Lorenz Fries (medical doctor)

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Lorenz Fries. Author's picture 1523.

Lorenz Fries , also called Lorenz Phryes , latinized Laurentius Phrisius (* around 1490; † 1531/32 in Metz ) was a German doctor, astrologer and geographer whose center of life was in Alsace . His best-known work is the “Spiegel der Arznei” (eight editions 1518–1557).

Live and act

The date and place of birth of Lorenz Fries cannot be determined with certainty. Possible dates of birth were discussed: "around 1485", August 10, 1489 or "after 1490". Possible places of birth were given: Mulhouse or Colmar , Metz, Swabia ( Markgröningen ). Sudhoff (1904) and Öhlschlägel (1985) suggested that Fries studied in Padua, Piacenca, Montpellier and Vienna, where he probably completed his studies. There is no evidence for this.

Frie's name appeared for the first time securely in 1513 on a Nuremberg single-sheet print. At the end of 1518 he lived in the Augustinian monastery in Colmar. In Colmar he was probably working as a general practitioner. On the title page of the first 1518 edition of the “Spiegel der Arznei” he called himself “von Colmar  / der Philosophy vnd Artzney Doctor”. He dedicated this work to Johann Dingler, the Schlettstadt guild master of fishermen.

In terms of content, Fries in his "Spiegel" leaned more on Avicenna than on Galen for detailed medical questions (as a so-called Arabist - in contrast to the so-called Galenists - he also wrote a defense of Avicenna, the prince of doctors, to the doctors of Germany in 1530 ).

In March 1519 Fries moved to Strasbourg . In July of the same year he followed a call to Freiburg im Üechtland , where he held the post of city ​​doctor for 8 months and where he met Agrippa von Nettesheim . In the middle of 1520 he returned to Strasbourg and married Barbara Thun, the daughter of the late Strasbourg glazier Ambrosius Thun. Fries became a citizen of Strasbourg and a member of the “Zur Steltz” guild (goldsmiths and printers). In May 1525, Fries gave up his citizenship in Strasbourg and left the city.

Until the winter of 1528 he stayed in Trier , where he worked as a doctor. On February 28, 1528, Paracelsus, who had fled Basel, wrote to Bonifacius Amerbach : “Phrusius de Colmaria optime valet, sumque optimus familiae et totam civitatem”. (“Fries von Colmar is in the best possible way, and I am very well received in his family and in the whole city.”) In July 1528 Fries wrote a “prognostication” for the year 1529 in Diedenhofen . In Metz he created a French-language “Prognostication” for 1529 in October 1528 and a natal chart on November 14, 1528 for his friend Nicolas de Heu (1494-1547), the mayor of Metz. In the edition of "Spiegel der Arznei" printed by Balthasar Beck in Strasbourg in 1532, a foreword by Lorenz Fries was printed, which he had written on July 23, 1530 in Metz. In it he casually noted: “God let me live a short time…” Another foreword in the same edition was written on May 14, 1532 by Otto Brunfels . It said: "... which is why the author of this book, the highly acclaimed doctor Laurentius Fries, was caused before his death / correct such things ...". From these statements it was concluded that Fries died between July 1530 and May 1532.

Fries had a "long-established early career" with the Strasbourg printer and publisher Johannes Grüninger , who published most of his works.

Fonts (selection)

