Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu

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Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu
Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu, bust created by David d'Angers (1837)

Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu (born April 12, 1748 in Lyon , † September 17, 1836 in Paris ) was a French botanist . Its official botanical author abbreviation is “ Juss. “His main work is Genera Plantarum, published in 1789, in which he established a natural plant system. His son Adrien de Jussieu was also a botanist and took over the management of the Jardin des Plantes in 1826 .

Live and act

Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu was a son of the pharmacist Christophe de Jussieu (1685–1758), the older brother of Antoine , Bernard and Joseph de Jussieu . In 1765 he moved to Paris to continue his studies at the Jardin du Roi under the care of his uncle Bernard de Jussieu . At the medical faculty of the University of Reims Jussieu presented two papers on April 14, 1769 and November 29, 1769, which finally ended on December 1, 1769 with the defense of the writing An quinque medicinae partes medico necessariae under Henri-Jacques Macquart (1726–1768 ) culminated in his graduation as a doctor of medicine. When Louis Guillaume Le Monnier returned to Paris in 1770 he was his deputy at the Department of Botany at the Jardin du Roi. At the same time, Jussieu continued his studies at the medical faculty of the University of Paris . There he presented a “thèse quodlibétaire” on November 22, 1770 under Charles-Jacques-Louis Coquereau (1744–1796), in which he compared animal and plant physiology. On January 30, 1772 under François Thiery and on March 10, 1772 under Anne-Charles Lorry (1726–1783), Jussieu defended the preparatory work necessary for a doctorate , which he obtained on October 7, 1772.

Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu's first botanical writing from 1773 dealt with a re-evaluation of the taxonomy of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). In it he developed general ideas for a new system of plants . In 1774 he described in an essay the new arrangement of plants used in the Jardin du Roi, which essentially corresponded to the one applied in 1758 by his uncle Bernard in the garden of Petit Trianon . In addition, he dealt with the taxonomic order above the level of the plant family. In 1777 he succeeded his uncle Bernard de Jussieu as a sub-demonstrator ("sous-demonstrateur de l'extérieur des plantes") at the Jardin du Roi. In the following years Jussieu examined the plant material available in the Jardin du Roi and its herbarium . He also used the plants collected by Philibert Commerson in the tropics, had access to parts of the Joseph Banks collection and was in contact with James Edward Smith , who had acquired Carl von Linné's herbarium. The result of these investigations was his work Genera Plantarum , published in 1789 . In it, Jussieu linked his descriptions of the plant genera on the basis of a large number of correlating characteristics to a natural plant systematics that replaced the Linnaeus system within a few decades . Among the most active proponents of the system developed by Jussieu were Robert Brown and Augustin-Pyrame de Candolle .

During the French Revolution , Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu was municipal representative and administrator of hospitals and hospices from 1790 to 1792. After the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle was founded in 1793 , he was appointed to the chair of botany and in 1800 succeeded Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton as director of the museum. In this position Jussieu met Alexander von Humboldt personally, who had quoted a quote from him in front of his "Aphorisms from the chemical physiology of plants" from 1794. From 1804 Jussieu was the successor of Bernard Peyrilhe (1737-1804) professor of materia medica . By royal order he had to vacate this post in 1823 for Jacques Clarion (1776–1844). When he was offered the chair again in 1830, Jussieu declined and the professorship went to Achille Richard .

Jussieu wrote a number of articles for the Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles published from 1816 to 1830 .

Memberships and honors

On March 22, 1773, the Académie des Sciences elected him to succeed Michel Adanson as "Adjoint botanist" as a member. On December 22, 1782 he moved up again for Adanson as "Associé botaniste" and was after the reorganization of April 23, 1785 "Associé de la classe de botanique et agriculure". On February 26, 1786, Jussieu was to replace the late Jean-Étienne Guettard "Pensionnaire de la classe de botanique et agriculure". In 1790 Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu was deputy director and in 1791 director of the Académie des sciences. On December 9, 1795 he was elected "Membre résidant" of the section "Botanique et physique vetegable" of the 1st class of the Institut National des Sciences et Arts . From 1798 to 1799 Jussieu was president of this class during the first semester. In 1807 he was elected a foreign member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences .

On December 27, 1820 he was elected as an honorary member of the Académie Royale de Médecine . The Royal Society accepted him on January 29, 1829 as a foreign member. The asteroid (9470) Jussieu was named in honor of him and Bernard , Joseph and Adrien-Henri-Laurent de Jussieu.

Fonts (selection)

