Small distilling book

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Title page of the small distilling book. Strasbourg 1500

On May 8, 1500, Hieronymus Brunschwig completed his small distilling book under the title Liber de arte distillandi. de Simplicibus. The book of right art to distil the only thing. The Great Distilling Book followed in 1512 under the title Liber de arte Distillandi. de Compositis. The book of goods art zü distill the Composita vnd simplicia […] .

The small distilling book was divided into three books.

  • In the first book, Brunschwig described various distillation devices and techniques.
  • In the second book he presented drug monographs in alphabetical order.
  • The third book was essentially a repetition of the text from the second book, only with a different breakdown. Here diseases were enumerated "from head to toe" and the appropriate medicines were given with reference to the second book.

Illustrations

Left: Title page of the Small Distilling Book 1500. Right: Illustration of the 1st eclogue of Virgil's shepherd poems. Edition Sebastian Brant, Strasbourg 1502

Cover picture of the small distilling book 1500

Brunschwig's books were published by the Strasbourg publisher Hans Grüninger . Grüninger had its own workshop in which woodcuts of the highest quality were produced. These showed pronounced internal hatching , that is, fine, parallel lines were executed between the rough lines. As a result, a greater plasticity of the images was achieved and there was no need to color the prints. At the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries, Grüninger's woodcutting workshop achieved its greatest virtuosity and exhausted the technical possibilities of woodcut technology to its limits. A greater line density could only be achieved with the copper engraving technique .

In 1502 Hans Grüninger published a complete edition of Virgil's works, edited and annotated by Sebastian Brant . The book was provided with numerous illustrations with which the content of the text was explained. The explanatory picture for the 1st eclogue of Virgil's shepherd poems bears a clear resemblance to the picture on the title page of the “Small Distilling Book”. Both were obviously made by the same wood cutter and in the same period.

It is probable that the title picture of the small distilling book - especially in the representation of the group of four in the foreground - the content of the book was interpreted. The group of four is divided into two parts: by gender and by age. The illustrated course of action is directed from left to right and from the background to the foreground.

The wooden stick on the cover picture of the “Small Distilling Book” was fragmented and reused. To illustrate an expanded reprint of the “Small Distilling Book” called “Medicinarius” in 1505 and 1508/09, Grüninger cut up the block and used the upper and lower parts separately. The lower part was divided again in 1540 and its left half was used in combination with a fragment of a woodcut from Brunschwig's "Buch der Chirurgie" (1497) by Jakob Cammerlander to illustrate a book by Otto Brunfels .

  • 1508. Reuse of the lower part of the cover from 1500

  • 1508. Reuse of the upper part of the cover from 1500

  • 1540. Reuse of the left half of the lower part of the cover picture from 1500

  • 1497. Reused partial printing block (right) from Brunschwig's Book of Surgery

Plant and animal images

As can be seen from the introduction to bug fixes at the end of the Small Distilling Book, Brunschwig was unable to fully monitor the selection of the images that preceded the individual articles in the second book. And so it came about, "... that other characters were caught by ir ſtat ſynd of whom ſie didnt know." And he went on to write:

“However ſo ſteet of eim yeden krut ſyn geſtalt vnd ​​gender like that created and what it is / dz do something with figures not show / that the ſie did not know before / therefore iſt not pay attention only vff the figures / ſunder vff The text and dz recognize through the face / and not through the figures / where the figures are not different ſynd then an eye weid and an indication must be given that neither write nor read [...] "

Brunschwig's sources

"I have always read the books big and cleyn that I have read and read in many old liberyen and from good masters with what I want to say whether dry do and have learned from some learned and leyen one and frowen důrch in experiments."

- Hieronymus Brunschwig : Small distilling book. Strasbourg 1500, foreword.

