Meier (genus)

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Meier
Hill-Meier (Asperula cynanchica)

Hill-Meier ( Asperula cynanchica )

Systematics
Order : Enzianartige (Gentianales)
Family : Red family (Rubiaceae)
Subfamily : Rubioideae
Tribe : Rubieae
Sub tribus : Rubiinae
Genre : Meier
Scientific name
Asperula
L.

The plant genus Meier , also Master ( Asperula ) belongs to the family of the redness plants (Rubiaceae). The German-language common name Meier is derived from Old High German meior and Middle High German Meier from.

description

Appearance and leaves

Asperula species grow as annual or perennial herbaceous plants or subshrubs . There are rhaphids .

On the more or less square stem there are whorls with apparently 4 to 14 leaves. It is usually interpreted as follows: The simple leaves are opposite on the square stems and the stipules look like the leaves, they together form this whorl. These leaves can be sessile or stalked.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers are rarely solitary, usually in lateral or terminal, umbrella-like , panicle or capillary inflorescences , consisting of panicle or zymous partial inflorescences . Bracts , which can be fused and can form a cover, are always present and bracts are often present. There may be flower stalks.

The relatively small, mostly hermaphrodite, sometimes unisexual flowers are four or five-fold. If the flowers are unisexual, the species are dioecious getrenntgeschlechtig ( dioecious , such as the Australian species Asperula ambleia , Asperula charophyton , Asperula conferta , Asperula cunninghamii , Asperula euryphylla , Asperula gemella , Asperula gunnii , Asperula pusilla , Asperula scoparia , Asperula subulifolia ) . There are four indistinct or mostly no sepals . The four or five blue, pink to purple or greenish, yellow to white petals are funnel-shaped, saucer-shaped or long bell-shaped fused with a distinct tube and four distinct corolla lobes, the corolla tube usually being longer than the corolla lobes. There is only one circle with four or five stamens . The short to long stamens are inserted in the corolla tube, but hardly fused with it. The anthers usually protrude above the corolla. Two carpels have become an under-earth, two-chambered ovary grown. Each ovary chamber contains only one ovule . The stylus is divided into two parts, each with a head-shaped or club-shaped scar and can protrude over the corolla tube.

Fruits and seeds

The bilobed, fleshy or dry fruits disintegrate into two partial fruits. The almost spherical, ellipsoidally elongated or kidney-shaped partial fruits remain closed, have a smooth to warty, bald to downy hairy surface, but no hooked hairs and contain only one seed. The small seeds have a membranous seed coat (testa), a horny endosperm and a curved embryo with two cotyledons leaf-like leaves ( cotyledons ).

Systematics and distribution

The genus Asperula was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum 1, p. 103. The type species is Asperula arvensis . The genus name Asperula is derived from the Latin word asper for rough, asperula for slightly rough and refers to the leaves of the Acker-Meier ( Asperula arvensis ), which are rough on the edges and underneath . Synonyms for Asperula L. are: Asterophyllum Schimp. & Spenn. , Blepharostemma Fourr. , Chlorostemma (Lange) Fourr. , Cynanchica Fourr. , Leptunis Steven , Asperula sect. Chlorostemma Long .

The genus Asperula is in the subtribe Rubiinae from the tribe Rubieae in the subfamily Rubioideae Verdc. within the family of the redness plants (Rubiaceae).

The genus Asperula is divided into several sections, for example with some species (selection):

Section Asperula : Asperula arvensis , Asperula orientalis , Asperula setosa
Section Cruciana Griseb. : Asperula albovii , Asperula glomerata , Asperula molluginoides
Crucianelloides Boiss section .
Section Cynanchicae DC. ex Boiss. : Asperula aristata , Asperula beckiana , Asperula cynanchica , Asperula gussonei , Asperula neglecta , Asperula neilreichii , Asperula rupicola , Asperula pyrenaica
Section Dioicae Airy Shaw & Turrill
Section Glabella Griseb. : Asperula laevigata , Asperula involucrata , Asperula taurina , Asperula tinctoria
Section Hexaphyllae Honoring. : Asperula arcadiensis , Asperula hirta , Asperula incana , Asperula rupestris , Asperula hexaphylla
Section Oppositifoliae Schischk. ex Schönb.-Tem.
Section Thliphthisa (Griseb.) Honorable. : Asperula brevifolia , Asperula chlorantha , Asperula elonea , Asperula purpurea , Asperula rigida , Asperula tournefortii
Trichodes Boiss section .
Section Tricostella Schönb.-Tem. & Honorable.

