Black henbane

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Black henbane
Hyoscyamus niger

Hyoscyamus niger

Systematics
Asterids
Euasterids I
Order : Nightshade (Solanales)
Family : Nightshade family (Solanaceae)
Genre : Henbane ( Hyoscyamus )
Type : Black henbane
Scientific name
Hyoscyamus niger
L.

The black henbane ( Hyoscyamus niger ) is a species of the genus of the henbane within the nightshade family (Solanaceae).

description

Habitus
Fruits and seeds

Vegetative characteristics

The black henbane is an herbaceous plant and can - depending on the time of germination - be one or two years old. In biennial plants only a rosette of leaves appears in the first year. In the following year, the plant will bloom and produce fruit. Annual plants often lack the purple flower pigment. It usually reaches heights of 30 to 60, in extreme cases up to 170 centimeters. The root is spindle-shaped and turnip-shaped towards the top, the stem is sticky due to glandular hairs.

The rosette leaves are stalked, the stem leaves encompassing the stem. The leaf blades are oblong-egg-shaped and toothed roughly notched.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends essentially from June to October. The flowers are arranged in the leaf axils. The hermaphrodite flowers are radially symmetrical with a double flower envelope . The funnel-shaped corolla is dirty yellowish white and veined violet.

The fruit is a bulbous, approximately 1.5 centimeter long, lid capsule that is enclosed by the calyx . The seed is gray-brown, pitted and about 1 by 1.3 millimeters in size.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 34, less often 68.

ecology

Black henbane is annual (summer or winter annual) or biennial. Its sticky glandular hair makes it smell unpleasant; it is rooted to 55 centimeters deep.

The flowers are homogamous "large funnel flowers ". It is a typical long-day plant and only blooms from a day length of at least 11 hours. The stamens are hairy at the bottom and act as a sap layer that makes access to the nectar difficult; but three slit-shaped openings remain free. The nectar is separated from the lower ovary halves and collected in the lower part of the corolla tube. Pollinators are bumblebees , but also other flower visitors. It can also self-pollinate . The flowering period extends essentially from June to October.

The fruits are lidded capsules that stand on a short rigid stem after flowering. They carry 300 to 400 seeds per capsule. After the seeds ripen, the calyx enlarges and becomes a vestibule, so that the capsule becomes a wind spreader in strong winds . Due to the sticky, glandular calyx and the spiky calyx tips, the fruit capsule also becomes an animal shaker. But there is also human expansion, so that the plant became a cultural companion and cultural relic. Fruit ripening is from August to October. The seeds are heat germinators and remain viable for over 600 years.

Distribution and locations

Black henbane is widespread in Eurasia and Africa: from Scandinavia to southern Europe , in northern and western Asia , in northern India and northern Africa . In Germany, Austria and Switzerland, black henbane can be found very unsteadily or rarely in the whole area, also because it is mostly undesirable as a dangerous poisonous plant.

Black henbane grows in rubble weed communities , on roadsides, walls, etc. It thrives best on fresh, nutrient-rich, nitrogen-rich sand - or loamy soils . It is in Central Europe, a characteristic species of Onopordetum acanthii (Thistle Corridor, a dry and warm-loving plants association with the dominant eponymous Scottish Thistle ) from the Onopordion - Association .

Ingredients and toxicity

Subterranean parts of a biennial plant
This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

All parts of the plant are poisonous, but especially the underground parts of the plant and the seeds.

Main active ingredients: The total alkaloid content in the leaves is 0.06 to 0.17%, in the roots 0.08%, in the seeds 0.05 to 0.3%. These include the alkaloids : (-) - hyoscyamine ( the racemate atropine is formed when isolated ) and (-) - scopolamine (represent 40% of the total alkaloids) as well as other alkaloids such as apoatropine , cuskhygrin and others.

Powdery mildew reduces the alkaloid content of the plant parts.

Since henbane has long been known to be used as an intoxicant and its reputation as a witch's ointment ingredient (henbane or henbane oil was supposedly a component of so-called "witch's ointment") makes it interesting for some, people repeatedly try their hand at extracts of henbane. However, since on the one hand the limit values ​​for intoxicating and toxic doses are very close to one another and on the other hand the active ingredient content fluctuates drastically (with variable active ingredient composition), severe poisoning can occur very quickly, which can also be fatal due to the high toxicity of the substances. The lethal dose for scopolamine is 50 mg, but lower doses can cause death through respiratory paralysis .