Brunschwig named some sources in the small distilling book:

Sheet 9va: "... when a lot of closter frowen burned / when I went over to Strasbourg ..."
Sheet 21ra: "... an old doctor has often rated this from Strasbourg ..."
Sheet 25va: "... iſt offt rated by iunckher Conradt klotz ..."
Sheet 41vb: "... probatum eſt per generoſum dominum / dominum Jacobum comitem de Liechtenbergk ..."
Sheet 57vb: "... dz offtvalu has meiſter hans von pariß ..."
Sheet 60rb: "... when I went elber from iungker matheus von burn ..."
Sheet 62vb: "... the assessment was made by Erhart knap the kartüſer zů strasbourg ..."
Sheet 66vb: "... has valued master bernhard Cirurgicus the cartüßler ..."
Sheet 71rb: "... dzeval has got meiſter gotthart in the infel des hertzüge, doctor of gülch ..."
Sheet 72va, 105vb, 113ra: "... I go have a vast sore doctor zů würtzburg called hans pfaren ..."
Sheet 79va: "... probatum eſt per magiſtrum Nicolaum de nürenberg ..."
Sheet 83ra: "... vnd evaluates the peſtilentz of meyſter Henchen vngerech zů Franckfurt ..."
Sheet 84va, 85va: "... I also found out about Hans Henrich, the artist doctor from engelant ..."
Sheet 86ra: "... is valued by eym named Stahel / vnnd Mr. Nilaus the king of Sicily / vnnd hertzüge zů Lottringen cappellan ..."
Sheet 88vb: “… evaluate eim wallen [= pilgrims] from pontomoss [= pontos? Northeastern coastal landscape of Asia Minor?] ”.
Sheet 114vb: "... it was an ertzotdin zů fryburgk geſeſſen ..."

The surgeon Brunschwig had no knowledge of Latin worth mentioning. The written sources used by him are therefore to be found among German-language manuscripts and incunabula from the 15th century. He did not specify his written sources.

First book. Distillation - equipment and methods

“Don't dilute the other way then the zubtyl from the coarse / and the coarse from the ubtile / separate / the frail or destructive vnſtorious zů make the material from the materialiſcher zů / the typically keep the more delightful / the more delicately delicately delicately / delicately dz typically through ſin ſubtilithet deſter lichter dar zů penetrate nimbly vnd penetrate with ſone virtues and strengthens it in concealed vnd closed is vmb dispensitivity ſyner heylſamen wringing in the human lyb […] "

- Hieronymus Brunschwig : Small distilling book, Vorred from distillieren.

  • Cucurbit

  • Viole

  • Alembic

  • Rose hat (with rose cone, the discharge cone)

  • De-stillatio per filtrum (dripping through a filter)

  • urinal

  • Left: Circulatorium. Right: Cucumer with a blind helmet

  • Right: cranesbill Left: pelican

In the first book, Brunschwig dealt with distillation equipment and methods. He described the necessary equipment and gave detailed instructions on how to build various ovens.

Five distillation methods “without cost” were listed.

  1. “Distillation” through a filter (“distillatio per filtrum”) (sheet 6v-7r). Triangular sheep's wool felts were dipped three cross fingers deep with the broad end into an open, glazed vessel in which the liquid to be filtered ("distilled") was located. The pointed end of the felt dipped into a deeper set vessel ("viole") in which the distillate was collected. This process was primarily used to purify ("rectify") water that had been obtained with other processes. The process was similar to our filtration, but could also be used to separate immiscible liquids.
  2. “Distillation” in the sun (“distillatio per solis”) (sheet 7r). A jar that was about the same size above and below ("vrinal") was more than half filled with flowers and the opening was closed with a perforated wooden clapboard. A second glass with an opening of the same size was placed in such a way that the openings of both glasses touched one another. The connection was sealed airtight with clay and the glasses were rotated 180 ° so that the material to be distilled was in the upper glass. This container was hung in full sun. The emerging juice dripped ("distilled") into the lower vessel.
  3. “Distillation” in bread dough (“distillatio per panis”) (sheet 7r-7v). A long, narrow glass (“gutterolff”) was filled with the material to be “distilled”, closed with a wooden spigot, completely covered with dough and baked in the oven together with bread. After cooling, the bread casing was removed from the jar, the resulting liquid was emptied into a second vessel and the process was repeated. In order to remove cloudiness, a “distillatio per filtrum” (procedure 1) should then be carried out.
  4. “Distillation” in horse manure (“distillatio per fimus equorum”) (sheet 7v). A “circulatorium” or a “cucumer with a blind helmet” was filled to a third with flowers. The opening of the "circulatorium" was sealed airtight with a wooden plug and clay. The filled vessel was buried for four weeks in the horse manure that served as a heat source. The horse manure had to be renewed every 14 days.
  5. “Distillation” in the anthill (“distillatio per formice”) (sheet 7v-8r). A narrow jar (“gutterolff”) was completely filled with flowers, sealed airtight and buried in an anthill for fourteen days or more. The secreted liquid was then purified in the sun (method 2) or in the horse dung (method 4).

