Guy de Chauliac

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Portrait of Guy de Chauliac in a work from the 16th century.

Guy de Chauliac , also Gui (do) de C (h) auliac (o) and Gui (go) de Chaulhac (o) (* around 1298 in Chaulhac / County and Gévaudan region , today in the Lozère department ; † probably on 23. July 1368 , place of death disputed, is mentioned near Lyon or in Avignon ), was a surgeon and one of the most important doctors of his time.

Life

Guy was born the son of a farmer. The medical studies made possible for him with the support of a Freiherr von Mercoeur led him to the most important universities of his time, including Montpellier , Paris and Bologna , possibly also to Toulouse. He was a student of Henri de Mondeville and obtained a master's degree in medicine in 1325 . After completing his apprenticeship, he practiced in Lyon , where from 1340 he was canon of the former collegiate monastery of Saint-Just , which was not far from today's Saint-Just church , as well as in Avignon and was a traveling doctor all over Europe, making him became a celebrity over time, particularly for eye ailments .

Guy de Chauliac surviving numerous surgical techniques, among other things, the treatment of cataract . After he had already published a Chirurgia Parva around 1330/50 , which was later translated into German, in 1363 he published his textbook, Chirurgia Magna , the most comprehensive compendium of all medical knowledge of his time , which has been used until modern times. After surviving the great plague of 1347 and subsequent years, he wrote about it as well. With reference to Theodoric von Lucca , Guy described the manufacture and use of a sleeping sponge: A sponge was soaked in a solution of opium , the juice of the black nightshade , black henbane , mandrake , ivy , hemlock and poison lettuce and then dried and stored. Before the operation, the sponge was moistened and held over the patient's nose and mouth for anesthesia. Guy de Chauliac also reported complications from anesthesia ( asphyxia , congestion, and death).

French and German nobles sought advice from him, allegedly also Johann von Luxemburg , who was later called the blind and who traveled to Avignon in 1336 because of his eye disease.

Guy de Chauliac was the personal physician of three Popes: Clement VI. , Innocent VI. and Urban V. Thus he had access to the most important libraries in Europe.

Guy de Chauliac probably died on July 23, 1368, the place of death is disputed. Thevenet considers the testimony of the Bishop of Chalons, who states in a letter "near Lyon" , to be more credible than that of a Carthusian writer who reported on the death of Chauliac in the plague in Avignon in 1362, to which Nicaise already skeptically pointed out has been. He was buried in the cemetery of the Saint-Just priests.

Editions of works and translations

  • Laurent Joubert (ed.): Chirurgia magna Guidonis de Gauliaco, cum interpretatione dictionum de Guidonis de Cauliaco per Isaacum Joubertum. Lyon 1585. (Reprint, with a foreword published by Gundolf Keil , Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1976, ISBN 3-534-04873-3 ; 2nd edition, ibid. 1980).
  • Björn Wallner: The Middle English translation of Guy de Chauliac's ...
    • ... anatomy. With Guy's essay on the history of medicine. Philosophical dissertation) Lund 1964 (= Lunds universitets årsskrift, NF, I, LVI. Volume 5).
    • ... Treatise on wounds. (= Acta Universitatis Lundensis, Section I: Theologica Juridica Humaniora. 23 and 28). Lund 1976 and 1979.
    • ... Treatise of apostemes. Book III of the Great Surgery. Text, Part I 1988.
    • ... Treatise on ulcers. Book IV of the Great Surgery. (= Acta Universitatis Lundensis, Section I: Theologica Juridica Humaniora. 39 and 44). Part I: text. Part II: Notes, glossary, marginalia. Stockholm 1982 and 1984.
    • ... Treatise on fractures and dislocations. Book V of the Great Surgery. Part I: text. 1969.
  • Édouard Nicaise (Ed.): La grande chirurgie de Guy de Chauliac, chirurgien, maître en médecine de l'université de Montpellier, composée en l'an 1363. Éditions Alcan, Paris 1890. (digitized version)
  • Michael McVaugh (Ed.): Guy de Chauliac: Inventarium sive Chirurgia magna. Brill, Leiden 1997, ISBN 90-04-10784-3 .
  • Bianca-Maria Zimmermann: The Middle French manuscripts and prints of the 'Petite Chirurgie' by Guy de Chauliac (1298-1368). Edition and analysis. In: Medical historical messages. Volume 35, 2016 (2018), pp. 17–99, here: pp. 27–70.
  • Hartmut Broszinski : An Alemannic adaptation of the 'Chirurgia parva' ascribed to Guy de Chauliac. Philosophical dissertation Heidelberg 1968.

Sources and literature

Works of the same name

Works by Bruno von Longoburgo (1200–1286) Lanfrank of Milan (1245–1306) and Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) have been published under the same name, Chirurgia magna .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Andreé Thevenet: Guy de Chauliac ; French.
  2. ↑ Guy de Chauliac on the Montpellier University Hospital website
  3. ^ Walter von Brunn : The position of the Guy de Chauliac in the surgery of the Middle Ages. In: Sudhoff's archive. Volume 12, 1920, pp. 85-100, and Volume 13, 1921, pp. 65-106.
  4. ^ Gundolf Keil: Guy de Chauliac (Guigo de Chaulhaco). In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil, Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 519 f., Here: p. 519.
  5. ↑ Jacqueline Brossollet: Guy de Chauliac (1300-1368). In: Encyclopædia Universalis.
  6. ↑ Gisela Weber: An old German version of the 'Small Surgery' Guys de Chauliac in the copy of Konrad Schrecks von Aschaffenburg (1472). Medical dissertation in Würzburg 1982 (now on commission at Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg).
  7. ↑ Claudia Richter: Sleep-making sponges. 1999.
  8. ↑ Edouard Nicaise (ed.): La Grande Chirurgie de Guy de Chauliac. Composée en l'an 1363 . Felix Alcan, Paris 1890, p. 436. (digitized version )
  9. ^ Rudolf Frey , Otto Mayrhofer , with the support of Thomas E. Keys and John S. Lundy: Important data from the history of anesthesia. In: R. Frey, Werner Hügin , O. Mayrhofer (Ed.): Textbook of anesthesiology and resuscitation. Springer, Heidelberg / Basel / Vienna 1955. (2nd, revised and expanded edition. With the collaboration of H. Benzer. Springer-Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 1971, ISBN 3-540-05196-1 , pp. 13– 16, here: p. 13.)
  10. ↑ Sabine Tittel: The »Anathomie« in the »Grande Chirurgie« of the Gui de Chauliac: Verbal and factual historical investigations and edition . Walter de Gruyter, 2004, ISBN 978-3-11-094434-1 , p. 4– ( google.com ).
personal data
SURNAME Guy de Chauliac
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French medic
DATE OF BIRTH around 1298
PLACE OF BIRTH Chaulhac
DATE OF DEATH July 23, 1368
Place of death Avignon or near Lyon