Circa instans

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The so-called Circa instans after its opening words , also De simplicibus medicinis ('Of the simple medicines'), is a drug science that originated around 1150 or shortly before that. It is considered a central work of the Salerno Medical School , comprises around 270 drug monographs and represents a prototype for later (formalized) drug monographs that predecessor to the herbal books of the 15th and 16th centuries.

content

Each of the approximately 270 chapters is divided into two sections. In the first part, in addition to the name of the simple drug, the primary qualities are named, the drug is described and the quality characteristics are given. Possible counterfeits are indicated in the case of expensive drugs. In addition, the Salernitan text combats criticism of the pharmacy booth at the time. The first section ends with information on the shelf life and the range of effects according to the humoral pathology . The second part of each chapter deals with the possible uses, possible combinations with other drugs and often substitutes . Five magic remedies are also included in the work .

As sources for the drogenkundliche work in the literature usually are Materia Medica of Dioscorides and the Liber graduum ( De gradibus simplicium ) by Constantine the African called, but the indications vary partly clear. The Circa instans is strongly intertwined with other works from Salerno .

Authorship

Salernitan doctor, supposedly representing Platearius

Matthaeus Platearius, a member of a famous family of doctors from Salerno, is controversial as an author. Nicolaus Salernitanus, who taught at the Salern School around 1150, is another possible author, as his work Antidotarium Nicolai was created at a similar time and represents a comparable pharmaceutical program.

Secreta salernitana

As Secreta salernitana are the illustrations equipped with versions Circa instans that from the 14th century (around 1315 at the suggestion of Philip the Fair originated), respectively.

Text and are based on the manuscript Ms. Egerton 747 (the oldest known manuscript of the Secreta salernitana in the British Museum ), an early illustrated version of the Circa instans original which was expanded in the 14th century (around 1350) using the Pseudo-Apuleius Illustrations by Ms. Modena lat. 993 (manuscript in the Biblioteca Estense ), the so-called Tractatus de herbis (also called Secretum salernitanum and also counted among the illustrated representatives of the Secreta Salernitana ) from the year 1458. Compared to the original, the manuscript contains 40 Chapters more than the Egerton 747 version.

Other Secreta-salernitana versions:

  • Codex Palatinus germ. 586 (Biblioteca Nazionale, Florence), 14th century, based on Ms. Egerton 747
  • Codex Casanatensis 459 (Apostolic Library, Vatican City), around 1390, textually based on Cod. Pal. 586. The illustrations come from the Tacuina sanitatis tradition, which in turn are illustrations from Cod. Pal. 586 had taken over.
  • Codex 604 of the University Library in Munich (also called "Codex Hommel" or "Lexicon plantarum"), 15th century, copy of Codex Casanatensis 459

The Codex Ms. Egerton 2020 (the so-called Erbario Carrarese ) from around 1400 (before 1404), however , whose share of more schematic illustrations corresponds to Ms. Egerton 747 , has an independent text tradition based on the "aggregator" .

Aftermath

Contents of the Circa instans (MS. 626, sheet 207v – 208r. Wellcome Images L0055259, end of the 15th century)

Like the (previously created) Liber iste and (for the compound drugs) the Antidotarium Nicolai , the Circa instans was fundamental for the development of an independent one that started out by Salerno due to its far-reaching effect and the resulting unification (standardization) of the prescription literature and the storage of medicinal forms Pharmacy and the apothecary class in the medieval occident from the 12th century. The Circa instans was next to the floridus Macer and materia medica for several centuries a defining work of Phytotherapy (see u. A. De simplici medicina , 14th century.). It is an important source for the Gart der Gesundheit (1485), one of the first printed herbal books , which had a strong influence on later works. Several manuscripts have been preserved and are today u. a. kept in Breslau , Vienna , Erlangen and London .

The various versions of Circa instans contain from 250 to 430 chapters in the 12th century (up to 1180) to 460 to 490 chapters in the 14th century. A long version (London manuscript) has the herbal book of Pseudo-Apuleius as an extension of the original version .

A French translation is Le grant herbier en Francoys .

A German version of the Circa instans consisting of 192 pages , which also integrates other sources into the translation, from the 15th century is contained in the Leipzig Codex 1224 and represents the first complete translation of the Circa instans .

Konrad Goehl made a New High German translation , parts of which were published in 2009 as an accompanying text for the Herbarium of Vitus Auslasser , and a full translation was published in 2015.