Symptoms of poisoning: reddening of the skin, dry mouth, restlessness, drowsiness or hallucinations, confusion, dilation of the pupils, cardiac arrhythmias and comatose states, unconsciousness and death from respiratory paralysis.

The effect of intoxication can last for several days to a week. Irreversible damage such as memory loss and behavioral disorders can occur due to the neurotoxicity of the ingredients.

Medicinal application

Pharmacy jars for hyoscyamus preparations from the 19th century

Henbane has been used medicinally since ancient times, in particular to relieve pain, but at the latest since the Hippocrats it has also been used to treat ulcers and tumors and other ailments.

In particular, the oil from henbane seeds was used as a pain reliever (along with opium). For example for the therapy of toothache and as a component of liniment for rheumatism.

Both black henbane and white henbane were used in European pharmacies , although the white bilse was considered to be less dangerous. Already in antiquity and the Middle Ages henbane was discouraged by the blacks, so for medical applications rather Hyoscyamus albus (White Henbane) and Hyoscyamus muticus ( Egyptian henbane ), Hyoscyamus aureus and Hyoscyamus reticulatus (Red henbane) and Hyoscyamus pallidus , as far as the Early modern henbane species can be considered common.

In the Middle Ages, henbane oil was used in folk medicine as an additive to a medicine used for painful infestation with the " toothworm ". Henbane was described in a commentary from 1874 on the German Pharmacopoeia as a narcotic that is similar to opium , but has a less constipating effect.

In folk medicine , the narcotic and hallucinogenic plant was used as an antispasmodic and as an incense for bronchial asthma . The leaves and also the easily dosed seeds of henbane are smoked because of their intoxicating effect. Today, its use is to be regarded as obsolete, as the active ingredient content fluctuates greatly and poisoning often occurred.

Seed, microscopic in transmitted light

Until the 17th century, henbane seeds were also added to beer in order to enhance its effect. In a drinking scene in the German folk book Der adventurliche Simplicissimus from 1668, it says "in the end they all thundered around as if they had been eating henbane."

It has been stated on several occasions that the name of the city of Pilsen , from which the famous Pilsner beer comes, is associated with the cultivation of henbane ("Pilsenkraut", from Middle High German also bilse ). However, this ( folk ) etymological classification is controversial.

In literary terms, henbane gained publicity in the German Shakespeare translations when the poison Hebenon , with which Hamlet's uncle poisoned his father, was translated as henbane - the actual interpretation of Hebenon remains controversial, however:

"As I slept in the garden,
your uncle stole my safe hour
With the juice of cursed henbane in the bottle
And trickled into the entrance of my ear
the festering drink!"

In homeopathy , henbane is used to make the mother tincture of the whole plant when it is in bloom.

Henbane extracts were also used to make tincture of opium (laudanum).

Etymology and common names

The word henbane (Middle High German bilse , Old High German bilsa : black henbane ) was traced back to Indo-European bhel ("whitish" or " ball " ) in relation to the white seed capsules (henbane, from Middle High German bilsensāme ) . Other interpretations refer to Germanic bil (in the sense of "wonder power, miracle sign") from Indo-European bhel in the sense of "fantasy".

The henbane, especially the black henbane, was also called witch's herb, madamah, ragweed, ragweed, gypsy herb, saukraut, sleeping herb, devil's herb, wolfwort.

history

Hyoscyamus niger, Hyoscyamus albus , Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana rustica

