Hieronymus Brunschwig

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Hieronymus Brunschwig. Presumed author portrait. Liber de arte distillandi de compositis. Book V, introduction. Cutout
Hieronymus Brunschwig. Presumed author portrait. Liber de arte distillandi de compositis. Front page. Cutout
Book of the Cirurgia. Title page
Small distilling book . Title page
Liber pestilentialis. Title page
Medicinarius. Title page
Large distilling book. Title page

Hieronymus Brunschwig (* around 1450 in Strasbourg ; † around 1512 there ) was a German surgeon and botanist . He mainly wrote surgical and pharmaceutical writings and is considered the forerunner of the fathers of botany .

Live and act

That Hieronymus Brunschwig, who came from a Strasbourg bourgeois family, studied abroad and took part in the Burgundian wars (around 1475) seems to emerge from some passages in his “Cirurgia”, but lacks any definite proof. He was primarily a surgeon and as such worked in surgery . His ways of treating gunshot wounds were exemplary . In 1461 he observed in Koblenz how one “had to bind a schoolmaster who had lost his senses through studying too much”, who was then cured by giving medicinal preparations made from ox-tongue . In 1466 he stayed in Würzburg , where he had contact with the local surgeon Hans Pfarrer. At the end of the 15th century he settled in Strasbourg as a surgeon and began to compile extensive medical texts. His Kleines Distillierbuch , in particular , was widely used.

In his “Spiegel der Arznei”, published for the first time in 1518, Lorenz Fries distinguished between three categories of doctors: “Methodici”, “Empirici” and “Rationales”. Among the "Empirici" he described some contemporaries, including Hieronymus Brunschwig:

“The others are called empirici / ſein who have ſo ir ſachen alone put into the thing / ſo ſie have learned / who pay attention that the doctor does not need a customer. [...] and in unds one where the poor lüt run for ſein house if they want to buy fiſch ſchryend / Oh dear, you help all the people, help from us too / we are in the villages and castles / don’t find ſo vil fiſch to buy home. That is why he has made two beautiful books / in them vil hüpſcher finds ler how he wanna understand the ler and the latin / het wol gnůg gethon / ſouil he knew this kunſt from the doctor / i wished to practice / but basically floated away . "

- Lorenz Fries : Mirror of Medicine. Strasbourg 1518, sheet 14r

Otto Brunfels and Hieronymus Bock , two botanist-doctors of the 16th century , expressed their appreciation for Brunschwig's pioneering achievements in the field of botany:

“On the other hand, I have put on a number of their common herbaria in a number of places / namely Hieronymi von Brunſchweyg / who with me in large numbers. then vil gůts move things also in the same. But if my opinion is not / a trust vff the ding zů ſetzen / or also because of it zů füren / and the ſpeculatiuam medicinam discarded / on the arts of the artzeney ſ if one needs darzů / and their rules zůvor wol war take. "

- Otto Brunfels : Contrafayt Kreüterbuch. Strasbourg 1532, foreword, chapter 32

"But ſo vil concerned the simple artzney of the Kreutter / God raised the pious and learned Ottonem Brunfelſium / after the hardworking Hieronymo Braunſchweig in the Teutchen land / which the Kreutter described ſ I educated."

- Hieronymus Bock : Foreword to the 1551 edition of his book of herbs, chapter 10

