Innocent VI.
Innocent VI. (* 1285 or 1292 in Beyssac , France as Étienne Aubert or Stephan Aubert ; † September 12, 1362 in Avignon ) was Pope of the Catholic Church with residence in Avignon from 1352 until his death in 1362 .
Life
Originally Aubert had the rights studied and was Zivilrechtslehrervereinigung in Toulouse . In 1340 Aubert was ordained bishop of Clermont , in 1342 he was appointed cardinal priest of Santi Giovanni e Paolo and in 1348 as a major penitentiary . From 1352 Aubert held the office of Cardinal Bishop of Ostia . When Pope Clement VI. died that same year, the cardinals elected him pope on December 18, 1352 after a brief conclave . Aubert now took the name Innocent VI. on.
Pope Innocent continued the nepotism of his predecessors a little more moderately . Under him, as under his predecessor, the Limousin dominated . He appointed four relatives as cardinals and three as bishops. But he was not as addicted to pleasure as his predecessors, reformed the papal court and reduced its expenses as well as the privileges of the cardinals. Because of his persecution of the Franciscan spirituals , St. Birgitta of Sweden passed a devastating judgment on him.
The papal state had meanwhile sunk into complete anarchy. Mercenary bands ravaged the country. In order to prepare for a return of the papacy to Rome, the Pope therefore sent Cardinal Albornoz to Rome, vowed by Ferdinand Gregorovius as the most brilliant statesman who has ever sat in the College of Cardinals , in order to restore order there. He solved the problem with energy, wisdom and refinement. He issued the Constitutiones Aeguidinae . It was considered the "most perfect fruit of civil law in the Church". This made the cardinal the second founder of the Papal States. This legislation remained - in the end often only theoretically - its validity until the Napoleonic era.
On April 5, King Charles IV was crowned emperor by a legate. On December 25, 1356, Emperor Karl issued the Golden Bull . It was the clearest piece of legislation in the whole of the Middle Ages in Germany and also set the trend for the relationship between Pope and Emperor. The golden bull placed the norms and competencies set by the Rhense spa association in a legal framework. The Pope was not even mentioned in the bull. But with the bull all old claims of the Pope expired. This finally ended the earlier disputes over the German king's election. The imperial coronation was finally independent of the will of the Pope. Since Innocent did not protest against this bull, he recognized it as an unchangeable fact.
On September 19, 1356, John II of France was defeated by the English in the Hundred Years War in the Battle of Maupertuis and was taken prisoner. This also led to a weakening of the French kingship, which Emperor Karl welcomed . He wanted to end the Pope's dependence on the French crown once and for all. The conditions for this were favorable. Therefore, Charles rejected Pope Innocent's request to campaign for the release of the French king. In 1360 Innocent played a key role in the peace treaty of Bretigny . Although it did not end this war, it made a ten-year armistice possible.
However, his efforts to establish a church union with Byzantium failed.
literature
- Kristina Lohrmann: Innocent VI. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 2, Bautz, Hamm 1990, ISBN 3-88309-032-8 , Sp. 1290-1291.
- Hans Kühner: Innocent VI. In: Ders .: Lexicon of the Popes. Church history, world history, contemporary history. From Peter to today. Updated license edition. Fourier, Wiesbaden 1991, ISBN 3-925037-59-4 .
- Pierre Gasnault: Innocenzo VI. In: Massimo Bray (ed.): Enciclopedia dei Papi. Volume 2: Niccolò I, santo, Sisto IV. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2000, pp. 537-542 ( treccani.it ) ..
- Pierre Gasnault: Innocenzo VI. In: Mario Caravale (ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 62: Iacobiti-Labriola. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2004.
Web links
predecessor | Office | successor |
---|---|---|
Clement VI. |
Pope 1352-1362 |
Urban V. |
Clement VI. |
Bishop of Avignon 1352-1362 |
Anglicus Grimoard |
Bertrand du Pouget |
Cardinal Bishop of Ostia 1352 |
Pierre Bertrand de Colombier |
Gauscelin de Jean |
Major Penitentiary 1348–1352 |
Gil Álvarez Carillo de Albornoz |
Raymond D'Aspet |
Bishop of Clermont 1340-1352 |
Pierre André |
personal data | |
---|---|
SURNAME | Innocent VI. |
ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Aubert, Étienne; Aubert, Stephan |
BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Pope (1352-1362) |
DATE OF BIRTH | 1285 or 1292 |
PLACE OF BIRTH | Beyssac , France |
DATE OF DEATH | September 12, 1362 |
Place of death | Avignon |