Treatise on Wild Baths Nature. Title page. Johannes Grüninger , Strasbourg 1519. Image size: 9.8 cm × 8.7 cm.
Prognostication for the year 1530. Title page. Hans Knobloch, Strasbourg 1529. Image size: 9.8 × 12.1 cm.
Preface to “Uslung der Mercarthen” (1525), in which Fries emphasizes the friendship with Grüninger
  • Miraculous birth in Rome on March 7, 1513. Single- sheet print. Johann Weissenburger, Nuremberg 1513
  • Artzny mirror […] . Printed by Johannes Grüninger in Strasbourg. 1st edition 1518, 2nd edition 1519 and 3rd edition March 17, 1529.
In 1529 the publisher Balthasar Beck had Otto Brunfels edit the “Mirror of Arzney” in Strasbourg . Three editions of this version were printed: August 18, 1529, 1532 and 1546.
In 1542 Johann Dryander tightened the Friesschen "Spiegel", attached a short anatomy section and published it under the title "The whole medicine common content" with the publisher Christian Egenolph in Frankfurt. In 1547 Dryander added a section on surgery. To do this, he used the German translation of Lanfranks ' Small Wound Medicine , which Otto Brunfels had obtained in 1528 and printed by Christian Egenolph. Two editions of the mirror appeared in this form : 1547 and 1557.
The library of the Zurich Medical History Institute has 2 double volumes in which the "Mirror of Medicine" has been bound together with the "Kreuterbuch" of the Eucharius Rösslin since the 16th century :
1. Double tome: “Spiegel der Arznei” 1532 and “Kreuterbuch” 1533.
2. Double tome: “Spiegel der Arznei” 1546 and “Kreuterbuch” 1550.
  • Treatise on Wild Baths Nature . Joh. Grüninger, Strasbourg July 24, 1519; Bartholomäus Grüninger, Strasbourg 1538.
  • Synonyma and fair exposition of the words as one is to write in the artzny, all herbs, Wurtzlen, Bluomen, Somen, rocks, juices and other things [...]. ; Barth. Grüninger, Strasbourg 1535
Synonym register of simple medicines in Latin, Hebrew, Greek, Arabic and German based on the Mainz Garden of Health from 1485 and the Small Distilling Book .
  • Brief umbrella speech on the art of astrologiae . Joh.Guninger, Strasbourg November 28, 1520
  • Claudii Ptolemaei / Alexandrini Mathematicor. principis. Opus geography. Joh.Guninger, Strasbourg March 12, 1522, March 30, 1525.
  • Interpretation and use of the astrolabe . Joh. Grüninger, Strasbourg 23 June 1522. - Expositio et usus astrolabii . Joh.Guninger, Strasbourg 7th September 1522.
  • Forecasts: 1523, 1524, 1525 (Judenpractica), 1526, 1529, 1530, 1531
  • Ars memorativa . Joh. Grüninger, Strasbourg March 7th, 1523. - A short report on how to [...] put the memory together. Joh. Grüninger, Strasbourg March 12, 1523.
  • How to heal old damage with the guaiaco wood . Joh. Grüninger, Strasbourg January 7, 1525; Johann Prüss, Strasbourg 1530 and 1539.
    • Dutch translation: Een grondelike bestendighe heylsame cure of the grousamigher smallpox . Symon Cock, Antwerp 1548 and Peter Warnerson, Kampen 1566.
The editions 1525 and 1530 are anonymous. Fries did not name the author until the 1539 edition. Karl Sudhoff (1904, p. 771) assumed that Fries wrote all of these syphilis writings - the doctor, librarian and medical historian Ernest Wickersheimer (1880–1965) doubted Friess's authorship for all editions.
  • Interpretation of the sea maps (by Martin Waldseemüller ). Joh. Grüninger, Strasbourg March 2, 1525, June 3, 1527, Carta Marina Navigatoria April 22, 1530.
Fries was probably the first to coined the German term " Karte " around 1525 .
  • Together with Johannes Nidepontanus (Metz): Sudor anglicus . Joh. Knobloch d. J., Strasbourg 1529.
Fries reported, among other things, of an epidemic in Freiburg im Üechtland in 1519, which he interpreted as an outbreak of Sudor anglicus .
  • Defensio medicorum Principis Avicennae ad Germaniae medicos . Johann Knobloch. d. J., Strasbourg 24 August 1530
  • Epitome opusculi de curandis pusculis. Henricus Petrus, Basel 1532