Fonts

  • Dis is the book of the Cirurgia. Handling of the wundartzny. Johann Grüninger , Strasbourg 4th July 1497.
This was the first printed surgery book in German. It drew mainly from the "big surgery" of Guy de Chauliac and also contains content of a German translation of the work of William of Saliceto .
As early as December 1497, Hans Schönsberger published a pirated print of Brunschwig's book on surgery in Augsburg. As a result, Brunschwig and his publisher Grüninger added four treatises to the still unsold edition of their edition, which, like the entire work, were based on Guy de Chauliac's “Great Surgery”, as well as a skeleton illustration, which in the tradition of French- German skeleton images from the late 15th century.
Further editions of the "Buch der Cirurgia": Johann Grüninger, Strasbourg 1513. Ludwig Dietz, Rostock 1518 (Low German edition). Alexander Weissenhorn, Augsburg 1534 and 1539.
Translations: Peter Trevis, London 1925 (English). Jan Berents, Utrecht 1535 (Dutch)
Reprints in the 20th century:
  • Carl Kuhn, Munich 1911 (with a comment by Gustav Klein).
  • Liers, Milan 1923 (with a comment by Henry E. Sigerist ).
  • Christian Probst, Gerhard Zierau, Gertenbach 1967
  • Kölbl, Munich-Allach 1968
  • August Köhler, Oberkirch no year (approx. 1970)
  • Scientific Book Society, Stuttgart 1970, ISBN 978-3-534-00016-6
  • Liber de arte distillandi de simplicibus. (= Small distilling book ) Johann Grüninger, Strasbourg May 8, 1500.
Reprint together with other treatises in the Medicinarius from 1505 (see below). In addition, the Liber de arte distillandi de simplicibus was integrated together with the Gart der Gesundheit (Mainz 1485) in the herb book of all earth plants by Eucharius Roesslin the Younger ( Frankfurt am Main 1533, 1535, 1536, 1538, 1540, 1542 and 1546) .
Translations: 1) Dutch by Thomas van der Noot in Brussels . 1517. 2) English by Lawrence Andrew in London . 1527. 3) Czech by Johann Günther in Olmütz . 1559.
  • Liber pestilentialis de venenis epidemie. [...] The book of the poisoning of the pestilentz, which is called dying mean. Johann Grüninger, Strasbourg 19th August 1500.
  • Medicinarius. Johann Grüninger, Strasbourg 1505
In this :
  1. the Liber de arte distillandi de simplicibus. ( Small distilling book ),
  2. the treatise De vita libri tres by Marsilio Ficino (German by Johann Adelphi from Strasbourg),
  3. Drug glossaries and
  4. a treatise called De Quinta essentia influenced by the book De consideratione quintae essentiae by Johannes de Rupescissa .
Reprint: Strasbourg 1508, 1515, 1521, 1528, 1531, 1537; Frankfurt am Main 1551, 1554, 1555, 1560, 1610, 1614.
  • Liber de arte distillandi de compositis. (= Large Distilling Book) Johann Grüninger, Strasbourg 1512
In this :
  1. a book about "Quinta essentia" and other alchemical medicines - with long passages from the book De consideratione quintae essentiae by Johannes de Rupescissa ,
  2. a list of simplicia and composita - sorted by diseases,
  3. a list of simplicia and composita - ordered according to the location of the disease (from head to toe),
  4. a list of simplicia and composita - for use in surgery and
  5. a treatise entitled Thesaurus pauperum - Pharmacopoeia in 45 chapters with cheap medicines for the poor.
The thesaurus pauperum has been reissued separately:
  • under the title house pharmacy or house medicine booklet ; (39 prints. 1537 -1658) and
  • under the title Pharmacy for the Common Man - together with the little book on the burnt-out waters attributed to Michael Puff ; (30 prints. 1529-1619).
Reprints of the complete Liber de arte distillandi de compositis : Strasbourg 1519, 1531, 1532; Frankfurt am Main 1538, 1551, 1552, 1597; Leipzig 1972.
Reprints of "Great Distilling Book" in the 20th century:
  • Basel 1971
  • Leipzig 1972
  • Munich-Grünwald undated (= Ars distillandi , edited editions from 1610).