swell

Historical illustrations

literature

  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait. 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  • Jochen Gartz: Hallucinogens in historical writings. An anthology from 1913–1968. Nachtschatten-Verlag, Solothurn 1999, ISBN 3-907080-48-3 .
  • Henning Haeupler , Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany (= the fern and flowering plants of Germany. Volume 2). Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
  • Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora of Austria. Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer . Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 .
  • August Binz , Christian Heitz: School and excursion flora for Switzerland. Schwabe, Basel 1986, ISBN 3-7965-0832-4 .
  • H.-P. Michael Freyer: Hyoscyamus niger. On the teaching and application history of a poisonous plant. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 18, 1999, pp. 189-221.
  • Jürgen Müller : Pharmaca diabolica and Pocula amatoria. On the cultural history of the Solanaceae alkaloids atropine and scopolamine. In: Würzburger medical historical research 17, 1998, pp. 361–373.
  • Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora. Ulmer, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8001-3454-3 .
  • Christian August Friedrich Garcke : Illustrated flora. Parey, Berlin / Hamburg 1972, ISBN 3-489-68034-0 .
  • Werner E. Gerabek : Henbane. In: Werner E. Gerabek, Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 180 f.
  • Lutz Roth, Max Daunderer , Kurt Kormann: Poisonous plants plant poisons. 6th edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-86820-009-6 .
  • Ingrid and Peter Schönfelder : The new handbook of medicinal plants. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-440-09387-0 .
  • Bert Marco Schuldes: Psychoactive plants: more than 65 plants with stimulating, euphoric, calming, sexually arousing or hallucinogenic effects. Nachtschatten-Verlag, Solothurn 1994, ISBN 3-925817-64-6 .
  • Wolf-Dieter Storl: Henbane plant of the gods. The nightshade family - a fascinating family of plants. Nachtschatten-Verlag, Solothurn 2004, ISBN 3-907080-63-7 .
  • Bernhard Josef Wellen: On the history of henbane. A pharmaceutical historical study, especially on Hyoscyamus niger L. Mathematical and scientific dissertation, Marburg an der Lahn 1986.
  • Stefan Wulle: Henbane and Bibergeil . TU Braunschweig , Braunschweig 1999, ISBN 3-927115-41-X (50 years of the DFG special pharmacy collection, for the development of the medicinal treasure: booklet and selection bibliography for the exhibition from April 30th to September 16th, 1999).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hyoscyamus niger L., Black henbane. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  820 .
  3. ↑ Volker Unterladstetter: Hyoscyamus niger - black henbane (Solanaceae) plant portrait of the Bochum Botanical Association ( PDF 5.4 MB)
  4. ↑ Petra Christ: Witches' Ointment - a drug of the late Middle Ages and early modern times? Tradition and Criticism. Folklore master's thesis, Würzburg 1995.
  5. ↑ H.-P. Michael Freyer: Hyoscyamus niger. On the teaching and application history of a poisonous plant. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 18, 1999, pp. 189-221, here: pp. 194-197.
  6. ^ Heinrich L. Werneck: herbal book of Johannes Hartlieb. A German manuscript around 1435/1450 from the Innviertel. In: East Bavarian border marks. Volume 2, 1958, pp. 71-123; here: p. 83 ("Jusquianus hayst Pilsenkraut [...]. The oil that is made from the sam of the herb host is good for the zand pains [...] and for all sick people who come from haysser sach" ).
  7. ↑ Ernst Gilg, Paul Norbert Schürhoff: From the realm of drugs. Historical, cultural and botanical considerations about more important drugs. Dresden 1926, pp. 147–155.
  8. ↑ H.-P. Michael Freyer: Hyoscyamus niger. On the teaching and application history of a poisonous plant. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 18, 1999, pp. 189-221; here: p. 200 f.
