Flushing

Flushing
	Levantine madder root ( Rubia peregrina ), flowers
Systematics
	Euasterids I
Order :	Enzianartige (Gentianales)
Family :	Red family (Rubiaceae)
Subfamily :	Rubioideae
Tribe :	Rubieae
Genre :	Flushing
Scientific name
	Rubia
	L.

The red fever or madder ( Rubia ) are a genus of plants within the red family (Rubiaceae). The 60 to 80 species are widespread in the Old World in Africa and Eurasia . The roots of the species of the genus contain a red dye from which the so-called madder lakes are obtained.

description

Illustration of the common dye ( Rubia tinctorum )

Vegetative characteristics

The blushes are perennial herbaceous plants or subshrubs , many species are climbing plants . The stem axis is usually covered with rough or spiky hair.

The leaves are whorled and lanceolate or obovate with a sharp tip. The stipules of the opposite leaves are fused together and form so-called interpetiolar stipples.

Generative characteristics

The flowers stand together in terminal or lateral trugdoldigen inflorescences . The mostly relatively small, hermaphrodite or rarely unisexual flowers are radial symmetry and usually five-fold. The calyx is reduced, the four or five petals are fused into a tube in the lower area. The crown is heady or round. The ovary is underneath and consists of two fused carpels , the stigma is also in two parts.

There are beer-like schizocarps formed ellipsoidal in two, almost spherical or plano-convex, one-seeded drupes share.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Rubia was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, p. 109. Type species is Rubia tinctorum L.

The genus Rubia belongs to the subtribe Rubiinae from the tribe Rubieae in the subfamily Rubioideae in the family Rubiaceae .

The genus Rubia is widespread in the Old World in Africa and Eurasia , but no species occurs naturally in the New World and Australia. There are 39 species in China, 21 of them only there.

The internal system is controversially discussed. The genus Rubia is divided into sections, for example:

Section Campylanthera Pojark. , for example with Rubia florida
Section Oligoneura Pojark. , for example with Rubia cordifolia , Rubia horrida , Rubia oncotricha

Asiatic madder ( Rubia argyi )

Rubia chinensis f. chinensis

Indian madder ( Rubia cordifolia )

Ripe fruits of the Indian madder ( Rubia cordifolia )

Shrubby madder ( Rubia fruticosa )

Habit and leaves of the shrubby madder ( Rubia fruticosa )

Rubia horrida with fruit

Burdock madder ( Rubia peregrina )

Rubia tenuifolia

True dye ( Rubia tinctorum )

The genus Rubia contains 60 to 80 species :

Rubia agostinhoi Dans. & P.Silva : It only occurs in the Azores .
Rubia aitchisonii Deb & Malick : It occurs in Afghanistan .
Rubia alaica Pachom. : It is common in Central Asia.
Rubia alata Wall. : It is common in China and Nepal and Taiwan .
Rubia albicaulis Boiss. : It only occurs in western Iran .
Rubia angustisissima Wall. ex G.Don : It occurs in Myanmar .
Asiatic madder ( Rubia argyi (H.Lév. & Vaniot) Hara ex Lauener , Syn .: Rubia akane Nakai , Rubia chekiangensis Deb , Rubia nankotaizana Masam. ): It is common in China, Taiwan, Korea and Japan .
Rubia atropurpurea Decne. : This endemic occurs only in Kashmir .
Rubia austrozhejiangensis Z.P.Lei, YYZhou & RWWang : It wasfirst describedin 2013 from the Chinese province of Zhejiang .
Rubia balearica (arbitrary) Porta : The two subspecies only occur in the Balearic Islands .
- Rubia balearica (Willk.) Porta subsp. balearica
- Rubia balearica subsp. caespitosa (Font Quer & Marcos) Rosselló, L.Sáez & Mus (Syn .: Rubia angustifolia var. caespitosa Font Quer & Marcos , Rubia angustifolia subsp. caespitosa (Font Quer & Marcos) Rosselló , Rubia caespitosa (Font Quer & Marcos) Rosselló ): This endemic occurs only on the island of Cabrera .
Rubia caramanica Bornm. : It occurs in Iran.
Rubia charifolia Wall. ex G.Don : It occurs in the Himalayas .
Rubia chinensis Regel & Maack : The two forms are common in eastern and northern China, Korea , Russia's Far East and Japan.
- Rubia chinensis f. chinensis (Syn .: Rubia chinensis f. mitis (Miq.) Kitag. )
- Rubia chinensis f. glabrescens (Nakai) Kitag.
Honoring Rubia chitralensis . : It is common in Xinjiang , Afghanistan , Pakistan , Tajikistan and Uzbekistan .

Rubia clematidifolia flower ex Decne. : It only occurs on Java .

Indian madder or Tibetan madder ( Rubia cordifolia L. ): The two subspecies are widespread in Greece and from Sudan to southern Africa and in Asia from the Indian subcontinent to the Himalayas to Afghanistan as well as China and Southeast Asia .

