Cephalanthus

Cephalanthus
	Cephalanthus occidentalis
Systematics
	Euasterids I
Order :	Enzianartige (Gentianales)
Family :	Red family (Rubiaceae)
Subfamily :	Cinchonoideae
Tribe :	Naucleeae
Genre :	Cephalanthus
Scientific name
	Cephalanthus
	L.

Cephalanthus is a genus within the family of the redness plants (Rubiaceae). Of the six tropical species, three are found in the New World , two in Asia and one in Africa .

description

Inflorescence with flowers in detail from Cephalanthus occidentalis

Illustration from Afbeeldingen der fraaiste, meest uitheemsche boomen en heesters , plate 3 by Cephalanthus occidentalis

Vegetative characteristics

Cephalanthus species grow as shrubs or small trees that reach heights of 5 to 15 meters. The opposite or threes in whorls of the branches arranged leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The leaf blades are simple.

Generative characteristics

Many flowers are close together in spherical inflorescences . (hence the generic name Cephalanthus ).

Habitus and twigs with opposite, single stalked leaves of Cephalanthus natalensis

Systematics and distribution

Taxonomy

The genus Cephalanthus was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in his work Species Plantarum , 1, page 95. The generic name Cephalanthus is made up of the ancient Greek words kephale κέφαλη for "head" and anthos ἄνθος for "flower". As a lectotype species was 1915 by Merrill in J. Wash. Acad. Sci. , 5, page 532 Cephalanthus occidentalis L. specified. Synonyms for Cephalanthus L. are: Acrodryon Spreng. , Axolus Raf. , Eresimus Raf. , Silamnus Raf.

External system

Cephalanthus is the basal genus of the tribe Naucleeae in the subfamily Cinchonoideae within the family Rubiaceae . In the last century, some authors had spun off the genus Cephalanthus into a separate tribe Cephalantheae.

Species and their distribution

Cephalanthus species thrive in the tropics . Of the six species, three are found in the New World, two in Asia and one in Africa:

Cephalanthus angustifolius Lour. : It occurs in Asia in Laos , Cambodia and Vietnam .
Cephalanthus glabratus ( Spreng. ) K.Schum. : It occurs in the South American countries Brazil , Argentina , Paraguay and Uruguay .
Cephalanthus natalensis olive. : It occurs in southern Africa from Tanzania , Malawi and Zambia to Lesotho , Swaziland and South Africa .
Western button bush ( Cephalanthus occidentalis L. ): It is found in Cuba , eastern Canada, and the eastern, central and southern United States , California , Arizona and New Mexico .
Cephalanthus salicifolius Humb. & Bonpl. : It occurs from the extreme southern tip of Texas over Mexico to Honduras .
Cephalanthus tetrandra ( Roxb. ) Ridsdale & Bakh. f. : It iswidespreadin tropical Asia in India , Bangladesh , Laos , Vietnam , Myanmar , Thailand , Taiwan and China .

Fossil discovery

16 fossil fruits of the extinct species Chephalanthus pusillus have been described from rock layers near Fasterholt near Silkeborg in Central Jutland ( Denmark ) from the Middle Miocene .

use

Two species, including Cephalanthus occidentalis, are used as ornamental plants .

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c Tao Chen, Charlotte M. Taylor: Cephalanthus Linnaeus. , P. 86. In: Flora of China Editorial Committee: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 19: Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 . text same online as the printed work.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Cephalanthus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 20, 2019.
↑ C. Linnaeus: Cephalanthus . In: Species Plantarum , Volume 1 1753.
↑ ^a ^b Cephalanthus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Retrieved August 20, 2019.
^ U. Quattrocchi: CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names , Volume 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, New York, Washington DC, London 2000, ISBN 978-0-8493-2675-2 , p. 476.
^ U. Manns, B. Bremer: Towards a better understanding of intertribal relationships and stable tribal delimitations within Cinchonoideae ss (Rubiaceae) . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 56, No. 1, 2010, pp. 21-39. doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2010.04.002 .
^ CE Ridsdale: A revision of the tribe Cephalantheae (Rubiaceae) . In: Blumea . 23, No. 1, 1976, pp. 177-188.
↑ Else Marie Friis : Angiosperm Fruits and Seeds from the Middle Miocene of Jutland (Denmark) . In: The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters . 24, No. 3, 1985.
↑ Huxley, AJ (ed.): The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening . The Macmillan Press Limited, London 1992, ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5 .

Web links

Commons : Cephalanthus - Collection of images, videos and audio files

[FoC-1] Tao Chen, Charlotte M. Taylor: Cephalanthus Linnaeus. , P. 86. In: Flora of China Editorial Committee: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 19: Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 . text same online as the printed work.

[WCSP-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Cephalanthus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 20, 2019.

[Linné1753-3] C. Linnaeus: Cephalanthus . In: Species Plantarum , Volume 1 1753.

[Tropicos-4] Cephalanthus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Retrieved August 20, 2019.

[Quattrocchi2000-5] U. Quattrocchi: CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names , Volume 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, New York, Washington DC, London 2000, ISBN 978-0-8493-2675-2 , p. 476.

[Manns2010-6] U. Manns, B. Bremer: Towards a better understanding of intertribal relationships and stable tribal delimitations within Cinchonoideae ss (Rubiaceae) . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 56, No. 1, 2010, pp. 21-39. doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2010.04.002 .

[Ridsdale1976-7] CE Ridsdale: A revision of the tribe Cephalantheae (Rubiaceae) . In: Blumea . 23, No. 1, 1976, pp. 177-188.

[Friis1985-8] Else Marie Friis : Angiosperm Fruits and Seeds from the Middle Miocene of Jutland (Denmark) . In: The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters . 24, No. 3, 1985.

[Huxley1992-9] Huxley, AJ (ed.): The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening . The Macmillan Press Limited, London 1992, ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5 .