Five distilling methods "with a cost". These processes fulfilled today's concept of “distillation”.

  1. Distillation in Marienbad ("distillatio per balneum marie / or in duplo vase") (sheet 8r-v). A cucurbit (still or distillery hat in the shape of a pumpkin or bottle gourd, also called kukurbite and with regard to the upward beak also "Zagelglas"; see also calabash and cf. alembic ) was half made with chopped herbs, flowers, leaves or Fruits filled and placed in a kettle on the fire, partly filled with water. An “ alembic ” was attached to the opening of the “cucurbit” . The water should only be heated up to the point “that you can put a finger in it.” With this and the three following procedures, even heating of the “cucurbit” was guaranteed and tension breaks were largely avoided.
  2. Distillation in the horse's belly (“distillatio per ventrem equi”) (sheet 8v). This was a modification of the distillation process in Marienbad. Horse manure, freed from straw, was added to the warm water of the boiler. This should make the process “half a degree hotter”.
  3. Distillation in the ashes (“distillatio per cinerem”) (sheet 8v). A three-finger-thick layer of sifted ash was poured into the dry kettle, a “cucurbit” with an “alembic” on top was placed on top of the ashes and a third of it was surrounded by the ashes. The result was a further increase in the degree of heat.
  4. Distillation in the sand (“distillatio per arenam”) (sheet 8v-9r). The ashes were replaced with sand. This achieved the second highest heat level.
  5. Distillation in the fire (“distillatio per ignem”) (sheet 9r). The "cucurbit" was placed directly on the fire hole. This was the method with the highest heat level.

Two distilling attachments (distilling hats) were described in the small distilling book: the " Alembic " and the "Rosenhut". Both attachments had folds on the inside, in which the running distillate was collected and led to a tube that allowed it to flow outwards. The end of this tube was immersed in a glass ("viole") in which the distillate was collected. On the title page of the small distilling book, an oven with a “rose hat” is shown in the upper left and an oven with an “alembic” in the lower right. The "rose hat" was the everyday device. It was made of durable material (copper, tinned copper, lead or glazed clay). The “Alembic”, on the other hand, was made from Venedian or Bohemian glass and was mainly used for the distillation of flowers and blossoms.

The information on the preparation of the distillates was condensed in the small distilling book. Roots, stems and leaves were "chopped, crushed and burned". Often - especially with delicate parts of the plant - the rule was: "gebrant per alembicum", "dystillier es per balneum marie" or "distilled per alembicum in balneum marie". Further regulations were rarely given. For example, field beans (sheet 26v) should be distilled “in ventro equino” and the water collected from the funnels of the stalk leaves of the wild cardoon (sheet 64) “per filtrum”. Two methods of distilling honey-water have been described in detail.

As a rule, it was not stated whether the material to be distilled could be burned with the addition of solvents such as water, alcohol or vinegar. Exceptions were:

  • To produce distillates from dried herbs, three times the amount of "Maientau" (see under Medicines) were poured over them and then "distilled" for three or four days in a closed vessel in horse dung, then with an open alembic in Marienbad (1st book , 20th chapter).
  • The leaves of the common ash (sheet 47v) and the mustard seeds (sheet 109v ... F) were pounded and then pickled in vinegar for four to six days before distillation.
  • Veronica officinalis (leaf 43v), the flowers of the broad bean (Leaf 26v), Hain-Groundsel (Journal 61r ... D), and lemon balm (leaf 72v ... B) were placed for 12 to 24 hours in wine before the distillation.

Sources for the first book. Distillation - equipment and methods

Small distilling book. Illustration to the chapter human blood

For the first book, in which the distillation equipment and techniques were described, no uniform template could be found so far.