  9. ↑ Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazaraei herb book [...]. Translated into German by Johannes Danzius, Frankfurt am Main (Petrus Uffenbach) 1610; New print Grünwald near Munich 1964, pp. 280–282 ("The Bilsenkrauts are dreyerley sex. The egg brings purple flowers, a black seed [...] The other sex has yolk-yellow flowers [...], a yellow seed [. ..]. These two sexes make brain-shell and nonsense [...]. The third sex is to be used in the artzneyen harmlessly [...] with white flowers and seeds, growing in countries near the sea [...]. If one does not like to have this sex, one uses the one with the yellow seed instead. The black one, however, which is the most evil one, should be discarded from all use ”).
  10. ↑ Werner E. Gerabek: Henbane. 2005, p. 180.
  11. ↑ German grinding home of Sulsfort: The Abentheurliche Simplicissimus Teutsch (Book One, Chapter 32) in: German Text Archive .
  12. ↑ Cf. for example Christian Rätsch : Urbock or real beer . July 29, 2015. Accessed on August 26, 2015: “ These former plantings live on in various place names to this day, z. B. Bilsensee, Billendorf, Bilsengarten and especially in the Bohemian Pilsen. The city, after which our modern, heavily hopped beer is called »Pilsner«, takes its name from the henbane, which gave the real »Pilsener beer«, namely the henbane beer, its name! In Switzerland the old name pilsener krut lives on in the name Pilsenkraut to this day. "
  13. ↑ A. Profous: Místní jména v Čechách. Prague 1951, pp. 382-384.
  14. ↑ Andrea Fock, Jutta Muth, Udo Pollmer, Monika Niehaus : Opium for the people: Natural drugs in our food.
  15. ^ Friedrich Kluge , Alfred Götze : Etymological dictionary of the German language . 20th edition. Edited by Walther Mitzka . De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1967; Reprint (“21st unchanged edition”) ibid 1975, ISBN 3-11-005709-3 , p. 78.
  16. ↑ Duden Etymology. Dictionary of origin of the German language. Mannheim / Vienna / Zurich 1989, p. 82.
  17. ↑ Christine Hunkeler, HelenBürgin, Georg M. Kisslin: "Hyoscyamus niger" - The black henbane.
  18. ↑ Hans-Jürgen Wolf: Hexenwahn and Exorcismus. A contribution to cultural history. Historia, Kriftel 1980, ISBN 3-9800257-0-5 , p. 448.
  19. ↑ Herman de Vries: About the so-called witch ointments. In: Integration. Journal for mind-moving plants and culture. Issue 1, 1991, pp. 31-42, here: p. 35.
  20. ↑ Pedanios Dioscurides . 1st century: De Medicinali Materia libri quinque. Translation. Julius Berendes . Pedanius Dioscurides' medicine theory in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902, p. 62 (Book I, Chapter 42): Bilsenöl (digitized version ) ; P. 402 (Book IV, Chapter 69): Hyoskyamos (digitized version )
  21. ↑ Pliny the Elder , 1st century: Naturalis historia Book XXV, Chapter xvii (§ 35–37): Apol¬li¬naris. Hyoskyamus (digitized version ) ; Translation Külb 1855 (digitized version )
  22. ^ Galen , 2nd century De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus , Book VIII, Chapter XX / 4 (based on the Kühn 1826 edition, Volume XII, p. 147): Hyoscyamus (digitized version)
  23. ^ Pseudo-Apuleius . First printing, Rome 1481, chapter 5: Symphoniaca (digitized)
  24. ↑ Avicenna , 11th century: Canon of Medicine . Translation and adaptation by Gerhard von Cremona , Arnaldus de Villanova and Andrea Alpago (1450–1521). Basel 1556, Volume II, Chapter 357: Yusquiamus (digitized version )
  25. ↑ Constantine the African , 11th century: Liber de gradibus simplicium . Pressure. Opera . Basel 1536, p. 384: Hyoscyamus (digital copy)
  26. ↑ Circa instans 12th century print. Venice 1497, sheet 199v – 200r: Iusquiamus (digitized version )
  27. ^ Pseudo-Serapion 13th century, print. Venice 1497, sheet 147r (No CCCXL): Bengi. Iusgamus (digitized version )
  28. ↑ Abu Muhammad ibn al-Baitar , 13th century, Kitāb al-jāmiʿ li-mufradāt al-adwiya wa al-aghdhiya. Translation. Joseph Sontheimer under the title Large compilation on the powers of the well-known simple healing and food. Hallberger, Stuttgart Volume I 1840, pp. 175-177: Bandsch. Hyosciamus albus (digitized version )
  29. ^ Pseudo-Macer . Edition: Ludwig Choulant. Macer floridus de virtutibus herbarum… Leipzig 1832, Chapter LXI (p. 108–109): Iusquiamus (digitized version )