Rubia cordifolia subsp. conotricha (Gand.) Verdc. : It occurs from southern Sudan to southern Africa.
Rubia cordifolia subsp. cordifolia : It occurs from Greece to Asia.

Rubia crassipes Collett & Hemsl. : It occurs in Yunnan , Myanmar and Thailand .

Rubia cretacea Pojark. : It occurs in Kazakhstan .

Rubia danaensis Danin : This endemic occurs only in southwestern Jordan .

Honoring Rubia davisiana . : It occurs only in southwestern Turkey .

Rubia deserticola Pojark. : It occurs in Kazakhstan and in the Kazakh Ili Autonomous Districtin Xinjiang.

Rubia discolor Turcz. : It occurs in Eritrea and Ethiopia .

Rubia dolichophylla Schrenk : It is common in Xinjiang , Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan , Tajikistan and Iran.

Rubia edgeworthii Hook. f. : It occurs in northern India and in the Chinese provinces of Guangxi ( Longlin only), Sichuan ( Miyi only), Yunnan ( Heqing only).

Rubia falciformis H.S.Lo : This endemic thrives in damp locations in forests at altitudes of around 1100 meters only in Lianghe County in the Dehong Autonomous District in Yunnan .

Rubia filiformis F.C. How ex HSLo : This endemic thrives in forests at altitudes of 1000 to 1500 meters only in Malipo in Yunnan.

Rubia florida Boiss. : It occurs in Iran, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan .

Shrubby madder ( Rubia fruticosa Aiton ): It occurs in the Canary Islands , Madeira and Selvagens .

Rubia garrettii Craib : It occurs in Thailand .

Rubia gedrosiaca Bornm. : It occurs from southeastern Iran to western Pakistan.

Rubia haematantha Airy Shaw : It thrives on dry and stony meadows at altitudes of 3000 to 3800 meters in Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan.

Rubia hexaphylla (Makino) Makino : It occurs in Japan and Korea.

Rubia himalayensis Klotzsch : It occurs from Afghanistan to the western Himalayas.

Rubia hispidicaulis D.G.Long : It occurs in the eastern Himalayas.

Rubia horrida (Thunb.) Puff : It occurs from southern Africa to Zimbabwe .

Rubia infundibularis Hemsl. & Lace : It occurs from Afghanistan to India and in Oman .

Rubia jesoensis (Miq.) Miyabe & Kudo : It occurs from Russia's Far East to northern Korea and northern and central Japan.

Rubia komarovii Pojark. : It only occurs in Tajikistan.

Rubia krascheninnikovii Pojark. : It occurs from western Siberia to Kazakhstan.

Rubia laevissima Tsckern. : It is common in Central Asia.

Rubia latipetala H.S.Lo : This endemic thrives at the edges of forests at altitudes of around 3400 meters only in Barkam in Sichuan.

Rubia laurae (Holmboe) Airy Shaw : This endemic occurs only in Cyprus .

Rubia laxiflora Gonch. : It occurs in Tajikistan and northern Afghanistan.

Rubia linii J.M.Chao : It thrives on the edges of evergreen forests at altitudes of 500 to 3000 meters only in Taiwan.

Rubia magna P.G.Xiao : It thrives at altitudes of 1200 to 1500 meters in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan.

Rubia mandersii Collett & Hemsl. : It occurs in Myanmar, Thailand and in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan.

Rubia manjith Roxb. ex Fleming : It occurs from the Himalayas (Bhutan, India and Nepal to Tibet) and in the Chinese provinces of Qinghai , Sichuan and Yunnan.

Honoring Rubia maymanensis . & Finishing Tem. : It occurs only in northwestern Afghanistan.

Rubia membranacea Diels : It thrives at altitudes of 1100 to 3000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan and Yunnan.

Rubia oncotricha Hand.-Mazz. : It thrives at altitudes of 500 to 3200 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan.

Rubia oppositifolia handle. : It occurs in Afghanistan.

Rubia ovatifolia Z.Ying Zhang ex Q.Lin : It thrives at altitudes of 1700 to 2200 meters in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Guizhou (only in Bijie ), Hunan, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang (only in Changhua ) and maybe in Hubei.

Rubia pallida Diels : This endemic thrives at altitudes of 2600 to 3100 meters only in northwestern Yunnan.

Rubia pauciflora Boiss. : It occurs in Iran .

Rubia pavlovii Bajtenov & Myrz. : It occurs in Kazakhstan .

Burdock madder also Levantine madder root ( Rubia peregrina L. ): It occurs in the Azores and from the Mediterranean area to northwestern Europe.

Rubia petiolaris DC. : It is common in southern Africa .

Rubia philippinensis Elmer : This endemic occurs only on Luzon .

Rubia pianmaensis R.Li & H.Li : First described in 2013 from Yunnan.

Rubia podantha Diels : It thrives at altitudes of 700 to 3000 meters in the Chinese provinces of western Guangxi, western Sichuan and Yunnan.

Rubia polyphlebia H.S.Lo : It occurs in Sichuan.