literature

  • Gerhard Baader . Medical reform thinking and Arabism in Germany in the 16th century. … Lorenz Fries, the defender of Arabism. In: Sudhoffs Archiv, Volume 63, Issue 3 (1979), pp. 287-289.
  • Karl Baas. Studies of the history of medieval medicine in Colmar. In: Ztschr. Fd Gesch. d. Upper Rhine. 61 (New Series 22) (1907), pp. 217-246. here: pp. 230–234.
  • Josef Benzing . Bibliography of the writings of the Colmar doctor Lorenz Fries. In: Philobiblon NF 6 (1962), pp. 120-140.
  • Jean Michel Friedrich. Laurent Fries, médecin, astrologue et geographe de la Renaissance à Colmar, Strasbourg et Metz. Diss. Med. Strasbourg 1980.
  • Karl Bittel.
    • Lorenz Fries and other Alsatian doctors around 1500. In: Straßburger Monatshefte 7 (1943), pp. 467–472.
    • The Alsatian time of Paracelsus, Hohenheim's work in Strasbourg and Kolmar, as well as his relationship with Lorenz Fries. In: Elsaß-Lothringisches Jahrbuch 21 (1943), pp. 157-186.
  • Werner E. Gerabek : Fries [Friesz, Frisius, Frize, Phries, Phryes, Phrisius], Lorenz. In: Werner E. Gerabek, Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 441.
  • Rudolf Christian Ludwig Öhlschlegel. Studies on Lorenz Fries and his "Mirror of Medicine" . Diss. Med. Tubingen 1985.
  • Charles Schmidt. Laurent Fries de Colmar, médecin, astrologue, geographe à Strasbourg et à Metz. In: Annales de l'est. Revue trimestrielle publiée sous la direction de la Faculté des Lettres de Nancy. 4 (1890), pp. 523-575 (digitized version ) .
  • Karl Sudhoff : A chapter from the history of the arbitrary composer in the XVI. Century. In: Zeitschrift für Bücherfreunde 6 (1902/03), pp. 79–81, and in: Sudhoffs Archiv 21 (1929), pp. 117–120.
  • Karl Sudhoff:  Fries, Lorenz . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 49, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1904, pp. 770-775.
  • Ernest Wickersheimer: Deux régimes de santé: Laurent Fries et Simon Reichwein à Robert de Monreal , abbé d'Echternach de 1506 à 1539 . In: Hémecht. Journal of Luxembourg History. Revue d'histoire luxembourgeoise. 10/1 (1957), pp. 59-71. (Separate print: Saint-Paul, Luxemburg 1957)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Wilfried Kettler: Studies on the early New High German lexicography in Switzerland and Alsace. Structures, types, sources and effects of dictionaries at the beginning of the modern age. Peter Lang, Bern / Berlin / Brussels / Frankfurt am Main a. a. 2008, ISBN 978-3-03911-430-6 , p. 384.
  2. ↑ Werner E. Gerabek: Fries [...], Lorenz. In: Encyclopedia of Medical History. 2005, p. 441.
  3. ↑ Baas 1907. - Öhlschlegel 1985, 21-22. - Sudhoff 1904.
  4. ^ Sudhoff 1904. - Baas 1907. - Bittel 1943. - Friedrich 1980, 11-12.
  5. ↑ Miraculous Birth in Rome of March 7, 1513. Single- sheet print. Johann Weissenburger, Nuremberg 1513 (digitized version) .
  6. ↑ Eugen Holländer (1867-1932): Miracle, miracle birth and miracle figure in single-sheet prints of the XV. to XVIII. Century. Cultural-historical study. Stuttgart 1921, p. 312. - Jean Michel Friedrich (1980), pp. 255-257 (including illustration of the sheet).
  7. ^ Letter from the Strasbourg magistrate to Colmar (April 18, 1525). - Charles Schmidt (1890), p. 528.
  8. ↑ Werner E. Gerabek: Fries [...]. In: Encyclopedia of Medical History. 2005, p. 441.
  9. ^ Gotthard Strohmaier : Avicenna. Beck, Munich 1999. ISBN 3-406-41946-1 , p. 154.