  30. ^ German Macer . After: Bernhard Schnell, William Crossgrove: The German Macer. Vulgate version. Niemeyer, Tübingen 2003, p. 364 (chapter): Caniculata. Bilsen . --- Cpg 226 , Alsace, 1459–1469, sheet 199v (digitized version ) . Transcription: (.lv. Caniculata means bilße. It is cold nature and is three hands (the first and the best has knowledge of seeds (the other red ones (the drytte swarczen (if you don't know (if you don't know the red one (the swarcz Good nit (Bilßen bleter pounded and kneaded with polentam is good before wolst (as a plaster leyed on it so you pound the hicze podagram on the feet (the juice poured into the oren wears and the worms die (the same distributes the orswere (the Roots in it boiled and the long held in the mouth patters the zan swere (the same poked and the juice rubbed against the eying eyes spreads the eyter (the seed poked with a win and leyed off the bulge of the breast as a plaster) dispenses the bulge ( Eating krut makes people feel insane (the same thing does juice poured into wonden
  31. ^ Charles Victor Daremberg and Friedrich Anton Reuss (1810–1868). S. Hildegardis Abbatissae Subtilitatum Diversarum Naturarum Creaturarum Libri Novem. Physica , Book I, Chapter 110: Bilsa . Migne, Paris 1855. Sp. 1175 (digitized version ) - Translation: Herbert Reier: Hildegard von Bingen Physica. Translated into German after the text edition by JP Migne, Paris 1882. Kiel 1980, p. 17: Bilsa is cold and soft and without strength. When someone eats them or the oil made from their grains, it creates deadly poison in them. But where there are surm in people who make their flesh ulcerated, he rub the bilsa with the juice on the spot, and surm will die. The oil from their seed is not very useful. But where there is too much heat in a part of the limbs, this part should be anointed with its oil. That cools him without any other medicine. The power of their oil is not useful for other diseases. But if someone gets drunk, put henbane in cold water and use it to wet forehead, temples and throat. He'll be better off.
  32. ↑ Guy de Chauliac Chirurgia magna , 1363. In the translation by Édouard Nicaise: La grande chirurgie de Guy de Chauliac, chirurgien, maître en médecine de l'université de Montpellier, composée en l'an 1363. Editions Alcan, Paris 1890, p 649: Iusquiame, herbe froide au troisiesme, ou enuiron: fort stupefactiue (digitized version ) . Transfer in: Hieronymus Brunschwig: Dis is the book of the Cirurgia. Handling of the wundartzny. Johann Grüninger , Strasbourg 4th July 1497, p. 127r: Jusquiami bilsen krut cold in the third vnd machet vast fucht (digitized version )
  33. ^ Konrad von Megenberg , 14th century: Book of nature. Output. Franz Pfeiffer . Aue, Stuttgart 1861, pp. 404–405 (V / 44): Pilsenkraut (digitized)
  34. ↑ Michael Puff : Booklet of the burnt-out waters . 15th century print Augsburg (Johannes Bämler) 1478 (digitized)
  35. ↑ Cpg 620 , Südwestdeutschland, 15th cent., Sheet 9r – 9v: If you want to make an oil where ains is lit up and addicted to everything So prich the pilsen seeds from Sand Johans Abent zu Suwenten vnd tů it in a glassed earth harbor and make a hole in the middle of the pots in the harbor and tů des pilsen kraut a and make a hole yn the earth in a warm cellar and secz ain glass or a glassed-in cup vnder yn the hole and the harbor with it the krawt there on the sy paide vnder another stend vnd teck the port above wol czů vnd tů the earth against vmb the ports vnd dz it wil be bequeathed than before and so leave it for the first time on the krist day and when you get from the krist measure get so dig out the harbor so so you vin in the glass louder and clear oil (digitized)
  36. ↑ Cpg 545 , Nuremberg (?) 1474, 169r – v: So the pilsenn oil do Item An sant Johannes day of the baptismal vnnsers hern ihesu cristi above to the sunbentten So zewg or cut the pilsen herb ye fresh ye pesser vnnd zehacks vnnd thue it jn a load yeast have the vntten hole on the floor as a lye and don’t let it be a mug upstairs with a storm that no water in it a mug and not a mug out and put it over a load yeast just that not a mug filled with it and dig a pit that the lye haff good chip twir vntter der earth seÿ that the ertrich so high whether the lye be haunted and throw the pit with the ertrich too much and leave that for the first time of the earth from sant Johann's evening until after the night of the night when one maynt the flow nit ee dan on weynacht evening. The oil has a lot of noble virtue (digitized)