For his critical edition of the Liber de consideratione quintae essentiae ... by Johannes de Rupescissa , Udo Benzenhöfer found eleven German-language manuscripts from the 15th century, most of which were written in Bavaria and southwest Germany. Benzenhöfer stated that Brunschwig only began using the expanded edition of the Small Distilling Book from 1505 (in his 5th book “Von quinta essentia”) and in the Great Distilling Book from 1512 from this alchemy book by J. d. Rupescissa was influenced. But, even if there are no literal quotations from J. d. Rupescissa are to be proven, but the description of the distillation "without costs and fire" (sheet 6-8), the chapter on the preparation of a distillate from human blood (sheet 77r) and further explanations in the small distilling book influenced by Johannes de Rupescissas Liber de consideratione quintae essentiae emerged.

Second book. Drug Monographs

Medicinal products of plant origin

Medicinal products of animal origin

Glossary for the indications

May dew

In the 20th chapter of the 1st book, Brunschwig wrote of the «Meigen dow». By that he meant the dew , which in mid-May, when the moon was waxing, on a bright, clear and light morning, before the sun rose completely and it hadn't rained the day before or during the night, was streaked with white sheets of meadows full of noble meadows Flowers stood far from damp ends and were as close as possible to mountains. The cloths were squeezed out and the water obtained was distilled with an alembic in Marienbad . Brunschwig recommended this water against skin impurities. It was also used as a solvent to make distillates from dried plants.

A south-west German manuscript from the 15th century recommended collecting water from the morning dew after the night of the summer solstice :

“For all wetagen yn leib, that's okay. Item an ſand iohan's day practicing gee except at night vnd ​​vahe the tawe yn ſnice towels vnd wint dye outside yn a candy and ſeihs because ſchön vnd nym des ye in the morning a spoonful. When a fraw ſwanger iſt ſo eats ir useful. Also useful for ale gift. "

May dew served the alchemists to make the materia prima . They viewed it as "water impregnated with astral seed".

Sterngeschütz - Sterngeschoß

In the first edition 1500 of the small distilling book, Brunschwig described the production of a distillate from "Sterngeschütz". In most of the editions of the Small Distilling Book published after 1500, including the Medicinarius published from 1505, the chapter “Sterngeschütz” was omitted. In the late Frankfurt editions of Johann Briger (after 1610) the Sterngeschütz was mentioned again. In Grimm's German dictionary "Sterngeschosz" was interpreted as a shooting star . Hermann Fischer saw the first mention of Fuligo - Lohblüte and Nostoc commune in Brunschwig's description .

Brunschwig described "Sterngeschütz" as

“… A change like a tanden galreyen or ſultzen wachſen / glottern ligend vff eychnem holtz dz ab gehouwen iſt vnd ​​wants to fulen. Other holtz me vff resembled the laying old ackern or egerden do vil weckolter ſtond eyner green colors ſwave something vff the earth like a galrey. "
Brunschwig recommended the water distilled from “Sterngeschütz” for external wound treatment.

Paracelsus (1493–1541) saw in the “star storey” a fiery body that the stars throw away and which, as soon as it touches the earth,… “is Jewish and no more fire / but an ſult and a ſchleim / like red or red yellow-colored froſchleich. "

botany

“If we summarize our judgment on Hieronymus Brunschwygk, it must be admitted that this undoubtedly good connoisseur of the native flora has so far been neglected in the history of botany. Who in the German Middle Ages conveyed greater, systematic knowledge about the European flora based on personal observation than through him? In terms of originality as florists, only Vitus Auslasser and Michael Schrick , his contemporaries, can be put by his side. Little of the latter two has survived, so that the Liber de arte distillandi de Simplicibus appears as the only first medieval print with extensive floristic information. Botanically it is a direct precursor to the fathers of botany from the 16th century. "

- Hermann Fischer . : Medieval botany . Munich 1929, p. 113.

The monographs of the second book each began with a list of the names in Latin, Greek and Arabic. The Mainz Garden of Health from 1485 served here as a direct model. Brunschwig also borrowed the beginning of the plant descriptions from the garden. He discussed these descriptions in the following, rejected a lot and added his own observations about the native flora. In this part he did his botanical pioneering work. He described many native species that had not yet been taken into account in the herbal books that had appeared until then.