The widespread genus Asperula occurs mainly in North Africa , Central Asia and the Middle East and Europe , also in Australia and New Zealand . The greatest biodiversity is found in the Middle East and the Eastern Mediterranean . About 70 species are found in Europe. There are around 17 species in Australia.

Habitus and inflorescences of Asperula arcadiensis
Habitus, leaf whorls and inflorescences of the Acker Meier ( Asperula arvensis )
Asperula conferta
Hill-Meier ( Asperula cynanchica )
Asperula daphneola
Habitus, leaf whorls and inflorescences of Asperula gunnii
Habit and inflorescences of Asperula gussonei
Habitus, leaf whorls and inflorescences of Asperula hirta
Asperula involucrata
Asperula lilaciflora
Habitus and flowers of Asperula nitida
Asperula rupicola
Habitus and flowers of Asperula sintenisii
Asperula suberosa
Habitus, leaf whorls and inflorescences of the Turin Meier ( Asperula taurina )
Färber-Meier ( Asperula tinctoria )

The genus Asperula contains about (95 to) 200 species:

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

No longer counted in this genus:

A nature hybrid is:

  • Asperula × jordanii E.P. Perrier & Songeon = Asperula aristata subsp. oreophila × Asperula cynanchica : It occurs in France.

swell

  • Description in the Flora of New South Wales Online. (Section description)
  • Tao Chen, Friedrich Ehrendorfer: Asperula. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 19: Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 , pp. 77 (English, online - sections description, distribution and systematics).
  • Karol Marhold: Asperula. In: The Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, January 2011, accessed on January 13, 2012 (English).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Tao Chen, Friedrich Ehrendorfer: Asperula. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 19: Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 , pp. 77 (English, online ).
  2. ↑ a b c d TA James, WK Allen; last update by Louisa Murray in August 2011: Genus Asperula. - Datasheet from New South Wales Flora online .
  3. ^ A b c Valerie L. Soza, Richard G. Olmstead: Molecular systematics of tribe Rubieae (Rubiaceae): Evolution of major clades, development of leaf-like whorls, and biogeography . In: Taxon . tape 59 , no. 3 , 2010, p. 755-771 ( washington.edu [PDF]).
  4. ↑ a b c Asperula at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  5. ^ A b Asperula in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  6. ↑ Eva Schönbeck-Temesy, Friedrich Ehrendorfer: Asperula gorganica and A. semanensis, two new species from the Orient, and the palaeo-Mediterranean section Thliphthisa (Griseb.) Honorary. (Rubiaceae). In: Botanical yearbooks for systematics and plant geography. Volume 107, No. 1-4, 1985, pp. 75-93.
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq Rafaël Govaerts, 2003: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Asperula. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved June 4, 2020.
  8. ↑ Salih Gücel, Özcan Seçmen: Conservation biology of Asperula daphneola (Rubiaceae) in Western Turkey. In: Turkish Journal of Botany , Volume 33, 2009, pp. 257-262. doi: 10.3906 / bot-0806-7 PDF.
  9. ↑ Panayiotis Trigas, Gregoris Iatrou: The local endemic flora of Evvia (W Aegean, Greece) . In: Willdenowia . tape 36 , 2006, ISSN  0511-9618 , p. 259 , doi : 10.3372 / wi.36.36121 ( bgbm.org [PDF; 2 kB ]).
  10. ↑ a b Ralf Jahn, Peter Schönfelder: Excursion flora for Crete . With contributions by Alfred Mayer and Martin Scheuerer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1995, ISBN 3-8001-3478-0 , p. 235-236 .
  11. ↑ Kit Tan, Gregoris Iatroú, Bent Johnsen: Endemic Plants of Greece - the Peloponnese. Gads Forlag, Copenhagen 2001, ISBN 87-12-03857-1 , p. 253.
  12. ↑ Hans Runemark: Reproductive drift, a neglected principle in reproductive biology. In: Botaniska Notiser. Vol. 122, No. 1, pp. 90-129 (here: p. 115).

Supplementary literature on Central European species

  • Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
  • Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .

Web links

Commons : Meier ( Asperula )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files