Morinda
Morinda | ||||||||||||
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Noni tree ( Morinda citrifolia ), fruit , flowers and leaves |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Morinda | ||||||||||||
L. |
Morinda are a genus within the family of the redness plants (Rubiaceae). It isdistributed almost worldwidein the tropics to subtropics .
The best-known species of the genus is the noni tree ( Morinda citrifolia ), from whose fruit, noni, a juice ("noni juice") that is lavishly marketed as a health product, but which is allegedly health-promoting, is obtained.
description
Morinda species are woody plants: trees , shrubs or lianas . The stalked, mostly opposite leaves are medium to very large, simple and often leathery. Stipules are present.
Simple or compound, often dold-like inflorescences are formed. The fragrant flowers are hermaphroditic or functionally male and three to seven-fold with a double flower envelope . The sepals are preserved for a long time. The petals are white, cream, yellow or purple. There is only one stamen circle made up of four to seven stamens. Two carpels have become an under constant ovary grown. A stone fruit is formed. The seeds are winged.
Systematics and distribution
The genus Morinda was set up by the Swedish naturalist Carl von Linné - in the course of the first publication of the species Morinda citrifolia and Morinda umbellata - in his work Species Plantarum published in 1753 on page 176. Since 2011 there are only five synonyms for Morinda L .: Appunettia R.D.Good , Belicea Lundell , Belicia Lundell , Rojoc Adans. , Sarcopygme Setch. & Christoph.
Morinda species are widespread in the tropics to subtropics of Asia , Africa , Australia, and the New World . Borneo , New Guinea , Northern Australia and New Caledonia have the greatest biodiversity . There are 27 species in China, 18 of them only there.
The genus Morinda belongs to the tribe Morindeae in the subfamily Rubioideae within the family Rubiaceae .
The genus Morinda sl contained 80 to 130 species until 2011 . Numerous species were placed in 2011 by Sylvain G. Razafimandimbison and Birgitta Bremer in Nomenclatural changes and taxonomic notes in the tribe Morindeae (Rubiaceae) in Adansonia , Séries 3, 33, p. 288 in the genus Gynochthodes flower . Since 2011 there are only about 43 species in the genus Morinda s. st. The genus Gynochthodes sl contains 93 species since 2011.
In the genus Morinda s. st. only 43 species have been included since 2011:
- Morinda angolensis (RDGood) F.White : It occurs from eastern Angola via Zambia to the Congo.
- Morinda angustifolia Roxb. (Syn .: Morinda squarrosa Buch.-Ham. , Morinda angustifolia var. Scabridula Craib ): It is distributed in the Himalayas in India , Bhutan , Nepal , Myanmar , Laos , Thailand and in southern Yunnan .
- Morinda asteroscepa K.Schum. : It occurs in Tanzania and Malawi.
- Morinda bracteata Roxb. : It occurs from Sulawesi to northern Australia.
- Morinda buchii Urb. : It occurs in Haiti.
- Morinda carnosa Venturina, EELSuarez & Alejandro : The species first described in 2017 occurs in the Philippines.
- Morinda chrysorhiza (Thonn.) DC. : It occurs in tropical West Africa and in tropical Central Africa.
- Noni tree ( Morinda citrifolia L. ): It occurs from tropical and subtropical Asia to northern Australia.
- Morinda Coreia Buch.-Ham. (Syn .: Morinda coreia var. Tomentosa (Hook. F.) RR Fernandez , Morinda exserta Roxb. , Morinda pubescens Sm. , Morinda tinctoria Roxb. ): It occurs in Sri Lanka, Java and from India to Indochina.
- Morinda corneri K.M.Wong : It occurs in Malaysia.
- Morinda fasciculata Benth. : It occurs in Ecuador.
- Morinda hoffmannioides Standl. : It occurs from Colombia to northern Venezuela.
- Morinda hypotephra F. Muell. : It occurs in Queensland.
- Morinda intermedia (Setch. & Christoph.) Razafim. & B. Bremer : It occurs in Samoa .
- Morinda latibractea Valeton : It occurs only on the Caroline island of Palau .
- Morinda leiantha Briefly : It occurs in southern Yunnan and in Myanmar.
- Morinda longiflora G.Don : It occurs in tropical West Africa and in tropical Central Africa.
- Morinda longifolia Craib : It occurs in Thailand.
- Morinda longipetiolata Steyerm. : It occurs in Venezuela.
- Morinda longissima Y.Z.Ruan : It thrives in sparse forests and in shady thickets at altitudes of around 700 meters only in southern Yunnan.
- Morinda Lucida Benth. : It occurs in tropical Africa.
- Morinda mayorii (Setch.) Razafim. & B. Bremer : It occurs in Samoa.
- Morinda mefou Cheek : It occurs in central and western tropical Africa.