literature

  • Josef Benzing . Bibliography of the writings of Hieronymus Brunschwig. In: Philobiblon. A quarterly for book and graphic collectors. 12, pp. 113-141 (1968).
  • Alexander Brunschwig : Hieronymus Brunschwig of Strasbourg . In: Annals of Medical History . Volume 1, number 6, 1929, pp. 640–644 (based on Sudhoff 1908 and Sigerist 1923)
  • Gerhard Eis:  Brunschwig, Hieronymus. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 2, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1955, ISBN 3-428-00183-4 , p. 688 ( digitized version ).
  • August Hirsch :  Hieronymus Brunschwig . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 3, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1876, p. 453.
  • Gundolf Keil : Brunschwig, Hieronymus. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil, Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 217.
  • Rolf Müller, Gundolf Keil: German Lanfrank translations of the 14th and 15th centuries. On the evaluation of the Lanfrank quotes in Brunschwig's “Chirurgie”. In: Hans-Heinz Eulner, Gunter Mann, Gert Preiser, Rolf Winau, Otto Winkelmann (eds.): Medical history in our time. Festival ceremony for Edith Heischkel-Artelt and Walter Artelt on their 65th birthday. Enke, Stuttgart 1971, ISBN 3-432-01698-0 , pp. 90-110.
  • Henry E. Sigerist : Hieronymus Brunschwig and his work. In: The book of Cirurgia by Hieronymus Brunschwig. R. Lier, Milan 1923.
  • R. Shane Tubbs, Anand N. Bosmia, Martin M. Mortazavi, Marios Loukas, Mohammadali Shoja, Aaron A. Cohen Gadol: Hieronymus Brunschwig (c. 1450–1513): his life and contributions to surgery . In: Child's Nervous System . Volume 28, Number 4, 2012, pp. 629-632 ( doi: 10.1007 / s00381-011-1417-x ).
  • Johannes Steudel . Brunschwig's anatomy. In: Grenzgebiete der Medizin, I (1948), pp. 249-250
  • Karl Sudhoff : Brunschwig's anatomy. In: Archiv f. Business d. Medicine, I (1907), pp. 41–66 (digitized version ) and p. 141–156 (digitized version ) .
  • Karl Sudhoff: German medical incunabula . Leipzig 1908, pp. 51–61 (digitized version )
  • Friedrich Wieger. History of medicine and its educational establishments in Strasbourg… KJ Trübner, Strasbourg 1885, pp. 1–37 (digital copy )
  • Heike Will. Comparison of the indications in the 'Small Distilling Book' by the surgeon Hieronymus Brunschwig (Strasbourg 1500) with the indications based on current scientific knowledge. Mathematical and scientific dissertation, Würzburg 2009 (PDF) .