Honoring Rubia pseudogalium . : It was first described in 2010. This endemic thrives at altitudes of 2400 to 3000 meters only in the Gaoligong Shan region in Yunnan.

Rubia pterygocaulis H.S.Lo : This endemic thrives in forests and in thickets at altitudes of 300 to 1000 meters only in Jiuzaigou in Sichuan.

Rubia rechingeri Honoring. : It occurs in Turkmenistan and Iran.

Rubia Regelii Pojark. : It occurs in Kyrgyzstan .

Rubia rezniczenkoana Litv. : It occurs in Kazakhstan , Mongolia and Xinjiang .

Rubia rigidifolia Pojark. : It occurs in Iran and Transcaucasia .

Rubia rotundifolia Banks & Sol. : It occurs from southern Turkey to Lebanon .

Rubia salicifolia H.S.Lo : It thrives in humid valleys at altitudes of around 2000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong and Sichuan (only in Jiulong ) and perhaps in Yunnan.

Rubia schugnanica B. Fedsch. ex Pojark. : It occurs in Tajikistan and Xinjiang.

Rubia schumanniana E. Pritz. : It thrives in forests at altitudes of 800 to 3000 meters in the Chinese provinces in Sichuan and Yunnan.

Rubia siamensis Craib : It occurs in southwestern Yunnan and in northern Thailand .

Sikkim madder ( Rubia sikkimensis short ): It occurs from Nepal to Assam .

Rubia sylvatica (Maxim.) Nakai : It occurs in northern China as well as in Sichuan and in Russia's Far East .

Rubia tatarica (Trevir.) F.Schmidt : It occurs from Ukraine to Kazakhstan.

Rubia tenuifolia d'Urv. : There are three subspecies:

Rubia tenuifolia subsp. brachypoda (Boiss.) Honestly. & Finishing Tem. : It occurs in the eastern Mediterranean.
Rubia tenuifolia subsp. doniettii (Griseb.) Honorable. & Finishing Tem. : It occurs in western Asia and northern Somalia .
Rubia tenuifolia subsp. tenuifolia : It occurs from the eastern Mediterranean to the Sinai Peninsula (only in Gebel Halal).

Rubia tenuissima ined. (Syn .: Rubia tenuis H.S.Lo nom. Illeg.): This endemic occurs in Sichuan only in the Luding district.

Rubia thunbergii DC. : It occurs in South Africa .

Rubia tibetica Hook. f. : It occurs from Afghanistan , Indian Punjab , Kashmir , Pakistan , Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Tibet to Xinjiang.

True dye or madder ( Rubia tinctorum L. ): It occurs from Southeast Europe to the western Himalayas, in Xinjiang and in Vietnam only on Mt. Fansipan.

Rubia transcaucasica Grossh. : It occurs in Transcaucasia.

Rubia trichocarpa H.S.Lo : This endemic occurs in Sichuan only in Lixian .

Rubia truppeliana Loes. : It thrives in forests and in thickets at altitudes of 100 to 300 meters only in the Chinese province of Shandong .

Rubia wallichiana Decne. : It occurs from the Himalayas (Bhutan, northeastern Indie, Nepal) to southern China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan).

Rubia yunnanensis Diels : It thrives in thickets, grass slopes, and roadsides at altitudes of 1700 to 3000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan.

Species from the New World no longer belong to the genus Rubia , for example:

Rubia margaritifera rich → Galium suffruticosum Hook. & Arn.

etymology

The common name Färberröte originated from the red dye in the roots. The scientific name Rubia already stood for the dye in Latin and is closely related to the Latin “ruber” (= red). The name can already be found in Vitruvius and Pliny the Elder . The root is "* rudhio-" (= red) in the Indo-European original language .

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Rubia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved October 24, 2017.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap Tao Chen, Friedrich Ehrendorfer: Rubia , P. 305 - same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of China Editorial Committee: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 19 - Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, February 28, 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 .
^ ^A ^b ^c ^d ^e Valerie L. Soza, Richard G. Olmstead: Molecular systematics of tribe Rubieae (Rubiaceae): Evolution of major clades, development of leaf-like whorls, and biogeography . In: Taxon . tape 59 , no. 3 , 2010, p. 755-771 ( PDF ).
^ Rubia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , p. 545 (reprint from 1996).

Web links

Commons : Reddening ( Rubia ) - Collection of images, videos, and audio files

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[WCSP-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Rubia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved October 24, 2017.

[FoC-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap Tao Chen, Friedrich Ehrendorfer: Rubia , P. 305 - same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of China Editorial Committee: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 19 - Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, February 28, 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 .

[SozaOlmstead2010-3] A ^b ^c ^d ^e Valerie L. Soza, Richard G. Olmstead: Molecular systematics of tribe Rubieae (Rubiaceae): Evolution of major clades, development of leaf-like whorls, and biogeography . In: Taxon . tape 59 , no. 3 , 2010, p. 755-771 ( PDF ).

[GRIN-4] Rubia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved October 24, 2017.

[Genaust-5] Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , p. 545 (reprint from 1996).