Levbunks
Levbunks | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Three-horned Levkoje ( Matthiola tricuspidata ) |
||||||||||||
Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Matthiola | ||||||||||||
R.Br. |
Levkojen ( Matthiola ) are a genus of plants in the cruciferous family (Brassicaceae). The 50 or so species are common in the Mediterranean and Asia; some species occur in the Cape flora ( Capensis ), in eastern Africa and two species in Macaronesia . Two species are neophytes in many parts of the world . There are many varieties of a few species that are used as bedding and balcony plants or to obtain cut flowers .
description
Vegetative characteristics
Matthiola species are annual or biennial to perennial herbaceous plants or subshrubs that reach heights of 10 to 80 centimeters. The plant parts are hairy with different trichomes depending on the species . The upright, ascending to lying stems can be branched.
The undergraduate and alternate, spirally arranged on the stem leaves are at least very short stalks. The leaf blade is simple, cuspid to pinnate, the leaf margin smooth, serrated or serrate. In some species the leaves are hairy gray-tomentose. Stipules are missing.
Generative characteristics
The stalked flowers are in sometimes initially schirmtraubigen , after stretching the inflorescence axis always traubigen inflorescences together. Bracts are missing.
The fragrant, hermaphroditic flowers are fourfold and double perianth (perianth). The four free, elongated to lanceolate or linealischen sepals are located decussate opposite; the two inner ones are sack-like at their base. The four free, broadly obovate, spatulate, elongated or linear, long nailed petals are flat or rolled in a circle, have colors from white to pink to purple, yellow, greenish yellow to brown and are much longer than the sepals. It's a disc and there are four or two nectar glands. There are six free, fertile stamens . Two carpels are a top permanent ovary grown, the (one or) is divided three to fifty ovules by a "wrong septum" into two chambers. The style is hardly recognizable in some species, it ends in two-lobed stigmas that can have two or three horn-like appendages.
There are slender or squat fruit stalks. The often straight pods are 45 to 160 millimeters long and contain 40 to 100 seeds. The two fluffy hairy fruit flaps have a protruding middle nerve. The replum is rounded and the septum is fully formed. The flattened, elongated, egg-shaped to more or less spherical seeds have narrow wings or are wingless. The seed coat is slightly reticulate and does not become sticky or slimy when wet.
Chromosome set
The basic chromosome number is x = 7.
Systematics
The genus Matthiola belongs to the tribe Anchonieae in the family Brassicaceae .
Naming and taxonomy
The name Levkojen comes from the Greek word leukoion for "white violet". The generic name Matthiola was only validly published in 1812 by Robert Brown in the work of William Townsend Aiton Hortus Kewensis , Volume 4, Page 119. The generic name Matthiola honors the Italian doctor and botanist Pietro Andrea Mattioli (1501–1577, Latin Matthiolus ).
Already in 1753 Carl von Linné had what is now a Guettarda scabra (L.) Lam. mentioned type of Rötegewächse the name Matthiola scabra given. This description was however in favor of the later described name Matthiola R.Br. discarded.
Synonyms for Matthiola R.Br. are: mathiola W.T.Aiton , Mathiolaria Chevall. , Pirazzia Chiov.
Types (selection)
There are 50 to 60 species of Matthiola . Here is a selection:
- Matthiola chenopodiifolia fish. & Mey. : The distribution area includes Iran , Afghanistan , Pakistan and Turkmenistan .
- Matthiola chorassanica Bunge ex Boiss. : It comes in Iran before
- Matthiola flavida Boiss. (Syn .: Matthiola odorata var. Stricta Conti ): It occurs in Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kashmir and Turkmenistan.
-
Cloudy Levkoje ( Matthiola fruticulosa (L.) Maire , Syn .: Matthiola tristis (L.) R.Br. ): It occurs in southern Europe , Western Asia and in North Africa . There are three subspecies:
- Matthiola fruticulosa (L.) Maire subsp. fruticulosa
- Matthiola fruticulosa subsp. perennis (Conti) PWBall (also as species: Matthiola perennis P. Conti ): It is endemic to north-west Spain.
- Walliser Levkoje ( Matthiola fruticulosa subsp. Valesiaca (Boiss.) PWBall , Syn .: Matthiola valesiaca Boiss. )
- Garden Levkoje ( Matthiola incana (L.) R.Br. , Syn .: Matthiola annua Sweet )
-
Matthiola longipetala ( (Vent.) DC. ): It occurs in Europe in several subspecies:
- Matthiola longipetala subsp. bicornis (Sm.) PWBall : It occurs in Greece .
- Greenish Levkoje ( Matthiola longipetala subsp. Livida (Delile) Maire ): It occurs in North Africa and in the Middle East.
- Large-flowered Levkoye ( Matthiola longipetala subsp. Longipetala ): It occurs in Russia , Ukraine, Greece, North Africa and West Asia from Asia Minor to Sinai . It is a neophyte in Europe, Australia and North America .
- Matthiola lunata DC. : It occurs in southern Spain and Malta , in Morocco , Algeria , Tunisia and Libya .
- Madeira Levkoje ( Matthiola maderensis Lowe ): This endemic occurs only in Madeira .
- Matthiola macranica Rech. F. : She is endemic to Baluchistan .
- Matthiola maroccana Coss. : It occurs only in Algeria and Morocco.
- Matthiola ovatifolia (Boiss.) Boiss. : It only occurs in Iran.
- Matthiola parviflora (Schousb.) WTAiton : It occurs in Spain and southern Portugal , in Israel, in North Africa and on the Canary Islands .
- Matthiola runcinata rule : It occurs in Central Asia .
- Strand-Levkoje ( Matthiola sinuata (L.) R.Br. ): It is native to Europe on the coasts of southern and western Europe, in North Africa and western Asia.
- Three-horned Levkoje ( Matthiola tricuspidata (L.) R.Br. ): It occurs in southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.
Others
- The German writer Christine Brückner had great success with her novel Jauche und Levkojen, which was later also filmed .
swell
- Ihsan Ali Al-Shehbaz : In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 7: Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-531822-7 : Matthiola WT Aiton in W. Aiton and WT Aiton. , P. 153 - online with the same text as the printed work. (Sections Description, Distribution and Systematics)
- Tai-yien Cheo, Lianli Lu, Guang Yang, Ihsan Al-Shehbaz, Vladimir Dorofeev: Brassicaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 8: Brassicaceae through Saxifragaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2001, ISBN 0-915279-93-2 . Matthiola , p. 145 - online with the same text as the printed work. (Sections Description and Systematics)
- J. Gathe: Matthiola , 2008: Online in the Western Australian Flora .
- SMH Jafri: Brassicaceae in the Flora of Pakistan : Matthiola - Online.
- Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen: Atlas Florae Europaeae . Volume 10. Helsinki 1994. Pages 112-119. ISBN 951-9108-09-2
- Flora of Pakistan. Retrieved November 19, 2013
- Werner Greuter , HM Burdet, G. Long: Med-Checklist . Volume 3, pages 140-143. Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques, Genève 1986, ISBN 2-8277-0153-7 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Ihsan Ali Al-Shehbaz : In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 7: Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-531822-7 : Matthiola WT Aiton in W. Aiton and WT Aiton. , Pp. 253–254 - online with the same text as the printed work.
- ^ A b Matthiola in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ a b c Peter Schönfelder , Ingrid Schönfelder: The new cosmos Mediterranean flora. Franckh-Kosmos-Verlag Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-440-10742-3 , pp. 152-154.