See also

literature

  • Hans Wölfel: The drug book 'Circa Instans' in a version of the XIII. Century from the University Library Erlangen: Text and commentary as a contribution to plant and drug science of the Middle Ages. Mathematical and scientific dissertation, Berlin 1939 (A. Preilipper, Hamburg 1939).
  • Paul Dorveaux: Le Livre des simples médicines. Traduction française du Liber de simplici medicina dictus Circa instans de Platearius, tirée d'un manuscrit du XIIIe siècle (Ms. 3133 de la Bibliothèque de Ste Généviève de Paris et publiée pour la première fois par le Dr. Paul Dorveaux), avec un fac -simile d'une page dudit manuscrit, Paris 1913 (= Publication de la Sociéte française d'Histoire de la Médicine, 1).
  • Livre des simples médicines. Codex Bruxellensis IV 1024. Facsimile, ed. by Carmélia Opsomer [-Halleux]. 2 volumes. Antwerp 1980. Edition of the “Secreta salernitana”.
  • Jürg Blome: Specialized nomenclature studies on one of the oldest illustrated herbal books in Central Europe. (Short version of the philosophical dissertation: transcription, translation and systematic-botanical processing of the herbal book manuscript 'Circa instans' (Mscr. K II 11) from the last quarter of the 14th century, kept in the Basel university library. Basel 1978) In: “gelêrter der arzeniê, ouch apotêker ”. Contributions to the history of science. Festschrift for the 70th birthday of Willem F. Daems. Edited by Gundolf Keil, Horst Wellm Verlag, Pattensen / Hanover; now at Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1982 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 24), ISBN 3-921456-35-5 , pp. 551-588. - The Circa instans treated by Blome comes from Thuringia.
  • Nigel F. Palmer , Klaus Speckenbach: Dreams and Herbs. Studies on the Petroneller 'Circa instans' handwriting and the German dream books of the Middle Ages. Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Vienna 1990 (= Pictura et poesis. Interdisciplinary studies on the relationship between literature and art. Volume 4).
  • Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. (Mathematical and natural scientific dissertation Würzburg 1994) Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1998 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 65). ISBN 3-8260-1667-X , pp. 126–129, 160–169 and 180–182.
  • Konrad Goehl , Johannes Gottfried Mayer (Hrsg.): Editions and studies on Latin and German specialist prose of the Middle Ages. Festival ceremony for Gundolf Keil. Königshausen and Neumann, Würzburg 2000. ISBN 3-8260-1851-6
  • Gundolf Keil : 'Circa instans'. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil, Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 262 f.
  • Johannes Gottfried Mayer, Konrad Goehl and Katharina Englert: The plants of monastery medicine in presentation and application. With pictures of plants by the Benedictine Vitus Auslasser (15th century) from Clm 5905 of the Bavarian State Library in Munich (= DWV writings on the history of medicine. Vol. 5). Deutscher Wissenschafts-Verlag, Baden-Baden, 2009. ISBN 978-3-86888-007-6 .
  • Konrad Goehl: The 'Circa Instans'. The first great drug science in the West. Deutscher Wissenschafts-Verlag, Baden-Baden, 2015. ISBN 978-3-86888-096-0 .
  • Konrad Goehl: Observations and additions to the 'Circa instans'. In: Medical historical messages. Journal for the history of science and specialist prose research. Volume 34, 2015 (2016), pp. 69-77.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Gundolf Keil: "The best advice is the icker toe can against genomen vte platearise". References to Ypermans Medicine. In: Geneeskunde in nederlandstalige teksten tot 1600. Koninklijke Academie voor Geneeskunde van België, Brussels 2012 (2013), ISBN 978-90-75273-29-8 , pp. 93-137; here: p. 104, note 69.
  2. ^ Gundolf Keil: Circa instans. In: Author's Lexicon , 2nd edition. Volume 1, Col. 1282-1285 (and Volume 2, Col. 2094-2097).
  3. ^ Gundolf Keil: The medical literature of the Middle Ages. In: Ria Jansen-Sieben (ed.): Artes Mechanicae in middeleeuws Europa. Brussels 1989 (= Archief-En Bibliotheekwezen in Belgie. Extranummer 34), pp. 73–111, here: p. 97.
  4. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. (Mathematical and natural scientific dissertation Würzburg 1994) Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1998 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 65). ISBN 3-8260-1667-X , p. 220.
  5. ↑ Martin Woidt: The Salern book of the need for simple drugs ('Circa instans'). (Mathematical and natural science dissertation Berlin) Weida / Thuringia 1942.
  6. ↑ Konrad Goehl, Gundolf Keil: 'apothecarii nostri temporis': A criticism of the pharmacy booth from the early days of pharmacy. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 14, 1996, pp. 261-267.
  7. ↑ See Gundolf Keil (2012), p. 104, note 73.
  8. ↑ Leo Jules Vandewiele: Een Middelburg Nederlandse versie van de Circa instans van Platearius naar de manuscripts Portland, British Museum MS.. Loan 29/332 (XIVe eeuw) en Universiteitsbibliotheek te Gent Hs. 1457 (XVe eeuw). Oudenaarde (Belgium) 1970.
  9. ↑ Christine Becela-Deller: The rue (Ruta graveolens L.) as an example of a medicinal plant at the time of the Salern school (10th-14th centuries). In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 12, 1994, pp. 143-152, here: p. 14.