Otto Brunfels and Hieronymus Bock recognized Brunschwig's services. In the second volume of his Latin herb book, Otto Brunfels had the plant descriptions in the small distilling book printed in full. In the foreword of his German herbal book, he made a differentiated statement about the knowledge of medicine and botany of the "Empiricus" Brunschwig:

“On the other hand, I have put on a number of their common herbaria in a number of places / namely Hieronymi von Brunſchweyg / who with me in large numbers. then vil gůts move things also in the same. But if my opinion is not / a trust vff the ding zů ſetzen / or also because of it zů füren / and the ſpeculatiuam medicinam discarded / on the arts of the artzeney ſ if one needs darzů / and their rules zůvor wol war take. "

In the preface to the 1551 edition of his herb book, Hieronymus Bock classified the plant descriptions in the small distillation book as a forerunner for Brunfels' botanical work:

"But ſo vil the simple medicine of the Kreüter / God awakened the pious and emptied Ottonem Brunfelſium / after the hard-working Hieronymo Braunſchweig in the Teut /chen land / which the Kreütter described to me and brought up."

Sources for the drug monographs of the second book

Sources for the monographs with medicinal substances of plant origin

Little book about the burnt-out waters . Erfurt 1498. Cover picture

The little book about the burnt-out waters , ascribed to the Viennese doctor Michael Puff , had been available in print since 1477 and was based on handwritten versions that can be traced back to the middle of the 15th century. Brunschwig completely integrated this collection of monographs on distillates and their effects into his Kleines Distillierbuch.

In Alsatian and Bavarian manuscripts of the 15th century, the effects of medicinal waters were described that differed from the descriptions of the effects in the booklet of the burnt-out waters or supplemented them:

Frankfurt. Ms. germ. Qu. 17th Alsace 1st quarter of 15th century sheet 340v-350v
Cpg 226 . Alsace 1459-1469. Sheet 102r-105r
Cpg 545 . Nuremberg 1474, sheet 97v-121r
Cpg 558 . Northern Bavaria 1470-1485, sheet 21v-27r
Cpg 638 . Alsace / Basel 2nd quarter of 15th century sheet 29r-31r
Cpg 666 . Southwest Germany 1478 sheet 87r-130r

Brunschwig took over this information completely in his small distilling book .

Other sources are:

  • German Macer from the 13th century. This herbal book was distributed in Alsatian manuscripts in the 15th century.
  • Galangal spice treatise (14th century). Also widespread in Alsace in the 15th century.
  • Liber de vinis (13th / 14th century). It was attributed to Arnaldus de Villanova . In 1478 Wilhelm von Hirnkofen translated it into High German and printed it in Esslingen under the title Preservation and Preparation of Wine .
  • Book of nature (14th century) by Konrad von Megenberg . Widespread in manuscripts and incunabulum prints in the 15th century.
  • Gart of Health from 1485.
  • In 1497 Brunschwig had completed his book of the Cirurgia . The last chapter was an alphabetical compilation of the Simplicia commonly used in surgery with details of the qualities (warm / cold - moist / dry) and a brief description of their effects on wound healing.

The chapters on Benedictine herb and lemon balm in the small distilling book are taken from the handwritten miracle drug tracts "Von cardus benedictus" and "Von melisse oder hertzkraut" that have been handed down since the beginning of the 15th century.

Sources for the monographs on medicinal substances of animal origin

The sources of the chapters in which distilled waters from substances of animal origin are treated have not yet been determined.

aftermath

New editions - reprints

In 1505, 1509, 1515, 1521, 1528, 1531 and 1537, Hans Grüninger and his son and successor Bartholomäus Grüninger published extended new editions of the small distilling book. At the beginning of the 17th century (1610 and 1614) it was printed in Frankfurt am Main by Johann Bringer as an appendix to a German translation of the Materia medica des Dioscurides .

Translations

In 1517 Thomas van der Noot got a Dutch translation in Brussels. In 1527, an English translation was published by Lawrence Andrew under the title: "The vertuose boke of Distillacyon of the waters of all maner of Herbes". In 1559, a Czech translation was finally published in Olomouc by Johann Günther.