Title page of Jussieu's main work Genera Plantarum , published in 1789
theses
  • At generatio natura arcanum . Jeunhomme, Reims 1769.
  • An casti rarius aegrotant facilius curantur . Reims 1769.
  • An quinque medicinae partes medico necessariae . Reims 1769.
  • An oeconomiam animalum inter et vegetalem analogía? Quillau, Paris 1770.
  • To inveteratis alvi fluxibus simarouba . Quillau, Paris 1772.
  • Herbis, an ferro promptior tutiorque abscessuum a congestione curatio . Quillau, Paris 1772.
  • An morbi epidemici frequentius saeviant in urbibus? in ruri? .
Fonts
  • Examen de la famille des Renoncules. In: Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences. Année 1773 . Paris 1777, pp. 214-240 ( online ).
  • Exposition d'un nouvel ordre de plantes adopte dans les demonstrations du jardin royal. In: Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences. Année 1774 . Paris 1777, pp. 175-197 ( online ).
  • Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam . Paris 1789 ( online ).
  • Notice Historique sur le Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. In: Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris 1802–1808:
    • Part 1: Volume 1, 1802, pp. 1-14 ( online ).
    • Part 2: Volume 2, 1803, pp. 1-16 ( online ).
    • Part 3: Volume 3, 1804, pp. 1-17 ( online ).
    • Part 4: Volume 4, 1804, pp. 1-19 ( online ).
    • Part 5: Volume 6, 1805, pp. 1-20 ( online ).
    • Part 6: Volume 11, 1808, pp. 1-41 ( online ).
  • Méthode Naturelle des Végétaux. In: Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles. Volume 30, Strasbourg / Paris 1824, pp. 426-468 ( online ).
  • Introductio in historiam plantarum. In: Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Botanique. 2nd Series, Volume 8, 1837, pp. 97-160 and pp. 193-239 ( online ; published posthumously).
  • Mémoire sur les caractères généraux de familles tirés des graines, et confirmés ou rectifiés par les observations de Gautner .
    • In: Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris 1804-1813:
      • Part 1: Volume 5, 1804, pp. 216-228 ( online ).
      • Part 2: Volume 5, 1804, pp. 246-265 ( online ).
      • Part 3: Volume 5, 1804, pp. 417-429 ( online ).
      • Part 4: Volume 6, 1805, pp. 307-324 ( online ).
      • Part 5: Volume 7, 1806, pp. 373-392 ( online ).
      • Part 6: Volume 8, 1806, pp. 170-186 ( online ).
      • Part 7: Volume 10, 1807, pp. 307-332 ( online ).
      • Part 8: Volume 12, 1808, pp. 285-303 ( online ).
      • Part 9: Volume 16, 1810, pp. 169-180 ( online ).
      • Part 10: Volume 18, 1811, pp. 472-487 ( online ).
      • Part 11: Volume 20, 1813, pp. 459-468 ( online ).
    • In: Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle . Paris 1815-1819:
      • Part 12: Volume 2, 1815, pp. 436-443 ( online ).
      • Part 13: Volume 3, 1817, pp. 436-448 ( online ).
      • Part 13: Volume 5, 1819, pp. 226-248 ( online ).
      • Note: Volume 5, 1819, p. 247 f. ( online ).

literature

  • Edmond Bonnet: La famille médicale des de Jussieu et les thèses d'Antoine Laurent . Champion, Paris 1910.
  • Adolphe Brongniart: Notice historique sur Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu. In Annales des sciences naturelles. Botanique . 2nd episode, Volume 7, 1837, pp. 5-24 ( online ).
  • Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens : Éloge historique d'Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu. In: Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences . Volume 17, 1840, pp. I-LX (on- line ).
  • Françoise Huguet: Les professeurs de la Faculté de médecine de Paris. Dictionnaire biographique 1794–1939 . INRP / CNRS, Paris 1991, ISBN 2-222-04527-4 .
  • Georg August Pritzel : Thesaurus literaturae botanicae . FA Brockhaus, Leipzig 1872– [1877] p. 160 ( online ).
  • Frans Antonie Stafleu : Jussieu, Antoine-Laurent De. In: Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography . Volume 7, Charles Scribner's Sons, Detroit 2008, pp. 198 f. ( online ).
  • Frans Antonie Stafleu, Richard Sumner Cowan: Taxonomic literature. A selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types. Volume 2: H – Le, 2nd edition. Utrecht 1979, ISBN 90-313-0343-7 , pp. 477-479 ( online ).
  • Peter Francis Stevens: The Development of Biological Systematics. Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu, Nature, and the Natural System. Columbia University Press, New York 1994, ISBN 0-231-06440-3 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Noé Legrand: La collection des thèses de l'ancienne Faculté de médecine de Paris depuis 1539 et son catalog inédit jusqu'en 1793. Documents sur l'histoire de la Faculté pendant la Révolution . Champion, Paris 1914, p. 115 ( online ).
  2. ^ Noé Legrand: La collection des thèses de l'ancienne Faculté de médecine de Paris depuis 1539 et son catalog inédit jusqu'en 1793. Documents sur l'histoire de la Faculté pendant la Révolution . Champion, Paris 1914, p. 121 ( online ).
  3. ^ Noé Legrand: La collection des thèses de l'ancienne Faculté de médecine de Paris depuis 1539 et son catalog inédit jusqu'en 1793. Documents sur l'histoire de la Faculté pendant la Révolution . Champion, Paris 1914, p. 122 ( online ).
  4. ↑ Alexander von Humboldt: Aphorisms from the chemical physiology of plants . Voss, Leipzig 1794 ( mpg.de ).
  5. ↑ Index biographique de l'Académie des sciences du 22 December 1666 au 1st October 1978 et Supplément 1978-1993 . 2 volumes, Gauthier-Villars, Paris 1979/1994.
  6. ↑ Holger Krahnke: The members of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen 1751-2001 (= Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, Philological-Historical Class. Volume 3, Vol. 246 = Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, Mathematical-Physical Class. Episode 3, vol. 50). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2001, ISBN 3-525-82516-1 , p. 126.
  7. ^ Maurice Genty: Index biographique des membres, des associés et des correspondants de l'Academie de médecine de 1820 à 1970 . 2nd edition, Doin, Paris 1972.
  8. ^ Lutz D. Schmadel: Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. Volume 1, 5th revised and expanded edition. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2003, ISBN 3-540-00238-3 , p. 693.

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personal data
SURNAME Jussieu, Antoine-Laurent de
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French botanist
DATE OF BIRTH April 12, 1748
PLACE OF BIRTH Lyon
DATE OF DEATH September 17, 1836
Place of death Paris