and the other in Madagascar .
- Cotton ( Gossypium L. ): The species-richest genus of the tribe: divided into four sub-genera with around 50 species. The distribution is pantropical , mostly in arid habitats .
- Hampea Schltdl. : The 20or sospecies are distributed from Central America to northern South America .
- Kokia Lewton : There are about four species in Hawaii .
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Lebronnecia Fosberg : it contains only one species:
- Lebronnecia kokioides Fosberg & Sachet : This endemic only occurs on the Marquesas Islands.
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Thepparatia Phuph : it contains only one species:
- Thepparatia thailandica Phuph : It occurs in Thailand .
- Tropical hibiscus ( Thespesia Sol. Ex Corrêa ): The only 16 species left since 2016 are widespread in the tropics.
- Tribe Hibisceae: It contains about 27 to 30 genera:
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Abelmoschus medic. : The approximately 15 species thrive in tropical and subtropical areas in the eastern hemisphere. Some species are called muskrat. This subheading includes B .:
- Okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench )
- Cassava muskrat ( Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. )
- Anotea (DC.) Kunth : One or two species are found in Mexico.
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Cenocentrum Gagnep. : It contains only one type:
- Cenocentrum tonkinense Gagnepain : It occurs in southern China, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam
- Decaschistia Wight & Arn. : The two to ten species are common in tropical Asia.
- Fioria Mattei : With up to four species that occur in Africa and Asia
- Goethea Nees (incorporatedinto the genus Pavonia by some authors): With about two species in Brazil
- Helicteropsis Hochr. : There are about two species in Madagascar.
- Hibiscadelphus Rock : The four or so species are found in Hawaii .
- Hibiscus ( Hibiscus L. ): Depending on the author, this genus contains 300 to over 500 species. The extent of this genus, which is called polyphyletic in most studies, is controversial.
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Humbertianthus Hochr. : It contains only one type:
- Humbertianthus cardiostegius Hochr. : It occurs in Madagascar.
- Humbertiella Hochr. : The three or so species occur in Madagascar.
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Kosteletzkya C.Presl : The 30 or so species are common in the New World, Africa and Madagascar. One species also occurs in southern Europe:
- Kosteletzkya pentacarpos (L.) Ledeb.
- Macrostelia Hochr. : About three species occur in Madagascar and one species in Queensland .
- Malachra L .: The nine or so species are common in the Neotropic .
- Malvaviscus Fabr .: The five or so species are common in the Neotropics.
- Megistostegium Hochr. : The roughly three species found in Madagascar.
- Papuodendron C.T.White : One or two species occur in New Guinea .
- Pavonia Cav. : The extent of this genus is controversial, it contains about 150 species.
- Peltaea (C.Presl) Standl. : The four or so species are common in the Neotropics.
- Perrierophytum Hochr. : The approximately nine species occur in Madagascar.
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Phragmocarpidium Krapov. : It contains only one type:
- Phragmocarpidium heringeri Krapov. : It occurs in Brazil.
- Radyera Bullock : Of the only two species, one occurs in Australia and the other in South Africa .
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Rojasimalva Fryxell : it contains only one species:
- Rojasimalva tetrahedralis Fryxell : It occurs only in Venezuela .
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Senra Cav. : It contains only one type:
- Senra incana Cav. : It occurs in East Africa , on the Arabian Peninsula and on Socotra .
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Symphyochlamys Gürke : It contains only one species:
- Symphyochlamys erlangeri Gürke : It is widespread in tropical Africa.
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Talipariti Fryxell (alsocountedas part of Hibiscus by some authors): The 17 to 24 species are common in the tropics, mainly in Southeast Asia. Including:
- Linden-leaved marshmallow ( Talipariti tiliaceum (L.) Fryxell , Syn .: Hibiscus tiliaceus L. )
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Urena L .: The six or so species are distributed in tropical and subtropical areas, for example:
- Congojute ( Urena lobata L. )
- Wercklea Pittier & Standl. : The twelve species are common in the Neotropic.
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Abelmoschus medic. : The approximately 15 species thrive in tropical and subtropical areas in the eastern hemisphere. Some species are called muskrat. This subheading includes B .:
- Tribe Kydieae: It contains about four genera:
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Dicellostyles Benth. : It probably contains only one species:
- Dicellostyles axillaris (Thwaites) Bentham : It occurs only in Sri Lanka .
- Julostylis Thwaites : The one to three species that occur in India and Sri Lanka.
- Kydia Roxb. : The only two types are common in India, Bhutan , Myanmar, China, Cambodia and Vietnam.
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Nayariophyton T.K.Paul : It contains only one species:
- Nayariophyton zizyphifolium (Griffith) DGLong & AGMiller : It is distributed in India, Bhutan, Thailand and in southern China only in Zhenkang in southwestern Yunnan.
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Dicellostyles Benth. : It probably contains only one species:
- The two genera are not assigned to any tribe:
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Howittia F. Mueller : It contains only one species:
- Howittia trilocularis F.Mueller : It occurs in southeastern Australia.
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Jumelleanthus Hochr. : It contains only one type:
- Jumelleanthus perrieri Hochr. : It only occurs in Madagascar .
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Howittia F. Mueller : It contains only one species:
swell
- Description of the family Malvaceae and even there the subfamily Malvoideae in APWebsite . (Sections systematics and description)
- Stewart Robert Hinsley: Classification: Overview at Malvaceae Info . (Section systematics)
- BE Pfeil, MD Crisp: What to do with Hibiscus? A proposed nomenclatural resolution for a large and well known genus of Malvaceae and comments on paraphyly. , In: Australian Systematic Botany , Volume 18, Issue 1, 2005, pp. 49-60. doi : 10.1071 / SB04024 online.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Malvoideae at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 12, 2014.
- ↑ Malvoideae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. 3. Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
- ↑ a b c d B. Valdés, 2011: Malvaceae. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity . Retrieved February 12, 2014
- ↑ a b Fabiola Areces-Berazain, JD Ackerman: Phylogenetics, delimitation and historical biogeography of the pantropical tree genus Thespesia (Malvaceae, Gossypieae). In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 181, Issue 2, June 2016, pp. 171-198. doi : 10.1111 / boj.12414
- ^ BE Pfeil, MD Crisp: What to do with Hibiscus? A proposed nomenclatural resolution for a large and well known genus of Malvaceae and comments on paraphyly. , In: Australian Systematic Botany , Volume 18, Issue 1, 2005, pp. 49-60. doi : 10.1071 / SB04024 online.
- ↑ David Webb Alladice: Kosteletzkya C. Presl. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 2: Rosaceae to Umbelliferae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1968, ISBN 0-521-06662-X , pp. 256 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
- ↑ Paul A. Fryxell & Shariful H. Hashmi: The segregation of Radyera from Hibiscus (Malvaceae). In: Botanical Gazette , Volume 132, Issue 1, 1971, pp. 57-62.
- ↑ a b Ya Tang, Michael G. Gilbert & Laurence J. Dorr: Malvaceae , pp. 264–302 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 12 - Hippocastanaceae through Theaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2007, ISBN 978-1-930723-64-1