Edits

Eucharius Rösslin the Younger integrated the indications of the small distilling book into his “Kreutterbuch von allem Erdtgewächs” from 1533. This book was reprinted in quick succession in 1535, 42, 46, 50, 56, 69 ff. And after Roesslin's death by Adam Lonitzer , his successor in the office of the Frankfurt City Physician.

literature

  • Josef Benzing . Bibliography of the writings of Hieronymus Brunschwyg. In: Philobiblon. A quarterly for book and graphic collectors. 12: 115-123 (1968).
  • Johann Ludwig Choulant . Graphic incunabula for natural history and medicine. Weigel, Leipzig 1858, pp. 75–85 (digitized version )
  • Hermann Fischer . Medieval botany. Munich 1929, pp. 109-113.
  • Astrid Müller-Grzenda. Plant waters and distilled wine as medicinal products at the beginning of modern times. Manufacturing process, manufacturer and trade, nature and importance for the materia medica. Stuttgart 1996. ISBN 3-7692-2025-0 .
  • Hermann Schelenz . On the history of the pharmaceutical-chemical stills. Springer, Berlin 1911 (digitized version)
  • Karl Sudhoff . German medical incunabula . Leipzig 1908, pp. 61–69 (digitized version )
  • Heike Will. Comparison of the indications in the 'Small Distilling Book' by the surgeon Hieronymus Brunschwig (Strasbourg 1500) with the indications based on current scientific knowledge. Mathematical and scientific dissertation, Würzburg 2009 (PDF) .

Web links

Commons : Hieronymus Brunschwig  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