Web links

Commons : Hieronymus Brunschwig  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Hieronymus Brunschwig  - Sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Pierre Bachoffner. Jérôme Brunschwig, chirurgien et apothicaire strasbourgeois, portraituré en 1512 . In: Revue d'histoire de la pharmacie , Volume 81, No 298 (1993), pp. 269-278 (digitized version )
  2. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig. Liber de arte distillandi de compositis . Strasbourg 1512, title page of the fifth book (digitized version)
  3. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig. Liber de arte distillandi de compositis . Strasbourg 1512, title page (digitized)
  4. ↑ Small distilling book. Strasbourg 1500, sheet 85v: (Ox tongue) “... when I (saw) gischen myself I still saw the birth of Cristi .M.CCCC.LVI. iar (1456) / zů Koblentz ... ".
  5. ^ Charles Wittmer and J. Charles Meyer. Le livre de bourgeoisie de la ville de Strasbourg. 1440-1530 Texts 1. Strasbourg / Zurich 1948-1961, p. 382: (1482) 3381… “Item Hans Bösch, the schůmaker, got the castle turned because of his husfrowen, Hans von Brunschwig, the shearer dohter, uff zinstag sant Agathen (November 5, 1482). "
  6. ↑ Jan Frederiksen: The German literature of the Middle Ages. Author Lexicon. 2nd edition, De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1978, Volume 1, Col. 1073.
  7. ↑ Also: HE Sigerist 1923, SV: “Was Haeser (H. Haeser. Textbook of Gesch. D. Med. Jena 1875-1882 II., 158-162.) Claims and Wieger (F. Wieger. History of Med. in Strasbourg. Strasbourg 1885.) repeats that Brunschwig stayed in Bologna, Padua and Paris for training is extremely unfounded (is utterly unfounded). "
  8. ↑ Small distilling book , Strasbourg 1500, sheet 85v (digital copy )
  9. ↑ Small distilling book . Strasbourg 1500, sheet 72v: (Lavender) "... I saw a vastly beriempten sore doctor zů würtzburg called hans pfarren ..." (digital copy ) ; Sheet 81v: (Nebten krut) "... When I was zů würtzburgk / when one zalt .M.CCCCLXVI. iar (1466) was eyn goldt schmidt called Jerg ziechel… “ (digitized version ) ; Sheet 113r: (Walwurtz) ... rated by Hans Pastor von Würtzburg, a wounded doctor ... (digitized version )
  10. ↑ Lorenz Fries. Mirror of the remedy . Printed by Johannes Grüninger in Strasbourg. 1518, sheet 14r (digital copy )
  11. ^ Charles Schmidt. Laurent Fries de Colmar. Médecin, astrologue, geographe à Strasbourg et à Metz . In: Annales de l'est. Revue trimestrielle publiée sous la direction de la Faculté des Lettres de Nancy. 4 (1890) pp. 523-575, here: p. 538 (digitized version )
  12. ↑ Rudolf Christian Ludwig Öhlschlegel. Studies on Lorenz Fries and his "Mirror of Medicine". Diss. Med. Tübingen 1985, p. 53
  13. ↑ (digitized version)
  14. ↑ (digitized version)
  15. ↑ Hermann Fischer . Medieval botany. Verlag der Münchner Drucke, Munich 1929, pp. 109–113
  16. ↑ J. Steudel 1948, 249-250.
  17. ^ Gundolf Keil: Guy de Chauliac. In: The German literature of the Middle Ages. Author Lexicon. , 2nd Edition. Volume 3, 1981, col. 347-353 (here: col. 352).
  18. ↑ See also Karl-Wilhelm Grabert: The nomina anatomica with the German surgeons Hieronymus Brunschwig and Hans von Gersdorff, their relationship to Guy de Chauliac and their relationship to the Jenenser nomina anatomica of 1935. A contribution to the history of the anatomical nomenclature, with a sketch about the life, work and position of the three authors in German anatomy and surgery in the Middle Ages. Medical dissertation Leipzig 1943.
  19. ↑ Skeleton illustration of an edition of the Hortus sanitatis , Grüninger, Strasbourg 1497 (digitized version)
  20. ↑ Grüninger's skeleton illustration in the 1513 edition of Brunschwig's surgery (digital copy )
  21. ^ Karl Sudhoff . A contribution to the history of anatomy in the Middle Ages. Barth, Leipzig 1908, pp. 45–50 (digitized version )
  22. ↑ Robert Herrlinger . History of medical illustration. Moos, Munich 1967, pp. 62-64.
  23. ↑ Udo Benzenhöfer : Johannes' de Rupescissa "Liber de consideratione quintae essentiae omnium rerum" German. F. Steiner, Stuttgart 1989, pp. 58-63.
  24. ↑ z. B. Thesaurus pauperum. An excellent and popular house zapoteck gmeyner common artzeney. Frankfurt am Main ( Christian Egenolff ) 1537 and 1539.
  25. ↑ also under the German title Das Buch zu distillieren ding, Composita called [...] and the book Thesaurus pauperum for the poor
  26. ↑ also under the German title Das neüwe Distillierbuoch [...]
  27. ^ Josef Benzing. Bibliography of the writings of Hieronymus Brunschwyg. In: Philobiblon. A quarterly magazine for book and graphic collectors. 12, 1968, pp. 115-123.
personal data
SURNAME Brunschwig, Hieronymus
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German doctor
DATE OF BIRTH around 1450
PLACE OF BIRTH Strasbourg
DATE OF DEATH around 1512
Place of death Strasbourg