- Morinda moaensis Alain : It occurs in eastern Cuba.
- Morinda morindoides (Baker) Milne-Redh. : It occurs from tropical West Africa to Angola and southern Sudan.
- Morinda multinervis (Setch. & Christoph.) Razafim. & B. Bremer : It occurs in Samoa.
- Morinda nana Craib : It occurs in Thailand.
- Morinda pacifica (Reinecke) Razafim. & B. Bremer : It occurs in Samoa.
- Morinda panamensis Seem. : It occurs from southern Mexico to Colombia.
- Morinda pandurifolia Kuntze : It occurs in Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam.
- Morinda pedunculata Valeton : It occurs on Palau .
- Morinda persicifolia Buch.-Ham. : It is distributed from northeast India, Cambodia , Myanmar, Laos , Vietnam, Malaysia to Indonesia and southern Yunnan.
- Morinda piperiformis Miq. : It occurs on Timor .
- Morinda pumila Craib : It occurs in Thailand.
- Morinda ramosa (Lauterb.) Razafim. & B. Bremer : It occurs in Samoa .
- Morinda rosiflora Y.Z.Ruan : It thrives in sparse forests on slopes of hills at altitudes of 500 to 800 meters only in southern Yunnan.
- Morinda royoc L .: It occurs from Florida to the islands of the Caribbean and from southeast Mexico to Ecuador.
- Morinda scabrida Craib : It occurs in Thailand.
- Morinda schultzei Valeton : It occurs in New Guinea.
- Morinda sessiliflora Bertol. : It occurs on the Leeward Islands .
- Morinda titanophylla E. MAPetit : It occurs from Gabon to southwestern Uganda.
- Morinda turbacensis Kunth : It occurs in Colombia.
- Morinda undulata Y.Z.Ruan : It only thrives at altitudes of around 900 meters in southern Yunnan. It is also cultivated.
Since 2011 no longer in the genus Morinda but in the genus Gynochthodes flower :
- Morinda ammitia Halford & AJFord → Gynochthodes ammitia (Halford & AJFord) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda artensis Montrouz. → Gynochthodes artensis (Montrouz.) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda badia Y.Z.Ruan → Gynochthodes badia (YZRuan) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda bartlingii Elmer → Gynochthodes bartlingii (Elmer) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda Billardieri Baill. → Gynochthodes billardierei (Baill.) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda boninensis Ohwi → Gynochthodes boninensis (Ohwi) E. Oguri & T.Sugaw.
- Morinda brevipes S.Y.Hu → Gynochthodes brevipes (SYHu) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda bucidifolia A.Gray → Gynochthodes bucidifolia (A.Gray) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda calciphila K.M.Wong → Gynochthodes calciphila (KMWong) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda callicarpifolia Y.Z.Ruan → Gynochthodes callicarpifolia (YZRuan) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda canthoides (F.Muell.) Halford & RJFHend. → Gynochthodes canthoides (F.Muell.) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda celebica Miq. → Gynochthodes celebica (Miq.) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda cinnamomea Craib → Gynochthodes cinnamomea (Craib) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda cinnamomifoliata Y.Z.Ruan → Gynochthodes cinnamomifoliata (YZRuan) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda cochinchinensis DC. → Gynochthodes cochinchinensis (DC.) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda collina Schltr. → Gynochthodes collina (Schltr.) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda constipata Halford & AJFord → Gynochthodes constipata (Halford & AJFord) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda coriacea Merr. → Gynochthodes wongii Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda costata Merr. & LMPerry → Gynochthodes costata (Merr. & LMPerry) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda decipiens Schltr. → Gynochthodes decipiens (Schltr.) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda deplanchei (Hook. F.) Baill. ex K.Schum. → Gynochthodes deplanchei (Hook.f.) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda elliptifolia Quisumb. & Merr. → Gynochthodes elliptifolia (Quisumb. & Merr.) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda Elmeri Merr. → Gynochthodes elmeri (Merr.) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda gjellerupii Valeton → Gynochthodes gjellerupii (Valeton) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda glaucescens Schltr. → Gynochthodes glaucescens (Schltr.) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda glomerata (flower) Miq. → Gynochthodes glomerata (flower) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda grayi Seem. → Gynochthodes grayi (Seem.) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda hainanensis Merr. & How → Gynochthodes hainanensis (Merr. & FCHow) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda hirtella Merr. & LMPerry → Gynochthodes hirtella (Merr. & LMPerry) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda hispida K.M.Wong → Gynochthodes hispida (KMWong) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda hollrungiana Valeton → Gynochthodes hollrungiana (Valeton) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda howiana S.Y.Hu → Gynochthodes howiana (SYHu) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda hupehensis S.Y.Hu → Gynochthodes hupehensis (SYHu) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda Jackiana Korth. → Gynochthodes hupehensis (SYHu) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda jasminoides A. Cunn. → Gynochthodes jasminoides (A.Cunn.) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda kanalensis Baill. ex Guillaumin → Gynochthodes kanalensis (Baill. ex Guillaumin) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda lacunosa King & Gamble → Gynochthodes lacunosa (King & Gamble) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda lanuginosa Suratman → Gynochthodes lanuginosa (Suratman) KMWong & Razafim.