References and comments

  1. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig. Small distilling book. Johann Grüninger, Strasbourg 1500 (digitized version)
  2. ^ Paul Kristeller: The Strasbourg book illustration in the XV. and at the beginning of the XVI. Century. Leipzig 1888.
  3. ^ Ferdinand Geldner: The German incunabula printer. Hiersemann, Stuttgart 1968, Volume I, pp. 71-75.
  4. ↑ Arthur M. Hind: An introduction to a history of woodcut. Dover Publications, New York 1993, Vol. I, pp. 339-344.
  5. ^ Eleanor Winsor Leach: Illustration as interpretation in Brant's and Dryden's editions of Virgil. In: Sandra Hindman (Ed.): The eraly illustrated book. Essay in honor of Lessing J. Rosenwald. Washington: Library of Congress 1982, pp. 175-210.
  6. ↑ Sebastian Brant (ed.). Publius Maro Vergilius. Opera. Grüninger, Strasbourg 1502. (digitized version )
  7. ↑ In May 1500 the Small Distilling Book was published, in September 1502 the Vergil edition. The illustration for the first Ecloge was the second of more than 200 large-format woodprint illustrations in the Vergil edition, the total production time of which can be estimated at a good 2 years.
  8. ↑ Joachim Telle. In: Pharmacy and the common man. Exhibition catalog of the Herzog August Library No. 36.Wolfenbüttel 1982, p. 54.
  9. ↑ = description
  10. ↑ = through perception in nature
  11. ↑ Introduction to bug fixes at the end of the "Small Distilling Book" (digitized version )
  12. ↑ A detailed examination of these images in: Brigitte and Helmut Baumann: The Mainzer Herb Book Incunabeln. Hiersemann Stuttgart 2010, pp. 238-239.
  13. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig. Small distilling book. Strasbourg 1500, foreword (digitized version)
  14. ↑ Small distilling book, sheet 9va (digitized version )
  15. ↑ Small distilling book, sheet 21ra (digitized version )
  16. ↑ Small distilling book, sheet 25va (digitized version )
  17. ↑ Small distilling book, sheet 41vb (digitized version )
  18. ↑ Small distilling book, sheet 57vb (digitized version )
  19. ↑ Small distilling book, sheet 60rb (digitized version )
  20. ↑ Small distilling book, sheet 60vb (digitized version )
  21. ↑ Small distilling book, sheet 66vb (digitized version )
  22. ↑ Small distilling book, sheet 71rb (digitized version )
  23. ↑ Small distilling book, sheet 72va (digitized version )
  24. ↑ Small distilling book, sheet 105vb (digitized version )
  25. ↑ Small distilling book, sheet 113ra (digitized version )
  26. ↑ Small distilling book, sheet 79va (digitized version )
  27. ^ Werner Williams-Krapp: Nikolaus von Nürnberg II (N. of the Carthusians) . In: The German literature of the Middle Ages. Author Lexicon. 1987, Vol. 6, Col. 1126-1127.
  28. ↑ Small distilling book, sheet 83ra (digitized version )
  29. ^ G. Keil: Johann Ungerech von Frankfurt . In: The German literature of the Middle Ages. Author Lexicon. 1999, Vol. 10, Col. 77-78.
  30. ↑ Small distilling book, sheet 84va (digitized version )
  31. ↑ Small distilling book, sheet 85va (digitized version )
  32. ↑ Small distilling book, sheet 86ra (digitized version )
  33. ↑ Small distilling book, sheet 88vb (digitized version )
  34. ↑ Small distilling book, sheet 114vb (digitized version )
  35. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig. Small distilling book. Strasbourg 1500, preface from diſtillieren (digitized version )
  36. ↑ See also Robert J. Forbes : A Short History of the Art of Distillation from the Beginnings up to the Death of Cellier Blumenthal. Brill, Leiden 1948; Reprint ibid 1970, p. 83 f.
  37. ↑ See also Geoffrey Chaucer : Canterbury Tales. With an introduction, notes and a glossary by John Matthews Manly, London / Calcutta / Sydney [1928], p. 467 (“And sondry vessels maad of erthe and glas - Our urynals and our descensories, Violes, crosletz, and sublymatories, Cucurbites , and alambikes eek, And other swich, deere ynough a leek! ").
  38. ↑ Friedrich Dobler: The Fimus as a heat source in the old pharmacy. In: Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetica 32, 1957, pp. 66-67.
  39. ^ Robert James Forbes: A Short History of the Art of Distillation: from the beginnings up to the death of Cellier Blumenthal . EJ Brill, Leyden 1948 (Reprint 1970), pp. 22 and 37.
  40. ^ Wilhelm Hassenstein: The fireworks book from 1420. 600 years of German powder weapons and gunsmithing. Reprint of the first edition from 1529 (published in the same year by Egenolph in Strasbourg under the title Büchsenmeysterei ) with translation into standard German and explanations, Munich 1941, p. 73 (“do it in a Kukurbit”) and 75.
  41. ↑ Gerhard Pfeiffer: Technological development of stills from the late Middle Ages to modern times. Regensburg 1986.
  42. ↑ Astrid Müller-Grzenda. Plant waters and distilled wine as medicinal products at the beginning of modern times. Manufacturing process, manufacturer and trade, nature and importance for the materia medica. Stuttgart 1996, pp. 64-69.
  43. ↑ Heike Will. Comparison of the indications in the 'Small Distilling Book' by the surgeon Hieronymus Brunschwig (Strasbourg 1500) with the indications based on current scientific knowledge. Würzburg 2009, pp. 28-29.