  10. ^ Gundolf Keil: Phytotherapy in the Middle Ages. In: Scientiarum historia. Vol. 20, No. 1-2, 1994, pp. 7-38.
  11. ↑ Gundolf Keil: 'Circa instans'. In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages . Volume 2. Munich 1983, Sp. 2094-2096.
  12. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. 1998, p. 160 f. and 241.
  13. ↑ Felix Andreas Baumann : The Erbario Carrarese and the pictorial tradition of the Tractatus de herbis. A contribution to the history of the representation of plants in the transition from the late Middle Ages to the early Renaissance. Bern 1974 (= Berner Schriften zur Kunst. Volume 12), p. 100.
  14. ^ Bernhard D. Haage, Wolfgang Wegner: Secretum salernitanum, Secreta Salernitana. In: Encyclopedia of Medical History. 2005, p. 1314.
  15. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. 1998, pp. 161-164, 180 f. and 241.
  16. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. 1998, pp. 164-169, 180-182 and 241 f.
  17. ↑ Rudi Maus: The 'Lexicon plantarum' (manuscript 604 of the Munich University Library). A forerunner of the German herbal book incunabula, part I. (= texts and studies on the history of natural sciences. 2). Würzburg 1941. (Mathematical and scientific dissertation Berlin); Gerhard Bahn: The 'Lexicon plantarum' (manuscript 604 of the Munich University Library): a forerunner of the German herb book incunabula, part II. (= Texts and studies on the history of natural sciences. 3). Würzburg 1941. (Mathematical and scientific dissertation Berlin); Werner Thode: The 'Lexicon plantarum' (manuscript 604 of the Munich university library). A forerunner of the German herb book incunabula, part III. Mathematical and scientific dissertation. Berlin 1942.
  18. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. 1998, pp. 169 and 241.
  19. ^ Francesco Johann Maria Roberg: Studies on the 'Antidotarium Nicolai' based on the oldest manuscripts. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 21, 2002, pp. 73-129; here: p. 99 f.
  20. ↑ Gundolf Keil: "The best advice is the icker toe can against genomen vte platearise". References to Ypermans Medicine. In: Geneeskunde in nederlandstalige teksten tot 1600. Koninklijke Academie voor Geneeskunde van België, Brussels 2012 (2013), ISBN 978-90-75273-29-8 , pp. 93-137; here: p. 104 with note 68 f.
  21. ↑ Gundolf Keil: 'Circa instans'. In: Burghart Wachinger et al. (Hrsg.): The German literature of the Middle Ages. Author Lexicon . 2nd, completely revised edition, volume 1 ( 'A solis ortus cardine' - Colmar Dominican chronicler ). De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1978, ISBN 3-11-007264-5 , Sp. 1282-1285; here: col. 1282.
  22. ↑ Johannes Gottfried Mayer, Konrad Goehl: Herbal Book of Monastery Medicine. Reprint-Verlag Leipzig 2013, p. 35. ISBN 978-3-8262-3057-8
  23. ↑ Julius Schuster : Secreta Salernitana and Gart der Gesundheit. In: Medieval manuscripts. Festival ceremony for Hermann Degering's 60th birthday . Leipzig 1926, pp. 203-237.
  24. ↑ Otto Beßler: Principles of drug science in the Middle Ages. Statement and content of the Circa instans and Mainzer Gart. Mathematical and scientific habilitation thesis, Halle an der Saale 1959.
  25. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. 1998, p. 241.
  26. ↑ Johannes Gottfried Mayer: The truth about the garden of health (1485) and its continued life in the herbal books of the early modern period. In: Sabine Anagnostou , Florike Egmond and Christoph Friedrich (Eds.): A passion for plants: materia medica and botany in scientific networks from the 16th to 18th centuries. (Sources and studies on the history of pharmacy, vol. 95) Stuttgart 2011, pp. 119–128. ISBN 978-3-8047-3016-8 .
  27. ^ Fritz-Hein Holler: The drug book in the Salernitan manuscript of the Breslau city library (No. 1302). Würzburg 1941 (= texts and studies on the history of the natural sciences. Volume 5).
  28. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. 1998, pp. 126-129.
  29. ↑ digitized version .
  30. ^ Giulio Camus: L'opera salernitana "Circa instans" es il testo primitivo del "Grant Herbier en Francoys". In: Memorie della regia Accademia di scienze, lettere ed arti in Modena, Volume II. 5. Modena 1886, pp. 49–199.
  31. ↑ See also Walther Damm: The only previously known German version of the book Circa instans (de simplicibus) based on a manuscript from the 15th century (Leipzig, University Library, No. 1224). Mathematical and scientific dissertation Berlin 1939.
  32. ↑ Johannes G. Mayer: 'Circa instans' German. Observations on the Leipzig Codex 1224, the most extensive herbal book to date in German before the printing press. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 13, 1995, pp. 67-73.
  33. ↑ Johannes Gottfried Mayer: The ›Leipzig Drug Compendium‹ (Leipzig, University Library, Cod. 1224) and its sources ›Circa instans‹, ›Aggregator‹ (Pseudo-Serapion), ›Macer floridus‹ (or ›Older German Macer‹), ›Liber graduum‹ (Constantin) and ›Liber iste‹. In: Konrad Goehl, Johannes Gottfried Mayer (Hrsg.): Editions and studies on Latin and German specialist prose of the Middle Ages. Festival ceremony for Gundolf Keil. Königshausen and Neumann, Würzburg 2000. ISBN 3-8260-1851-6 , pp. 207-263; here: p. 207.