- Morinda leparensis Valeton → Gynochthodes leparensis (Valeton) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda leptocalama Wernham → Gynochthodes leptocalama (Wernham) Razafim. & B.Breme r
- Morinda litseifolia Y.Z.Ruan → Gynochthodes litseifolia (YZRuan) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda micrantha Valeton → Gynochthodes micrantha (Valeton) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda microcephala Bartl. ex DC. → Gynochthodes microcephala (Bartl. Ex DC.) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda mollis A.Gray → Gynochthodes mollis (A.Gray) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda Montana J.T.Johanss. → Gynochthodes montana (JTJohanss.) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda myrtifolia A.Gray → Gynochthodes myrtifolia (A.Gray) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda nanlingensis Y.Z.Ruan → Gynochthodes nanlingensis (YZRuan) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda neocaledonica (S.Moore) Guillaumin → Gynochthodes neocaledonica (S.Moore) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda nitida Merr. → Gynochthodes nitida (Merr.) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda oblongifolia Valeton → Gynochthodes oblongifolia (Valeton) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda officinalis F.C.How → Gynochthodes officinalis (FCHow) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda oligocephala Merr. & LMPerry → Gynochthodes oligocephala (Merr. & LMPerry) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda parvifolia Bartl. ex DC. → Gynochthodes parvifolia (Bartl. Ex DC.) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda philippinensis Elmer → Gynochthodes alejandroi Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda phyllireoides Labill. → Gynochthodes phyllireoides (Labill.) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda platyphylla Merr. → Gynochthodes platyphylla (Merr.) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda podistra Halford & AJFord → Gynochthodes podistra (Halford & AJFord) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda polyneura Miq. → Gynochthodes polyneura (Miq.) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda pubiofficinalis Y.Z.Ruan → Gynochthodes pubiofficinalis (YZRuan) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda retropila Halford & AJFord → Gynochthodes retropila (Halford & AJFord) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda retusa Poir. → Gynochthodes retusa (Poir.) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda ridleyi (King & Gamble) Ridl. → Gynochthodes ridleyi (King & Gamble) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda rigida Miq. → Gynochthodes rigida (Miq.) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda rugulosa Y.Z.Ruan → Gynochthodes rugulosa (YZRuan) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda sarmentosa flower → Gynochthodes sarmentosa (flower) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda scabrifolia Y.Z.Ruan → Gynochthodes scabrifolia (YZRuan) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda shuanghuaensis C.Y.Chen & MSHuang → Gynochthodes shuanghuaensis (CYChen & MSHuang) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda subcaudata Valeton → Gynochthodes subcaudata (Valeton) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda triandra S.Moore → Gynochthodes triandra (S.Moore) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda trimera Hillebr. → Gynochthodes trimera (Hillebr.) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda truncata J.T.Johanss. → Gynochthodes truncata (JTJohanss.) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda umbellata L. → Gynochthodes umbellata (L.) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda Villosa Hook. f. → Gynochthodes villosa (Hook.f.) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda wallichii short → Gynochthodes wallichii (short) Razafim. & B.Bremer
- Morinda wongiana Suratman → Gynochthodes suratmanii K.M.Wong & Razafim.
Ethnobotany
The best-known species is the noni tree ( Morinda citrifolia ), the second most important medicinal plant in Hawaii , which contains anthraquinones in particular as an effective component.
The African Morinda species Morinda lucida is also used naturopathically against malaria . Effectively contained here seem iridoid - glycosides to be.
swell
- Datasheet in the Western Australian flora . (Section description)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Morinda. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved November 3, 2018.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Tao Chen, Charlotte M. Taylor: Morinda , p. 220 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of China Editorial Committee : Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 19 - Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 28. February 2011. ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 .
- ↑ Morinda in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
- ↑ a b c Sylvain G. Razafimandimbison, Birgitta Bremer in Nomenclatural Changes and Taxonomic Notes in the Tribe Morindeae (Rubiaceae). In: Adansonia , Séries 3, 33, December 2011, p. 288. doi : 10.5252 / a2011n2a13
- ↑ H. Khurana, M. Junkrut, T. Punjanon: Analgesic activity and genotoxicity of Morinda citrifolia. In: Thai J. Pharmacol. , Volume 25, No. 1, 2003, p. 86.