  37. ↑ Cpg 666 , Südwestdeutschland 1478, sheet 127v: Item for the swelling of the testicles Item Nyme pylsen seeds with wine and leg daz dor over vein nym daz mel daz made out of linseed and mixed daz with rose oil and legs dor over . Journal 128r: Item for DY wrm jn the oren Item Nymbe haußwrcz vnd let it be on the lee Sünnen vnd it tropff jn dy oren vein nym pilsen Safft vnd thu jm too, so daz tött Dy wrm (digitized)
  38. ↑ Herbarius Moguntinus , Mainz 1484, Part I, Chapter 72: Jusquiamus. Henbane (digitized)
  39. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit . Mainz 1485, chapter 217: Jusquiamus. Henbane seeds (digitized)
  40. ↑ Hortus sanitatis 1491, Mainz 1491, Part I, Chapter 228: Iusquiamus (digitized version )
  41. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig : Small distilling book , Strasbourg 1500, sheet 22r: Bülsen krut (digitized version )
  42. ^ Otto Brunfels : Contrafayt Kreüterbůch . Johann Schott, Strasbourg 1532, p. 135: Henbane (digitized)
  43. ↑ Hieronymus Bock : New Kreütter Bůch . Wendel Rihel, Strasbourg 1539, Part I, Chapter 41: Bülsen (digitized version )
  44. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs : New Kreütterbuch… Michael Isingrin, Basel 1543, chapter 324: Henbane (digitized version)
  45. ↑ Other part of the treasure Euonymi… first carried together by Mr Doctor Cunrat Geßner / Accordingly by Caspar Wolffen… described and manufactured in truck / now and recently interpreted by Johann Jacobo Nüscheler in Teütsche language . Zurich 1583, pp. 154–155: Bülsensaamen oils (digitized)
  46. ^ Pietro Andrea Mattioli : Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Translation by Georg Handsch, edited by Joachim Camerarius the Younger , Johan Feyerabend, Franckfurt am Mayn 1586, sheet 372r – 374r: henbane . Slack herb (digitized)
  47. ↑ Nicolas Lémery  : Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples. , Paris 1699, pp. 371-372: Hyoscyamus (digitized version ) , p. 530-531: Nicotiana (digitized version ) . Translation. Complete material lexicon. Initially drafted in French, but now after the third edition, which has been enlarged by a large [...] edition, translated into high German / By Christoph Friedrich Richtern, [...]. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun, 1721, Sp. 556–557: Hyoscyamus (digitized) , Sp. 781–782: Nicotiana (digitized)
  48. ↑ Albrecht von Haller (editor): Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and the art of pharmacy clearly and completely [...]. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, Sp. 791–792: Hyoscyimus (digitized) , Sp. 1064–1066: Nicotiana (digitized)
  49. ↑ Antonii Störck Libellus, quo demonstratur: Stramonium, hyosciamum, aconitum non solum tuto posse exhiberi usu interno hominibus, verum et ea esse remedia in multis morbis maxime salutifera: iunguntur simul harum plantarum imagines aere excusae . Trattner, Vindobonae 1762, p. 26 f. Capute II. De Hyosciamo. - German edition: Anton von Störck : Treatise in which it is shown that the thorn apple, the rabid and the iron hat can not only be given to people inwardly with certainty, but are also very healing and fruitful remedies in many diseases. German edition, Augsburg 1763. pp. 19–48: From the rabid (digitized)
  50. ^ William Cullen : A treatise of the materia medica. Charles Elliot, Edinburgh 1789. Volume II, pp. 271-272: Hyosciamus (digitized) , pp. 272-281: Nicotiana (digitized) ; P. 438: Errhina. ... Nicotiana (digitized version) . German. Samuel Hahnemann . Schwickert, Leipzig 1790. Volume II, pp. 307-309: Henbane (digitized version) ; Volume II, pp. 309-318: Tobacco (digital copy ) ; P. 483: Sneezing remedies. Tobacco (digitized version)
  51. ^ Jean-Louis Alibert : Nouveaux éléments de thérapeutique et de matière médicale. Crapart, Paris, Volume I 1803, pp. 439-441: Jusquiame (digitized version )  ; Pp. 583-586: Tabac (digitized version )