  44. ↑ Lawrence M. Principe: Working Methods . In: Claus Priesner and Karin Figala: Alchemy. Lexicon of a Hermetic Science. Beck, Munich 1998, pp. 51-57.
  45. ↑ Sheet 57r: And the best hunger is ... Here I want to give you another hunig to distill ... (digitized version )
  46. ↑ Udo Benzenhöfer: Johannes' de Rupescissa. Liber de consideratione quintae essentiae omnium rerum german. Studies on Alchemia medica from the 15th to 17th centuries with a critical edition of the text. Steiner, Stuttgart 1989, pp. 58-63.
  47. ↑ "From people blood water ... C people blood water ... when afterwards I want to educate in mynem big book of the glychen Johannes rubicissi in the book quinta essentia."
  48. ↑ Small distilling book, sheet 76v (digitized version )
  49. ↑ Small distilling book, sheets 10v-11r (digitized version )
  50. ↑ Small distilling book, sheet 107r (digitized version )
  51. ↑ Solstice
  52. ↑ Heidelberg. Cpg 551. Collective manuscript, Southwest Germany, 15th century, sheet 116r – 183r: Medical recipe collection. (Digitized version)
  53. ↑ Karin Figala. In: Claus Priesner and Karin Figala (eds.): Alchemie. Lexicon of Hermetic Science . Beck, Munich 1998, p. 239.
  54. ↑ Chapter "Sterngeschütz" in the small distilling book. 1500 (digitized version)
  55. ↑ Sterngeschosz in Grimm's German Dictionary (digitized version)
  56. ↑ Hermann Fischer. Medieval botany. Verlag der Münchner Drucke, Munich 1929, p. 112, No. 27
  57. ↑ Jelly
  58. ↑ Barrens
  59. ↑ Paracelsus: The book Meteorum . Cologne 1566, p. 63: Caput X. De exhalationibus (digitized version ) .
  60. ^ Also: Heinrich Marzell : Dictionary of German Plant Names. Hirzel, Leipzig 1943-1958, vol. II, col. 504-505: Fuligo septica and vol. III, col. 335-338: Nostoc commune.
  61. ↑ Malcom Potts: Etymology of the Genus Name Nostoc (Cyanobacteria). In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, Apr. 1977, p. 584
  62. ↑ Hermann Fischer. Medieval botany. Munich 1929, pp. 110-112.
  63. ↑ Otto Brunfels . Herbarum vivae eicones . Volume II. Strasbourg 1532: De vera herbarum cognitione appendix. Pp. 183-201: Hieronymi herbarii Argentorat. Apodixis Germanica, ex qua facile vulgares herbas omnes licebit perdiscere, coacta in seriem Alphabeticam ("The Strasbourg herbalist Hieronymus German evidence from which the common plants can be easily recognized. In alphabetical order") (digitalized) .
  64. ↑ Otto Brunfels. Contrafayt Kreüterbuch. Strasbourg 1532, Foreword, Chapter 32 (digitized version)
  65. ↑ Hieronymus Bock. Herb book, edition 1551, preface, chapter 10 (digitized version)
  66. ↑ For example: Solothurn. Cod, p. 386. Med. Composite manuscript. Ravensburg 1463-1466. Sheets 133r-136v (digitized version ) and Karlsruhe. Cod.Donaueschingen 793. Central Bavaria 1445-1470. Sheet 30r-33v (digitized version )
  67. ↑ Frankfurt. Ms. germ. Qu. 17th Alsace 1st quarter of the 15th century Sheet 340v-350v (digital copy )
  68. ↑ Heidelberg. Cpg 226. Alsace 1459-1469. Sheet 102r-105r (digitized version )
  69. ↑ Heidelberg. Cpg 545. Nuremberg 1474, sheet 97v-121r (digitized version )
  70. ↑ Heidelberg. Cpg 558. North Bavaria 1470-1485, sheet 21v-27r (digital copy )
  71. ↑ Heidelberg, Cpg 638. Alsace / Basel 2nd quarter of the 15th century. Sheet 29r-31r (digitized version )
  72. ↑ Heidelberg. Cpg 666. Southwest Germany 1478 sheet 87r-130r Waters interspersed between the incomplete "Elixir" of Nikolaus Frauenlob (digital copy )
  73. ↑ For example in: Heidelberg. Cpg 226. Alsace 1459-1469. Sheet 178r-206v (digitized version )
  74. ↑ For example in: Heidelberg. Cpg 620.Southwest Germany 15th century sheet 75r-95v (digitized version )
  75. ↑ Preservation and preparation of wine 1478 (digitized version)
  76. ↑ Book of the Cirurgia. Sheet 125v-128r (digitized version ) = Guy de Chauliac . Grand surgery. (Translation: Nicaise 1890, pp. 638–658) (digitized version )
  77. ↑ Hans J. Vermeer: Cardo benedicta das edilst krautt. In: Gundolf Keil et al. (Ed.): Specialist literature of the Middle Ages. Festschrift for Gerhard Eis. Stuttgart 1968, pp. 421-432.
  78. ↑ Gundolf Keil: Kardobenediktentraktat. In: The German literature of the Middle Ages. Author Lexicon. Berlin 2004, Vol. XI, Col. 826-829.
  79. ↑ Thomas Richter and Gundolf Keil. Investigations on the influence of the lemon balm treatise on the modern herbal literature. In: Iliaster. Literature and Natural History in the Early Modern Era. Manutius, Heidelberg 1999, pp. 241-247.
  80. ↑ Johann Dantz 1610, pp. 473–616 (digitized version )
  81. ↑ Agnes Arber: Herbals. Their origin and evolution. A chapter in the history of botany. 1470-1670. Cambridge 1912, p. 45.
  82. ^ Eleanor Sinclair Rhode: The old english herbals. Minerva, London 1922, pp. 69, 74.
  83. ↑ The vertuose boke of Distillacyon 1527. (digitized)
  84. ^ Josef Benzing : Bibliography of the writings of Hieronymus Brunschwygs. In: Philobiblon. A quarterly for book and graphic collectors. Volume 12, 1968, pp. 115-123.
  85. ↑ W. Stricker. In: Biographical Lexicon of Outstanding Doctors. 2nd edition Berlin 1932, p. 851.