  10. ^ Theophrast of Hohenheim. Complete Works. Published by Karl Sudhoff . Barth, Munich 1922, Department I, Volume 6, pp. 33–35.
  11. ^ Jean Michel Friedrich: Laurent Fries, médecin, astrologue et geographe à Colmar, Strasbourg et Metz . Strasbourg 1980, pp. 9-27.
  12. ↑ Rudolf Öhlschlegel: Studies on Lorenz Fries and his mirror of medicine . Tübingen 1985, pp. 21-49.
  13. ^ Quotation from Fries from the preface in Application of the Mercarthen (1527).
  14. ↑ Miraculous Birth in Rome of March 7, 1513. Single- sheet print. Johann Weissenburger, Nuremberg 1513 (digitized version)
  15. ↑ Mirror of Medicine . Printed by Johannes Grüninger in Strasbourg. 1st edition 1518 (digitized version)
  16. ↑ 3rd edition March 17, 1529 (digitized version)
  17. ^ Spiegel der Arznei , Beck, Strasbourg, August 18, 1529 (digitized version)
  18. ↑ Spiegel der Arznei , Beck, Strasbourg 1532 (digitized version)
  19. ↑ Spiegel der Arznei , Beck, Strasbourg 1546 (digitized version)
  20. ↑ Johann Dryander 1542 (digitized version)
  21. ↑ With the appendix of the "Small Wound Medicine Lanfranks ". 1547 and 1557 (digitized version)
  22. ↑ Treatise on Wild Baths Nature . Joh.Guninger, Strasbourg July 24, 1519 (digitized version)
  23. ↑ Treatise on Wild Baths Nature. Bartholomäus Grüninger, Strasbourg 1538 (digitized version)
  24. ↑ Synonyma and righteous disclosure ... Joh. Grüninger, Strasbourg Nov. 29, 1519 (digitized version )
  25. ↑ synonyms and just ußlegung ... Barth. Grüninger, Strasbourg 1535 (digitized version)
  26. ↑ Brief umbrella speech of the art of astrologiae . Joh.Guninger, Strasbourg November 28, 1520 (digitized version)
  27. ^ Claudii Ptolemaei / Alexandrini Mathematicor. principis. Opus geography. Joh.Guninger, Strasbourg March 12, 1522 (digitized version)
  28. ↑ Prognostication 1529 (digitized version)
  29. ↑ A short report on how to strengthen the memory . Joh.Guninger, Strasbourg March 12, 1523 (digitized version)
  30. ↑ Ernest Wickersheimer. Le Guaiac à Strasbourg au XVIe Siècle . In: Analecta Medico-Historica. I. Materia Medica in the XVIth Century. Proceedings of the Symposium of the International Academy of the History of Medicine held at the University of Basel, September 7, 1964. Ed. By M. Florkin. Oxford 1966, pp. 55-66.
  31. ↑ Interpretation of the sea maps (by Martin Waldseemüller ). Joh.Guninger, Strasbourg March 2, 1525, June 3, 1527 (digitized version)
  32. ↑ Carta Marina Navigatoria April 22, 1530 (digitized version)
  33. ^ Defensio medicorum Principis Avicennae ad Germaniae medicos . Johann Knobloch. d. J., Strasbourg 24 August 1530 (digitized version)
  34. ↑ Epitome opusculi de curandis pusculis. Henricus Petrus, Basel 1532 (digitized version)
  35. ^ Robert (Ruprecht) von Monreal († 1539), son of Karl d. Ä. von Monreal († around 1507) and ∞ around 1471 Maria von Malberg († around 1503), 1495 Präbende ( benefice ) and admission to the Echternach Abbey , 1506 to 1539 Abbot of Echternach.

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personal data
SURNAME Fries, Lorenz
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Phryesen, Lorenz
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German doctor, astrologer, geographer
DATE OF BIRTH around 1490
PLACE OF BIRTH uncertain: Southwest Germany
DATE OF DEATH 1531 or 1532
Place of death Metz