  52. ↑ August Friedrich Hecker 's practical medicine theory. Revised and enriched with the latest discoveries by a practicing doctor . Camesius, Vienna, Volume I 1814, pp. 119–120: Oleum Hyoscyami (digital copy ) ; Pp. 471-477: Herba Hyoscyami (digitized version ) ; Pp. 479-482: Herba Nicotianae. Tobacco (digitized version)
  53. ↑ Mathieu Orfila : Traité des poisons tirés des règnes mineral, végetal et animal, ou toxilogie générale, considérée sous les rapports de la physiologie, de la pathologie et de la médecine légale . Crochard, Paris 1814-1815, Volume II, Part 1 (1815), pp. 153-166: Hyosciamus niger (digitized version ) ; Pp. 245-256: Du Tabac (digitized version ) . German: Sigismund Friedrich Hermbstädt (translator). General toxicology or poison science: in which the poisons of the mineral, plant and animal kingdoms from the physiological, pathological and similar. medico-judicial aspects are examined. After the French of Mr. MP Orfila . Amelung, Berlin 1818, Part III, pp. 177–188: From the black henbane (digitized) , pp. 188–191: From the white henbane (digitized) ; P. 278–288: From the common tobacco (digital copy )
  54. ↑ Jonathan Pereira’s Handbook of Medicines Doctrine. From the point of view of the German Medicin edited by Rudolf Buchheim . Leopold Voss, Leipzig 1846-48, Volume II (1848), pp. 306-310: Hyoscyamus niger (digitized version ) ; P. 323–333: Nicotiana Tabacum (digitized version )
  55. ↑ Alexander Willem Michiel van Hasselt . JB Henkel (translator): Handbook of poison theory for chemists, doctors, pharmacists and court officials . Vieweg, Braunschweig 1862, part I, general theory of poison and the poisons of the plant kingdom , pp. 301–306: Hyosciamus (digitized version ) ; P. 313–327: Herba nicotianae (digitized version )
  56. ↑ August Husemann / Theodor Husemann : The plant substances in chemical, physiological, pharmacological and toxicological terms. For doctors, pharmacists, chemists and pharmacologists. Springer, Berlin 1871, pp. 456-475: Nicotine (digital copy ) ; Pp. 475-483: hyoscyamine (digital copy ) ; Pp. 880-881: Nicotinanine (digitized version ) ; Pp. 882-883: hyoscypicrine. Hyoscerin. Hyoscyresin (digitized version )
  57. ^ Robert Bentley , Henry Trimen : Medicinal plants. J. & A. Churchill, London 1880, Volume III, No 191: Nicotiana tabacum (digital copy ) ; No 194: Hyoscyamus niger (digitized version)
  58. ^ Theodor Husemann: Handbook of the entire drug theory. 2nd Edition. Springer, Berlin 1883, pp. 1096-1100: Folia Hyoscyami (digital copy) ; Pp. 1125-1132: Folia Nicotianae (digitized version) . 3rd edition 1892, pp. 573-575: Folia Hyoscyami (digital copy ) ; Pp. 589–592: Folia Nicotianae (digitized version )
  59. ^ Carl Wilhelm Juch: Pharmacopoea Borussica or Prussian Pharmacopoeia. Translated from Latin and accompanied by comments and additions by Dr. Carl Wilhelm Juch Stein, Nuremberg 1805, p. 67: Herba Hyoscyami. Henbane (digitized) ; Pp. 74-75: Herba Nicotianae . Tobacco (digitized) ; P. 214: Emplastrum Hyoscyami. Henbane plaster (digital copy) ; P. 220: Extractum Hyoscyami. Henbane extract (digitized) ; P. 287: Oleum coctum Hyoscyami. Boiled henbane oil (digitized)
  60. ^ Friedrich Mohr : Commentary on the Prussian Pharmacopoeia: along with a translation of the text ... Friedrich Vieweg, Braunschweig. After the seventh edition of the Pharmakcopoea borussica. Third edition in one volume. Friedrich Vieweg, Braunschweig 1865, p. 253: Extractum Hyoscyami. Henbane extract (digitized version) , p. 290: Folia Hyoscyami. Henbane leaves (digitized) ; P. 293: Folia Nicotianae Tabaci (digitized version )
  61. ^ Hermann Hager : Commentary on the Pharmacopoeia Germanica . Julius Springer, Berlin, Volume I 1873, p. 594: Emplastrum Hyoscyami. Henbane plaster (digital copy) ; P. 654: Extractum Hyoscyami. Henbane extract (digitized) . Volume II 1874, p. 52: Folia Hyoscyami. Henbane (digitized) ; Pp. 59-60: Folia Nicotianae (digitized version) ; P. 478: Oleum Hyoscyami infusum. Fatty henbane oil (digitized version) ; P. 670: Semen Hyoscyami. Henbane seeds (digitized) ; P. 842: Unguentum Hyoscyami. Henbane ointment (digitized version)

Web links

Commons : Black Henbane ( Hyoscyamus niger )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Black henbane  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations