Nepotism in the Holy See

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Nepotism in the Holy See was the common practice of the Holy See , particularly in the early modern period , of conferring offices and power on persons from family relationships .

history

Nepotism was best known through bishops , cardinals and popes between the 11th and 17th centuries. The climax of this "nepotism" leads back to Pope Boniface VIII (Bernadetto Caetani), who in 1297 brought the dispute with the powerful Colonna family to extremes. For more than three centuries since then he has fused nepotism and great church politics. During this period, the great Roman, Neapolitan and Milanese aristocratic and patrician families succeeded in elevating their relatives to high cardinal offices or in bringing them to the papal throne.

Paul III established the practice of cardinal nepot during his pontificate . It has been like this since Pope Calixt III. It was customary among the popes to secure spiritual and secular power through this practice. The popes of the individual families can also always be limited to certain periods. Innocent XII. abolished the office of nephew in 1692.

In the 20th century, Pope Pius XII. outside of canon law his bourgeois nephews Giulio, Carlo and Marcantonio prince titles (Principi Pacelli) and high posts in the Italian political and financial world.

Claims to power and intrigue led to nepotism

Like all other bishops, the pastor of Rome was elected by “ clergy and people”. However, it is likely that the first popes themselves exerted influence and determined their successors while they were still alive. This quasi-democratic papal election only worked as long as the community was small and manageable. As it grew and the position of the Pope in the Catholic Church became more and more important, the first conflicts over direction and divisions began. As early as the third century, Hippolytus of Rome became the first antipope against Calixt I.

Thanks to Emperor Theodosius I , Christianity became the state religion in the Roman Empire, which is why the secular rulers were interested in who ascended the papal seat as Bishop of Rome. The newly elected sometimes had to wait a long time for the approval of the ruling emperor and later German emperors and kings put pressure on the election.

In the late 9th and 10th centuries and again in the early 13th century, the papacy became a plaything for secular and ecclesiastical powers and groups in which Italian noble families actively participated. With the appointment of a cardinal nepot, the aristocratic families always secured a permanent place to vote in the cardinal college , and the more family members received the cardinal's hat or the bishop's hat , the more certain the political influence.

It became extremely difficult in the early autumn of 1241 after the death of Gregory IX. The most powerful man in Rome was the Senator Matteo Rosso Orsini , the progenitor of the noble Orsini family . He intervened with brutal violence in the conclave , which lasted more than two months , during which time a cardinal died and two other eligible voters fell ill.

At the Council of Constance , where there were dismissals, elections and anti-popes, it was a member of the Roman noble Colonna family who intervened in the papal elections. Finally, the deacon Oddo Colonna was elected Pope as Martin V from his family . It is probably thanks to the strict regulations of Pope Gregory X that the nepotism on the papal throne was initially put to an end. In 1274 he issued the decree "Ubi periculum" (Where there is danger), a strict catalog of rules that is considered the most important basis for the papal conclave. (see main article: Pope election ) The nepotism in the Holy See was not finally brought to an end, it experienced another heyday in the late 13th century and extended into the middle of the 18th century.

Influential Italian noble families - their popes and cardinals

Barberini

The Barberini were an Italian noble family. Maffeo Barberini's clerical career began when Clement VIII appointed him titular archbishop of Nazareth and papal nuncio in France . In 1606 he was appointed cardinal by Paul V. 17 years later he was elected Pope and called himself Urban VIII. He is considered a prime example of a nepotistic Pope.

The Pope from the Barberini family

Pope Urban VIII
  • Pope Urban VIII (Maffeo Barberini) (1623–1644) cultivated unrestrained nepotism. This shaped his politics as well as his ruinous financial policy. His favoritism towards Richelieu led to the defeat of the Catholics in the Thirty Years' War.

He was the son of the Florence merchant Antonio Barberini and Camilla Barbadori. He is the uncle of Cardinals Francesco Barberini (the elder) and Antonio Barberini (the younger) and brother of Cardinal Antonio Barberini (the elder).

Barberini - cardinals

  • BARBERINI, (The Elder) OFMCap. , Antonio (1569-1646) was the youngest son of Antonio Barberini and brother of Pope Urban VIII. After an unhappy life, Antonio fled into religious life and rose to cardinal honors thanks to the favor of his relatives. He was the uncle of Cardinals Francesco Barberini and Antonio Barberini (the younger) and great-great-uncle of Cardinal Francesco Barberini (the younger)
  • BARBERINI, (the elder) Francesco (1597–1679) was the son of Carlo Barberini and Constanza Magalotti, his brother Taddeo Barberini was Prince of Palestrina and Prefect of Rome , his brother Antonio Barberini (the younger) became cardinal. He was the nephew of Pope Urban VIII and the cardinals Antonio Barberini (the elder) and Lorenzo Magalotti. He was also the cousin of Cardinal Francesco Maria Macchiavelli, uncle of Cardinal Carlo Barberini and great-uncle of Cardinal Francesco Barberini (the younger).
  • BARBERINI, (the younger) OSIo.Hieros. (Order of Malta), Antonio (1607–1671) was the son of Carlo Barberini and Constanza Magalotti. He was the brother of Francesco Barberini (the elder), nephew of Pope Urban VIII and the cardinals Antonio Barberini (the younger) and Lorenzo Magalotti. Cousin of Cardinal Francesco Maria Machiavelli, Uncle of Cardinal Carlo Barberini and Great-Uncle of Cardinal Francesco Barberini (the Younger)
  • BARBERINI, Carlo (1630–1704) was the nephew of the cardinals Francesco Barberini (the elder) and Antonio Barberini (the younger). Great-nephew of Pope Urban VIII and Cardinal Antonio Barberini (the elder), and uncle of Cardinal Francesco Barberini (the younger).
  • BARBERINI, (the younger) Francesco (1662-1738) was the great-great-nephew of Pope Urban VIII and Cardinal Antonio Barberini (the younger), great-nephew of the cardinals Francesco Barberini (the older) and Antonio Barberini (the younger). Nephew of Carlo Barberini and cousin of Cardinal Rinaldo d'Este.
  • BARBERINI, Benedetto (1788–1863) was the youngest child of ten children of Carlo Maria Barberini, Duke of Montelibretti and Prince of Palestrina, and Countess Giustina Borromeo Arese. Benedetto B. took over the name Benedetto Barbarini Colonna di Sciarra and was the great-nephew of the cardinals Prospero Colonna di Sciarra and Girolamo Colonna di Sciarra.

  • The bees of the Barberini in the coat of arms of Urban VIII.

  • Bust of Francesco Barberini

Boncompagni

The Boncompagni-Ludovisi are a patrician family from Bologna , which the Pope Gregory XIII. (1502-1585) provided. He provided his natural son Giacomo with the Marchesat Vignola near Modena in 1578 , with the Ducato di Sora in 1580 and with the Ducato Arce (both today in the province of Frosinone ). So that the family went to Titularfürsten of the Papal States on.

In 1681 she came into the possession of the direct imperial principality of Piombino near Pisa through marriage , which she ruled sovereignly until 1815.

  • Coat of arms of Gregory XIII.

  • Ugo Buoncompagni (Pope Gregory XIII. ), 1502–1585

  • Giacomo Boncompagni , son of Gregory XIII, Duke of Sora and Arce (1584–1612)

Borghese

Borghese is the name of a Roman noble family . She has belonged to the high nobility since Pope Paul V awarded Infant Ferdinand of Spain with the cardinal's hat and Philip III. from Spain, in return, bestoweda hereditary grandeza title onthe ancestor of the Borghese family. Several highly decorated cardinals emerged from this family. The Villa Borghese is located in Rome , directly in front of the Porta del Popolo and was the summer palace of the Borghese dynasty.

The Pope from the House of Borghese

Paul V (Camillo Borghese), Pope from 1605 to 1621, based on a painting by Caravaggio
The Borghese coat of arms as the papal coat of arms with the inscription PAVLVS V. BVRGHESIVS above the portico of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome
  • Pope Paul V (Camillo Borghese 1552–1621) was elected Pope as a compromise cardinal. He held fast to the claims to power of the popes of that time and anchored his position and that of his family through nepotism. The ascent at the papal court had thus begun for the Borgheses.

Camillo was the son of Marc'Antonio Borghese and his second wife Flaminia Astelli, uncle of Cardinal Scipione Caffarelli-Borghese and related to Cardinal Gaspare Mattei.

Cardinals from the Borghese family

  • LENI, Giambattista (1573-1627) was a distant relative of Cardinal Scipione Caffarelli Borghese.
  • MATTEI, Gaspare (1598–1650) was the son of Mario Mattei, Duke of Pagancia and Prudenzia Ceni, and was extensively related on his mother's side to Pope Paul V.
  • BORGHESE, Pietro Maria (1599–1642) was the nephew of a cousin of Pope Paul V.
  • BORGHESE, Francesco Scipione Maria (1697–1759) is closely related to the Borghese family.

Borgia

The Borgias were a noble family from Spain . After Alfonso Borgia was elected Pope in 1455, the reign of the Borgias began in the Holy See. Even before his election as Pope, he promoted the careers of his nephews. Rodrigo de Borgia was later elected Pope, whereby this was simony (purchase of offices), which was quite common at the time. Around 1500 the family changed the Spanish form Borja to the Italian form Borgia. Therefore, different spellings remained.

Popes from the House of Borgia (Borja)

  • Pope Calixt III. (Alonso de Borja) from Valencia was a young nobleman and legal scholar in the service of the Spanish king Alfonso V. During this time Alonso de Borja succeeded in persuading the antipope Clement VIII to resign. Thereupon the king gave him the Archdiocese of Valencia and Pope Eugene IV appointed him cardinal in 1444, on April 8, 1455 he was elected Pope.

His image is strongly shaped by nepotism on a grand scale. He was the son of the landed gentry Domingo de Borgia and the Francina Llancol. He was the uncle of the cardinals Luis Juan del Milà and Rodrigo de Borja y Borja, who later became Pope Alexander VI. and great-uncle of Cardinal Cesare Borgia.

  • Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo de Borja y Borja), the new ruler of the Holy See, had a plan: he wanted to secure unchallenged rule in Italy for himself and his family in the name of the Church and to build an empire that would surpass the nepotism of his predecessors. Alexander VI had seven children. and was the first Pope to openly declare this publicly. He made no secret of his cohabitation with Vanozza de 'Cattanei. He cherished and looked after his family and founded a dynasty that would endure in the highest ranks of the European nobility after his death.

He was the son of Jofré de Borja i Escricà and Isabel de Borja. His mother was the sister of Pope Calixt III. His father was the cousin of Cardinal Luis Juan del Milà. The Pope is the biological father of Cardinal Cesare Borgia, great-uncle of Cardinals Juan de Borja Lanzol de Romani, Pedro Luis de Borja Lanzol de Romani and Francisco Lloris de Borja. He is also the great-great-grandfather of Cardinal Rodrigo Luis de Borja y de Castre-Pinós.

Cardinals from the noble Borgia family

  • BORJA LANZOL DE ROMANÍ, (the elder) Juan de (1446-1503) was the son of Galcerán de Borja y Moncada and the Tecla Navarro de Alpicat. His father was the cousin of Pope Alexander VI, he is the cousin of the cardinals Juan de Borja Lanzol de Romani, Pedro Luis de Borja Lanzol de Romani and Juan Castellar y de Borja. Father of the illegitimate son Galcerán.
  • BORJA LANZOL DE ROMANÍ, (the younger) Juan (1470–1500) was the second of the eight children of Jofré de Borja Lanzol, 9th Baron of Villalonga and Juana de Moncada. Great-great-nephew of Pope Calixt III, great-nephew of Pope Alexander VI. (maternal side), cousin of Cardinal Juan de Borja Lanzol de Romani, brother of Cardinal Pedro Luis de Borja Lanzol de Romani and cousin of Cardinal Cesare Borgia. He was also known as the Cardinal Borgia.
  • BORGIA, Cesare (1475–1507) was the eldest son of Rodrigo de Borja and later Pope Alexander VI. and the Vanozza de Catanei. He is the great-nephew of Pope Calixt III, cousin of Cardinals Juan and Pedro de Borja Lanzol de Romani and brother-in-law of Cardinal Amanieu d'Albret . In 1498 he became the first person in church history to resign from the cardinalate.
  • BORJA Y ARAGÓN, Enrique de (1518-1540) was the son of Juan II. De Borja y Enríquez, 3rd Duke of Gandía and his first wife Juana de Aragón. His brother was the third general of the Jesuits , Saint Francisco de Borja y de Aragón
  • BORJA Y DE CASTRE-PINÓS, Rodrigo Luis de (1524-1537) was the son of Juan II. De Borja y Enríquez, 3rd Duke of Gandía and his second wife Francisca de Castro y de Pinós. He is the half-brother of the above.
  • BORJA Y DE VELASCO, Gaspar de (1580-1645) was the son of Francisco II. Thomas de Borja (Borgia) y Centellas, 6th Duke of Gandía and the Juana Enríquez de Velasco y de Aragón.
  • BORJA-CENTELLES Y PONCE DE LEÓN, Francisco Antonio de (1659–1702) and BORJA-CENTELLES Y PONCE DE LEÓN, Carlos de (1663–1733) were the sons of the 9th Duke of Gandía.
  • BORGIA, Stefano (1731–1804) is a distant member of the branching aristocratic family de Borgia.

  • Cardinal Francisco de Borja (1500)

  • Duke of Gandía, Cardinal Francisco de Borja (1543)

The Borja family also included: Saint BORJA, Francesco de (1510–1572), he was the great-grandson of Pope Alexander VI. (on the father's side) and of King Ferdinand II of Aragón (on the mother's side). After the death of his father in 1543, Francesco de Borja succeeded him as Duke of Gandía , when his wife died three years later, he renounced all secular titles in favor of his eldest son and entered the Jesuit order , where he was ordained priest in 1551 . He wasn't a cardinal.

Caetani

The Caetanis were a Roman noble family, which was also known under the name Gaetani or Cajetani . Its name is derived from the city of Gaeta . The rise in the ecclesiastical hierarchy began with Benedetto Caetani, who was elected Pope Boniface VIII in 1294 , and continued with the elevation of several family members to cardinals who held high church offices with key functions.

The Pope from the Caetani family

  • Pope Boniface VIII (Benedetto (the Elder) Caetani) was elected Pope in Naples and immediately returned to Rome. He believed that the papacy was superior to all institutions in the world. His secular and ecclesiastical politics were shaped by the fall of the Hohenstaufen and the conflict with France. The excessive claim to power over the political forces had failed and the decline of papal authority was heralded.

Benedetto Caetani was the son of Lofredo (also Roffredo) and Emilia Patrasso di Guarcino. He was related to the Cardinals Aldobrandino Gaetani, Benedetto Caetani (the younger) and Leonardo Patrasso and the intended Cardinal Andrea Conti. He was the uncle of the cardinals Giacomo Tomassi-Caetani and Francesco Caetani.

  • Family coat of arms of the Roman noble family Caetani

  • Pope Boniface VIII

Cardinals from the Caetani family

  • CAETANI, Aldobrandino or Ildebrando (? -1223) was the son of Orso Caetani, he was related to Pope Boniface VIII and the Cardinals Benedetto Caetani (the younger), Giacomo Tomassi-Caetani and Francesco Caetani.
  • CAETANI, (the younger) Benedetto (? -1297) was the son of Giacomo Caetani and related to Pope Boniface VIII and the cardinals Alibrando Caetani, Giacomo Tomassi-Caetani and Francesco Caetani.
  • CONTI, OFM , Andrea (about 1240-1302) was a nephew of Pope Alexander IV and a distant cousin of Pope Boniface VIII, who wanted to raise him to cardinal priest in 1295 , Conti, however, refused this appointment.
  • CAETANI, Francesco (around 1256-1317) was the son of Goffredo (also Roffredo) Caetani and Elisabetta Orsini . He was the nephew of Pope Boniface VII (on his father's side), cousin of Cardinal Giacomo Tomassi-Caetani. He was still related to the cardinals Alibrando Caetani and Benedetto Caetani (the younger).
  • CAETANI STEFANESCHI, Giacomo (around 1260 / 1261-1341 or 1343) was the son of Pietro Stefaneschi, Lord of Porto, and Perna Orsini. He was the great-nephew of Pope Nicholas III. and uncle of Cardinal Annibaldo the Ceccano. He is also led by the surname Gaetani, Cajetanus and Stephanescis.
  • CAETANI, Antonio (around 1360-1412) came from the noble family of the Count of Fondi and was known as the Cardinal and Patriarch of Aquileia . He was related to Pope Boniface VIII and the cardinals Niccolò Caetani, Enrico Caetani, Bonifazio Caetani, Antonio Caetani and Luigi Caetani.
  • CAETANI, Enrico (1550–1599) came from the Neapolitan patrician family of Bonifacio Caetani, Lord of Sermoneta , and the Caterina Pio di Capri. He is a descendant of the family of Pope Boniface VIII, nephew of Cardinal Niccolò Caetani, uncle of Cardinals Bonifacio Caetani and Antonio Caetani, great-uncle of Cardinal Luigi Caetani.
  • CAETANI, Niccolò (1526–1585) was the son of Camillo Caetani, 3rd Duke of Sermoneta, cousin of Pope Paul III. and his second wife Flaminia Savelli . He received the cardinal dignity at the age of 10. He comes from the family of Pope Boniface VIII, he is the uncle of Cardinal Enrico Caetani, great-uncle of Cardinals Bonifacio Caetani and Antoni Ceatani and great-great-uncle of Cardinal Luigi Caetani.
  • CAETANI, (the younger) Antonio (1566–1624) was the son of Onorato Caetani from the house of the Duke of Sermoneta and Agnesina Colonna di Paliano. He was related to Pope Boniface VIII, great-nephew of Cardinal Niccolò Caetani, nephew of Cardinal Enrico Ceatani, cousin of Cardinal Ascanio Colonna and uncle of Luigi Caetani.
  • CAETANI, Luigi (1595–1642) was the son of Filippo I Caetani, Duke of Sermoneta and Camilla Gaetani dell'Aquila d'Aragona from the house of the Count of Traetto. He was related to Pope Boniface VIII, great-great-nephew of Cardinal Niccolò Caetini, great-nephew of Cardinal Caetani and nephew of Cardinals Bonifatio and Antonio Caetani.

Castiglione

The Castiglione are a Lombard noble family.

  • Coat of arms of Pope Celestine IV.

  • Coat of arms of Pope Pius VIII.

The Popes of the Castiglione family

  • Pope Celestine IV (Goffredo da Castiglione) († 1241) from Milan, nephew of Pope Urban III. from his mother's side, September 18, 1227 cardinal priest of San Marco , 1239 cardinal-bishop of Sabina , October 25–10. November 1241 Pope Celestine IV. He was the first Pope to be elected in a conclave.
Pope Celestine IV
  • Pope Pius VIII (Francesco Saverio Castiglioni) (1761–1830) from Cingoli (Ancona), December 17, 1785 ordained priest, August 17, 1800–1816 Bishop of Montalto , March 8, 1816–1821 Bishop of Cesena , April 29, 1816 Cardinal priest of Santa Maria in Traspontina , August 13, 1821 Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati , November 14, 1821–1829 Major cardinal penitentiary and prefect of the index , March 31, 1829–30. November 1830 Pope Pius VIII. He was considered moderately conservative, but open to the demands of the modern age. His tomb in St. Peter comes from the sculptor Fabris and shows him kneeling over the sacristy door. It shows him praying between the statues of Justice (with scales) and Wisdom (with book and snake).
Pope Pius VIII

Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (around 1090-1153) came from the family of the lords of Châtillon-sur-Seine and was canonized in 1174 . In 1830 he was appointed Doctor of the Church by Pope Pius VIII . This Pope belonged to the Castiglione family and was a strong opponent of nepotism . During his pontificate, the proposal was made that Bernhard von Clairvaux should be promoted to father of the church. But when someone remarked that St. Bernard belonged to the same family as the Pope, since the Chatillon in France and the Castiglione in Italy were just different branches of the same "illustrious house", the matter was discontinued. It was only taken up again later and brought to a successful conclusion under his pontificate.

Pope Pius VIII made his brother Filippo (1774–1846) the “patrician of Rome”. His son Gianstefano (1814-1883), Gonfaloniere of Cingoli, was in 1852 by Pope Pius IX. raised to the "Marchese del Botontano". Gianstefano's sister Rodegonda Nazzarena (* 1810) married Nob. Giovanni Benigni di Appignano, whose mother Isabella Mastai Feretti was the sister of Pope Pius IX. (1846–1878). Gianstefano's daughter Maria Antonia (* 1854) married the Florentine Giuseppe Migliorati di San Miniato, from whose family the mother of Pope Benedict XV. (1914-1922).

Cardinals from the Castiglione family

Colonna

The Colonna were an important Roman noble family. With their wealth and ramified territories, the center of which was the city of Palestrina , they exerted a significant influence on the Papal States and the Pope.

The Pope from the Colonna family

  • Pope Martin V (Oddo Colonna) was elected Pope at the General Council of Constance in 1431 . This ended the occidental schism that had been going on since 1378 . He took over the leadership of the council and carried out the return to Rome and the reconstruction of the papal state with a strict hand . The papacy gained new prestige, but the necessary reform did not achieve the desired result. Pope Martin V was the son of Agapito Colonna, lord of Genazzano and Valmontone. His first name is also described with Oddo, Odone, Otto and Ottone. He is the uncle of Cardinal Prospero Colonna and the great-uncle of Cardinal Giovanni Colonna.

  • Pope Martin V.

  • Coat of arms of the Colonna family

Cardinals from the Colonna family

  • COLONNA, Giovanni (? -1245) was the son of Oddone Colonna, lord of Colonna, Monteporzio, Zagarolo, Gallicano and Palestrina.
  • COLONNA, Giacomo (about 1250-1318) was the son of Giordano Herr von Colonna and Francesca Conti, he was the uncle of Cardinal Pietro Colonna and great-uncle of Cardinal Giovanni Colonna.
  • COLONNA, Pietro (about 1260–1326) was the son of Giovanni Colonna, nephew of Cardinal Giacomo Colonna and uncle of Cardinal Giovanni Colonna.
  • COLONNA, Giovanni (about 1295-1348) was the son of Stefano Colonna il Vecchio and the Insula Calcedonio, great-nephew of Cardinal Giacomo Colonna and nephew of Cardinal Pietro Colonna.
  • COLONNA, Agapito (? -1380) also called himself Sciarratta and is the son of Pietro Colonna. He is the brother of Cardinal Stefano Colonna.
  • COLONNA, Stefano (? -1378 or 1379) also called himself Scarretta and was the brother of Agapito.
  • COLONNA, Prospero (around 1410–1463) was the fifth child of Count Lorenzo Onofrio Colonna and Sveva Caetani.
  • COLONNA, Giovanni (1456–1508) was the son of the prince and boss of the house Antonio Colonna and his third wife. He is the great-nephew of Pope Martin V and nephew of Cardinal Prospero Colonna.
  • COLONNA, Pompeo (1479–1532) was the son of Girolamo Colonne and Vittoria Conti. His first name is also described as Pompeio. He is the great-uncle of Cardinal Marco Antonio Colonna.
  • COLONNA, Senior, Marco Antonio (1523–1597) was the son of Camillo Colonna and Vittoria Colonna and the great-nephew of Cardinal Pompeo Colonna.
  • COLONNA, Ascanio (1560-1608) came from the Colonna-Paliano line. His father is Marc'Antonio Colonna, Duke of Paliano , his mother is Felicia Orsini .
  • COLONNA, Girolamo (1604–1666) was the son of Filippo I Colonna, 6th Duke and Prince of Paliano and Lucrezia Tomacelli. He was the uncle of the cardinals Gianfrancesco Guido di Bogno and Nicoló Guido di Bagno (maternal side). His mother's sister Anna Tomacelli was married to Taddeo Barberini , whose brothers were the Cardinals Francesco Barbarini and Antonio Barberini (see above).
  • COLONNA, Carlo (1665–1739) was the son of the 8th Duke of Paliano-Colonna and great-uncle of the cardinals Marcantonio (junior) and Pietro Pamfili.
  • COLONNA, Prospero (1662–1743) came from the house of the Duke of Sonnio (Colonna).
  • COLONNA DI SCIARRA, Girolamo (1708–1763) came from the house of Duke Carbognano-Colonna and was the son of Francesco Colonna and Vittoria Salviati. He was the brother of Cardinal Prospero Colonna di Sciarra and great-uncle of Cardinal Benedetto Barberini (see above).
  • COLONNA DI SCIARRA, Prospero (1707–1765) was the brother of Girolamo Colonna di Sciarra.
  • PAMPHILJ, (COLONNA) Pietro (1725–1780) took over the name of his grandfather after his appointment as cardinal and is also written as Pamphili or Pamfili. He is the great-nephew of Cardinal Carlo Colonna and the brother of Cardinal Marcantonio (Junior) Colonna.

Conti

The noble family of the Conti , important in the Middle Ages , provided four popes and several cardinals. The family was divided into the Poli Branch and the Valmontone Branch , where they each owned their estates.

Conti Popes

  • Pope Innocent III ( Lotario dei Conti di Segni ) (1160 / early 1116–1216)
  • Pope Gregory IX ( Ugolino dei Conti di Segni ) (around 1167–1241), nephew of Innocent III.
  • Pope Alexander IV ( Rinaldo Conti ) (around 1199–1261), nephew of Gregory IX.
  • Pope Innocent XIII ( Michelangelo Conti di Poli ) (1655-1724)

Cardinals with the name Conti

Appointed by Innocent III.
Appointed by Gregory IX.
Appointed by Innocent XIII.

Correr

The Correr were an important Venetian noble family.

The Pope from the Correr family

  • Pope Gregory XII.

  • Pope coat of arms of Gregory XII.

Cardinals from the Correr family

After his election he took his nephews Antonio Correr and Gabriele Condulmer , who later became Pope Eugene IV, with him to Rome and appointed them cardinals.

Corsini

The Corsini were a noble family from Florence.

The Pope from the Corsini family

  • Pope Clement XII. (Lorenzo Corsini, 1652–1740), was elected head of the church in 1730. Previously a cardinal since 1706, he had made a name for himself in the papal financial administration. In 1730 he acquired today's Palazzo Corsini .

  • Pope Clement XII.

  • Clement XII coat of arms

Cardinals from the Corsini family

  • CORSINI, Pietro (around 1335–1405) was an ancestor of Clement XII. and became a cardinal in 1370. One of his cousins ​​was the canonized Bishop Andrea Corsini .
  • CORSINI, Neri (1624–1678) was an uncle of the later Clemens XII.
  • GUADAGNI, Giovanni Antonio (1674–1759) was a nephew of Clement XII on his mother's side.
  • CORSINI, Neri Maria (1685–1770) was a nephew of Clement XII on his father's side. and great-uncle of Cardinal Andrea Corsini.
  • CORSINI, Andrea (1735–1795) was a great-great-nephew of Clemens XII.

  • Giovanni Antonio Guadagni

  • Neri Maria Corsini

  • Andrea Corsini

de 'Medici

The well-known Florentine merchant family Medici became one of the most influential families in Italy in the 15th and 16th centuries . Giovanni de 'Medici, who later became Pope Leo X , was intended as a second-born for a career in the church. The then Pope Innocent VIII had the desire to marry his biological son - whom he fathered at the age of 16 - to Maddalena de 'Medici , a sister of Giovanni de' Medici. In return, Giovanni's father, Lorenzo de Medici , demanded that his second son be elevated to cardinal status. Giovanni was not a clergyman until the cardinal's elevation and so after his election as pope he had to be ordained priest and bishop .

de 'Medici Popes

  • Pope Leo X (Giovanni de 'Medici, 1475–1521) was a Renaissance pope and was considered a humanist and patron of the arts. The sale of indulgences to finance the new building of St. Peter's Church led to a protest by Martin Luther . He was the second son of Lorenzo de 'Medici from Florence (il Magnifico) and Clarissa Orsini, and cousin of Pope Clement VII.
  • Pope Leo XI. (Alessandro Ottaviano de 'Medici) (1535-1605) was the son of Ottavio de' Medici and Francesca Salviati. He is the great-nephew of Pope Leo X and cousin of Cosimo I , Grand Duke of Tuscany. His pontificate only lasted from April 1 to April 27, 1605.

  • Pope Leo X. with the cardinals Giulio de 'Medici, later Clement VII. And Luigi de' Rossi

  • Pope Clement VII

  • Pope Leo XI.

Cardinals with the name de 'Medici

  • ROSSI, Luigi de ' (1474–1519) was the son of Leonetto de' Rosso and Maria de 'Medici and cousin of Pope Leo X.
  • MEDICI, (the younger) Giovanni de ' (1544–1562) was the son of Cosimo I de' Medici, Duke of Florence and Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Leonor Álvarez de Toledo. His brother was Cardinal Ferdinando de 'Medici, and he was also related to Popes Leo X and Clement VII.
  • MEDICI, Ferdinando de ' (1549–1609) was the son of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Leonor Álvarez de Toledo. He resigned his cardinal office to take over the rule of Tuscany as Ferdinand I de 'Medici. He is the father of Cardinal Carlo de 'Medici and great-uncle of Cardinals Giancarlo de' Medici and Leopoldo de 'Medici.
  • MEDICI, Carlo de ' (1595–1666) was the son of the former Cardinal Ferdinando de' Medici, who returned his cardinal hat to the Grand Duke of Tuscany for the purpose of family continuation . Carlos mother is Chrétienne de Lorraine, he was the brother of Cosimo II. Grand Duke of Tuscany and uncle of the cardinals Giancarlo de 'Medici and Leopoldo de' Medici.
  • MEDICI, Giancarlo de ' (1611–1663) was the third child of Cosimo II and Maria Magdalena of Austria , his brother was the Grand Duke Ferdinand II of Tuscany . He was the great-nephew of Cardinal Ferdinando de 'Medici, nephew of Cardinal Carlo de' Medici and brother of Cardinal Leopoldo de 'Medici.
  • MEDICI, Leopoldo de ' (1617–1675) was the youngest son of Cosimo II Grand Duke of Tuscany and Maria Magdalena of Austria. He was the brother of Cardinal Giancarlo de 'Medici, Ferdinand II and Cosimo III. Grand Dukes of Tuscany, great-nephew of Cardinal Ferdinando de 'Medici and nephew of Cardinal Carlo de' Medici.
  • MEDICI, Francesco Maria de ' (1660–1711) was the youngest child of the Grand Duke Ferdinand II of Tuscany and Vittoria Della Rovere .
  • MEDICI DI OTTAVIANO, Francesco de ' (1808–1857) was the son of Michele de' Medici and Isabella Albertini. He came from the branch of the family from which Pope Leo XI. emerged.

  • Lorenzo de Medici il Magnifico

  • Cardinal Ippolito de 'Medici

  • Cardinal Ferdinand (I) de Medici and later Grand Duke of Tuscany

  • Cardinal Leopoldo de 'Medici

  • Cardinal Giovanni Carlo de 'Medici

From the branch line

Pius IV
  • Pope Pius IV (Giovanni Angelo de 'Medici di Marignano) (1499–1565) came from a branch in Milan and was not directly related to the de' Medici family from Florence. If you look at his origins, the relationships with the Borromeo family and the cardinals who came from them, he also showed a tendency towards nepotism. He reopened the Council of Trent and brought it to a conclusion in 1562/63.

Giovanni Antonio was the second of eleven children of the notary Bernadino de 'Medici, from the Milanese patrician family de' Medici and the Clelia Serbelloni. He was the uncle of Cardinals Carlo Borromeo and Gianantonio Serbelloni, he was also related to Cardinals Frederico Borromeo (the elder), Guido Luca Ferrero, Gilberto Borromeo and Frederico Borromeo (the younger).

Other cardinals related to the House of Medici
  • SERBELLONI, Giovanni Antonio (1519–1591) was the son of Giampiero Serbelloni and Elisabetta Rainoldi. His aunt was Clelia Serbelloni, the mother of Pope Pius IV. He was the cousin of Cardinals Carlo Borromeo and Mark Sittich von Hohenems .
  • HOHENEMS, Mark Parakeet von (1533–1595) was the son of the feudal lord Wolf Ludwig von Hohenems and the Chiara de 'Medici. His mother was the sister of Pope Pius IV, her son was the cousin of Cardinals Gianantonio Serbelloni and Carlo Borromeo.
  • BORROMEO, Carlo (1538–1584) was the second son of Count Gilberto II Borromeo and Margherita de 'Medici, a sister of Pope Pius IV. He was also the cousin of Cardinals Gianantonio Serbelloni, Mark Parakeet von Hohenems and Frederico Borromeo (the older). He was the uncle of Cardinal Gilberto Borromeo (the elder) and related to Cardinals Gilberto Bartolomeo Borrome, Vitaliano Borromeo and Edoardo Borromeo.

  • Cardinal Karl Borromeo

  • Cardinal Federico Borromeo

Other cardinals of the Borromeo family

  • Cardinal Gilberto Borromeo

  • Borromeos coat of arms

Della Rovere

The Italian noble family Della Rovere comes from a respected but not wealthy family from Savona , whose origins go back to Leonardo or Beltramo delle Rovere and his wife Luchina Monteleoni. Popes Sixtus IV and Julius II emerged from the family . Nepotism resulted in several cardinals of the Catholic Church emerging from this family . Since 1508, the Della Rovere family also provided the Dukes of Urbino . The name Rovere itself means sessile oak and found its symbolism in the family coat of arms. That was also the reason that the two popes had such an oak with 12 golden acorns in their coat of arms.

The two popes

  • Pope Sixtus IV (Francesco DELLA ROVERE OFMConv ) (1414–1484) was elected Pope in 1471. As a former general of the Franciscans, he showered them with privileges . He practiced systematic and unrestrained nepotism and tried to improve the ailing financial status of the papal state with high indulgences . His politics led to aristocratic struggles among the Roman noble families and to conflicts with the states of Italy.

He was the son of Leonardo Della Rovere and Luchina Monleone, uncle of Cardinal Pietro Riario and Pope Julius II, cousin of Cardinal Girolamo Basso Della Rovere, great-uncle of Cardinals Rafaele Sansoni Riario, Clemente Grosso Della Rovere and Leonardo Grosso Della Rovere and Brother-in-law of Cardinal Giulio Della Rovere.

  • Pope Julius II. (Giuliano DELLA ROVERE, Giuliano) (1443-1513) was elected Pope in 1503 through the favor of his uncle, Pope Sixtus IV. As Pope - not elected without a large portion of simony - he secured the Papal State, which had been shattered by the Borgia, and was considered an outstanding personality, great politician, general and patron of the arts. In 1511 he called the 5th General Lateran Council (1512–1517), but the necessary church reforms lacked the power to implement.

He was the son of Raffaello Della Rovere and Teodora Manirola from Greece . His relationship was that he was the nephew of Pope Sixtus IV, cousin of the Cardinals Pietro Riaro OFM, Girolamo Basso Della Rovere, Raffaello Sansoni Riaro. He was the uncle of Cardinals Galetto Franciotti Della Rover and Sisto Gara Della Rovere and was related to Cardinal Giulio Della Rovere.

  • Coat of arms of the Della Rovere

  • Pope Sixtus IV.

  • Portrait of Raphael from Pope Julius II

Cardinals of the noble family Della Rovere

  • DELLA ROVERE, Cristoforo (1434–1478) came from a branch line that came from Piedmont and was the son of Giovanni Della Rovere and Anna del Pozo, his brother was Cardinal Domenico Della Rovere.
  • BASSO DELLA ROVERE, Girolamo (1434–1507) was the son of Giovanni Basso, Count of Bistagno , and Luchina Della Rovere. His mother was the sister of Pope Sixtus IV, Girolamo was the cousin of Pope Julius II, uncle of Cardinal Clemente Grosso Della Rovere OFMConv. and also called himself Cardinal von Recanati.
  • VIGERIO DELLA ROVERE, OFMConv. , Marco (1446–1516), his father was Urbano Vigerio and his mother Nicoletta Grosso Della Rovere was a niece of Pope Sixtus IV.
  • SANSONI RIARIO DELLA ROVERE, Raffaele (1460–1521) took over the surname of his uncle Riario; his father was Antonio Sansoni and his mother was Violante Riario, this was the sister of Cardinal Pietro Riario OFM . Raffaele was the great-nephew of Pope Sixtus IV, cousin of Cardinal Giuliano Della Rovere and was related to Cardinals Alessandro Riaro, Tommaso Riario Sforza and Sisto Riario Sforza.
  • GROSSO DELLA ROVERE, OFMConv., Clemente (around 1462–1504) was the second child of Antonio Grosso and Maria Basso Della Rovere. His brother was Cardinal Leonardo Grosso Della Rovere. He was the great-nephew of Pope Sixtus IV (on his mother's side), nephew of Cardinal Girolamo Basso Della Rovere, cousin of Pope Julius II. He was also related to Cardinal Galeotto Franciotti Della Rovere and was known by the name of Cardinal Della Rovere.
  • GROSSO DELLA ROVERE, Leonardo (1464-1520); His parents were Antonio Grosso and Maria Della Rovere, his brother was the Cardinal Clemente Grosso Della Rovere OFMConv. He is also known as Grassi Della Rovere and was called the Cardinal of Agen.
  • FRANCIOTTI DELLA ROVERE, Galeotto (1471–1507) was the son of Francesco Franciotti and Luchina Della Rovere. He was the great-nephew of Pope Sixtus IV and nephew of Pope Julius II (on his mother's side). He was the step-brother of Cardinal Sisto Gara Della Rovere and related to Cardinals Clemente Grosso Della Rovere OFMConv. , Leonardo Grosso Della Rovere and Marcantonio Franciotti.
  • DELLA ROVERE, Giulio (1533-1578); His parents were the Duke Francesco Maria I Della Rovere of Urbino and the Eleonora Ippolita Gonzaga , Princess of Mantua . He is also known as Giulio Feltrio and has been Duke of Sora since 1540; he had three biological children.

Farnese

The Farnese were an Italian aristocratic family attested since the 11th century in the area of ​​what is now the province of Viterbo . The family's ancestral home was Castrum Farneti (now Farnese ), from which the family name is believed to be derived. Members of the first generations of the family were active in the military, but were also in the service of the Church and thus came to Rome . The final rise of the family began with Alessandro Farnese, who in 1534 as Paul III. was elected Pope . He gave his illegitimate son Pier Luigi Farnese the Duchy of Parma , which his son expanded to include Piacenza , and which ruled their descendants until the male line died out in 1731.

The Farnese Pope

  • Pope Paul III (Alessandro (the Elder) Farnese) owed his rise to the Pope Alexander VI. who had had a love affair with Alessandro's sister Giulia Farnese. In 1534 Alessandro Farnese was elected Pope and took the name Paul III. During his pontificate he promoted the Jesuit order , organized the Roman Inquisition and opened the Council of Trent . He promoted science and art and was considered a great admirer of Michelangelo . He established the practice of the cardinal nepot during his pontificate .

He was the third of five children of Pierluigi Ranuccio Farnese and Giovanella Caetani. He was the grandfather of Cardinals Alessandro Farnese (the Younger) and Runuccio Farnese, great-grandfather of Cardinal Odoardo Farnes and great-great-grandfather of Cardinal Francesco Maria Farnese. With his lover, the unmarried Alessandro Farnese fathered a daughter and two sons when he was not yet subject to the chastity command of the clergy. He had this legitimized in order to save his own family from extinction.

Cardinals of the House of Farnese

  • FARNESE, Odoardo (1573–1626) was the son of Alessandro Farnese , 3rd Duke of Parma and Piacenza and Princess Maria of Portugal . He is the great-grandson of Pope Paul III. and great-nephew of Cardinals Alessandro Farnese (the Younger) and Ranuccio Farnese. Uncle of Cardinal Mario Alberizzi.
  • ALBERIZZI, Mario (1609–1680) was the son of Giovanni Alberizzi and Giulia Farnese, nephew of Cardinal Odoardo Farnese and related to Cardinal Taddeo Luigi dal Verme .
  • FARNESE, Francesco Maria (1619–1647) was the son of Ranuccio Farnese and Margherita Aldobrandini, great-nephew of Cardinals Alessandro Farnese (the younger) and Ranuccio Farnese, nephew of Cardinal Odoardo Farnese and great-great-grandson of Pope Paul III.

  • Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, detail from the painting Pope Paul III. and his nephews

  • The future Cardinal Ranuccio Farnese (12 years old)

Orsini

The Orsini were a widely ramified Roman aristocratic family, descended from the Roman family of the Bobonen and bearing the name Bobon or Bobo. It was not until 1191 that they adopted the name Orsini. This family made a significant contribution to Italian history between 1100 and 1900. From 1500 to 1958 the Orsini and the Colonnas shared the dignity of papal assistant to the throne, the Orsini became imperial princes in 1629 , papal princes in 1724 and in 1854 they were given the title of "Principe Romano".

The power of the Orsinis

After the death of Gregory IX. in 1241 there was the first conclave in papal history. Since the progenitor of the House of Orsini, Matteo Rosso, wanted to get a new Pope as quickly as possible, he imprisoned the cardinals who had gathered in Rome. The cardinals struggled to find a two-thirds majority and Orsini put them under massive pressure. He threatened the already buried Pope Gregory IX. to exhume and lay the body in their midst. Finally the Cardinal Bishop of Sabina, who called himself Celestine IV, was elected from the College of Cardinals .

After 12 other popes, in 1294, through the machinations of the Orsinis, one of the strangest Popes , Celestine V, came to the Holy See : his name was Pietro del Morrone and lived as a hermit in a hermit monastery until he was elected papal . The reason was the dispute between the two large Roman families Colonna and Orsini, who after the death of Nicholas IV (1292) prevented the election of a new Pope for over two years.

The conclave of 1304 lasted eleven months and finally Cardinal Francesco Napoleone Orsini managed to draw attention to Bertrand de Got (later Clemens V ) and give him a two-thirds majority. Pope Alexander VI , who came from Spain . (1492–1503), from the noble family of the Borgia , carried out his feuds with relentless severity and so he managed to break the power of Colonna and Orsini during his pontificate .

The Orsini Popes

  • Pope Celestine III (Giacinto Bobone, Jacinto Bobo or Hyacinto Bobo) came from the Bobonen family, which then renamed itself to Orsini. He was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1191 to 1198. The educated cardinal was elected Pope at the age of about 85 and had elevated his nephew Bobo ( Cardinalnepot ) to cardinal during his pontificate and was later to be related to many cardinals.
  • Pope Nicholas III (Giovanni Gaetano Orsini) was Pope from 1277 to 1280. He began his career in 1241 with the appointment of Roman senator by Gregory IX. Pope Innocent IV appointed him cardinal deacon in 1244 . As a confidante of the Pope, he accompanied him into exile in Lyon . In the course of his pontificate he elevated Latino Malabranca Orsini and Giordano Orsini to cardinals.
  • Pope Benedict XIII (Pietro Francesco Orsini) was Pope from 1724 to 1730. At the age of 16 he became a Dominican against the wishes of his parents , studied theology in Venice and Bologna and philosophy in Naples and became a cardinal in 1672. After a 70-day conclave, he was elected Pope on May 29, 1724. Benedict XIII. In the course of his pontificate he carried out twenty-nine cardinal surveys, but these were less nepotistic. On July 6, 1729 he raised Francesco Scipione Maria Borghese from the Borghese family to titular archbishop of Trajanopolis and prefect of the Apostolic Palace.

  • Family coat of arms in the coat of arms of Pope Nicholas III.

  • Celestine III. (right) and Heinrich VI.

  • Pope Nicholas III

  • Pope Benedict XIII

Cardinals from the noble Orsini family

  • BOBONE, Romano (around 928)
  • Bishop BOBONE (around 1088)
  • BOBONE, Romano (around 1188)
  • BOBONE, Ugo (around 1191)
  • BOBONE, Nicolò (around 1192/1193)
  • MALABRANCA ORSINI, OP , Latino (? -1294) was the son of the Roman Senator Angelo Malabranca and Mabilia Orsini, sister of Pope Nicholas III, nephew of Cardinal Giordono Orsini and cousin of Cardinal Matteo Orsini.
  • ORSINI, Giordano (? -1287) was the brother of Pope Nicholas III. as well as uncles of the Cardinals Latino Malabranca Orsini OP and Matteo Orsini.
  • ORSINI, Napoleone (around 1263–1342) was the son of Rinaldo Orsini, he was the nephew of Pope Nicholas III. (paternal side) and cousin of Cardinal Giovanni Gaetano Orsini.
  • ORSINI, Francesco Napoleone (? -1312) was the son of Napoleone Orsini, the nephew of Pope Nicholas III. and uncle of Cardinal Matteo Orsini.
  • ORSINI, Giovanni Gaetano (around 1285–1335) was the son of Matteo Rosso II Orsini and his second or third wife. He was the nephew of Pope Nicholas III. and the cousin of Cardinal Napoleone Orsini.
  • ORSINI, Matteo OP (? -1340) was the son of Orso Orsini di Montegiordano and Francesca del Cardinale and nephew of Cardinal Francesco Napoleone Orsini.
  • ORSINI, Rinaldo (? -1374) belonged to the extensive aristocratic Orsini family and worked in the dioceses of Liège and Perugia .
  • ORSINI, Poncello (? -1395) was the son of Andrea Orsini and Mabilia Orsini. He became known under the name of Cardinal von Aversa or de Ursinus.
  • ORSINI, Latino (around 1410–1477) was the first son of Carlo Orsini and Paola Gironima Orsini. His additional name was also Cardinal Orsini.
  • ORSINI, Alessandro (1592–1626) was the son of the Duke of Bracciano Virginio Orsini and the Flavia Damasceni-Peretti. His mother was a great niece of Pope Sixtus V.
  • ORSINI, OSIo.Hieros., Virginio (1615–1676) was Duke of Bracciano and renounced his right of inheritance. He belonged to the military order of St. John in Jerusalem and distinguished himself in the war against the Turks.
  • ORSINI, OP, Vincenzo Maria (1649–1730) was the eldest son of Ferdinando Orsini from the house of Archduke Orsini-Gravina, who is related to Pope Clement X. Vincenzo Orsini is the uncle of Cardinal Domenico Orsini d'Aragona. He was the 12th Duke of Gravina, 3rd Prince of Solofra, 2nd Prince of Vallata, Count of Muro Lucano , Archbishop of Bari and from 1658 to 1667 Cardinal and Archbishop of Naples.
  • ORSINI D'ARAGONA, Domenico (1719–1789) was a nephew of Pope Benedict XIII. and broadly related to most of the Orsini cardinals.

Piccolomini

Prince Octavio Piccolomini , Duke of Amalfi

The Italian noble family Piccolomini came from Rome and later settled in Siena . Octavio Piccolomini came from the Tuscan branch of the Piccolomini-Pieri family, which was founded by Pope Pius II around 1450 with the adoption of the children of his niece Antonia Pieri and which went out in 1757. His father Silvio Piccolomini (1543–1610) was a chief chamberlain and field master of the Grand Duke of Tuscany . His mother Violante Gerini came from a Florentine patrician family . Their other sons were Enea Piccolomini (1586–1619) and Ascanio Piccolomini (1597–1671), who had been Archbishop of Siena since 1628 .

The Piccolomini Popes

He was the son of the respected Silvio Piccolomini and his wife Vittoria Forteguerri, they had a total of 21 children together. He is the uncle of Pope Pius III. , Great-uncle of Cardinal Giovanni Piccolomini and related to Cardinals Celio Piccolomini, Enea Silvio Piccolomini and Giacomo Piccolomini.

  • Pope Pius III (Francesco Piccolomini-Todeschini) (1439–1503) came to the Holy See through early support from his uncle Pope Pius II . He was active several times in diplomatic missions and entered 1497 as the only cardinal of the intention of Pope Alexander VI. against Benevento to forgive the Pope's son Giovanni Borgia . His brief pontificate destroyed any hope of reform.

He was born the son of the lawyer Giovanni de Todeschini and his wife Laodomia Piccolomini, who was a sister of Pope Pius II. He was therefore the nephew of Pope Pius II, who gave the approval that his nephew could use the name Piccolomini-Todeschini instead of Todeschini. Pius III was also the uncle of Cardinal Giovanni Piccolomini and related to Cardinals Celio Piccolomini, Enea Silvio Piccolomini and Giacomo Piccolomini.

  • Pope Pius II

  • Pope Pius III

Cardinals from the House of Piccolomini

  • FORTIGUERRA, Niccolò (1419–1473) was the brother of the mother of Pope Pius II.
  • PICCOLOMINI, Giovanni (1475–1537) was the son of Andrea Todeschini-Piccolomini and Agnes di Gabriele Farnese , the great-nephew of Pope Pius II, nephew of Pope Pius III. and related to the cardinals Celio Piccolomini, Enea Silvio Piccolomini and Giacomo Piccolomini.
  • PICCOLOMINI, Celio (1609–1681)
  • PICCOLOMINI, Enea Silvio (1709–1768)

Eminent bishop

Agostino Patrizi Piccolomini was a bishop and papal master of ceremonies . He was the son of the notary Aloysius Patrizi. He got his nickname after the real name of his patron Pius II (Enea Silvio Piccolomini). With interruptions he worked as a ceremonial cleric in Rome from 1466 to 1488 and was ordained Bishop of Pienza -Montalcino in1484.

Order General

Francesco Piccolomini was the 8th general of the Jesuits .

Savelli

The Roman noble family Savelli , also known as "de Sabellis", had until their extinction in 1712 that of Pope Paul III. conferred hereditary office of papal high court marshal . The family has two popes and several cardinals. The family was constantly involved in the clashes between the Roman noble families Colonna and Borgia , especially in the fight against Pope Alexander VI , who came from the Borgia family .

Popes of the Savelli

  • Pope Honorius III. (CENCIO, also Censius, Cencius, Camerarius and Cencio Savalli) (about 1150-1227), was canon and chamberlain in the service of the Curia . During this time he wrote the “Liber censuum”. As Pope, he strove for a compromise between France and England and pursued the interaction between papacy and empire. He confirmed the new orders of the Dominicans , Franciscans and Carmelites .

His origin from the house of the Savelli is uncertain and his father is given by the name Aimerico.

  • Pope Honorius IV. (SAVELLI, Giacomo) was elected Pope in Perugia . When he was elected, he was already of an old age, but was still considered to be mentally clear and strong-willed. During his two-year pontificate he was very political and tried to consolidate the power of the Holy See.

He was the son of Senator Luca Savelli and Giovanna Aldobrandeschi, daughter of the Count of Fiora. He was the nephew of Cardinal Tommaso da Capua and cousin of Cardinal Giovanni Boccamazza . The Savalli family also included the cardinals Bertrando Savelli, Giovanni Battista Savelli, Giacomo Savelli, Silvio Savelli, Giulio Savelli, Fabrizio Savelli, Paolo Savelli and Domenico Savelli.

  • Pope Honorius III.

  • Pope Honorius IV

  • Pope's coat of arms of Honorius IV with an integrated family coat of arms

Cardinals from the Savelli family

  • SAVELLI, Bertrando (? -1223) is also listed as Bartolomeo Savelli. His relatives range from Pope Honorius IV to the cardinals Giovanni Battista Savelli, Giacomo Savelli, Silvio Savelli, Giulio Savelli, Fabrizio Savelli, Paolo Savelli and Domenico Savelli. According to Werner Maleczek, however, there is no evidence of his origin from the house of the Savelli and it is more likely that he came from Languedoc .
  • SAVELLI, Giovanni Battista (1422–1498) was the son of Nicola Savelli, Lord of Palombara and Castel Gandolfo and was related to Pope Honorius IV and the cardinals Bertrando Savelli, Giacomo Savelli, Silvio Savelli, Giulio Savelli, Fabrizio Savelli, Paolo Savelli and Domenico Savelli. Elevated cardinal by Pope Sixtus IV in 1480, he was also apostolic administrator of the diocese of Mallorca.
  • SAVELLI, Giacomo (1523–1587) was raised to cardinal at the age of 16 and was later instrumental in the implementation of the church reforms of the Council of Trent . He was the son of the Roman nobleman Giambattista Savalli and Constanza Bentivoglio, his paternal grandmother was Camilla Farnese, a cousin of Pope Paul III. He was the uncle of Cardinal Giulio Savelli, related to Pope Honorius IV and Cardinals Bertrando Savelli, Giovanni Battista Savelli, Giacomo Savelli, Silvio Savelli, Giulio Savelli, Fabrizio Savelli, Paolo Savelli and Domenico Savelli. Giacomo Savelli was Archbishop of Benevento from 1560 to 1574.
  • SAVELLI-ARICCIA, Silvio (1550–1599) was first Archbishop of Rossano , then Patriarch of Constantinople , and nuncio in Naples and Paris. Later he was governor of Avignon. He was the son of Camillo Savelli Lord of Ariccia and Isabell Orsini . He was related to Pope Honorius IV and the cardinals Bertrando Savelli, Giovanni Battista Savelli, Giacomo Savelli, Silvio Savelli, Giulio Savelli, Fabrizio Savelli, Paolo Savelli and Domenico Savelli.
  • SAVELLI, Giulio (1574–1644) was the son of Bernadino Savelli, Roman nobleman, 1st Duke of Castel Gandolfo and Margrave of Roccapriora and his second wife Lucrezia the Conti dell'Anguillara. He is related to Pope Honorius IV and the cardinals Bertrando Savelli, Giovanni Savelli, Silvio Savelli and Domenico Savelli. He is the nephew of Cardinal Giacomo Savelli, uncle of Cardinal Fabrizio Savelli and great-uncle of Cardinal Paolo Savelli.
  • SAVELLI, Fabrizio (1607–1659) was related to Pope Honorius IV and the cardinals Bertrando Savelli, Giovanni Battista Savelli, Giacomo Savelli, Silvio Savelli and Domenico Savelli. He was the nephew of Cardinal Giulio Savelli and uncle of Cardinal Paolo Savelli.
  • SAVELLI, Paolo (1622–1685) was the son of Bernadino Savelli and Maria Peretti. His mother was related to the family of Pope Sixtus V. Paolo was related to Pope Honorius IV and the cardinals Bertrando Savelli, Giovanni Battista Savelli, Giacomo Savelli, Silvio Savelli and Domenico Savelli. He was the great-nephew of Cardinal Giulio Savelli and nephew of Cardinals Fabrizio Savelli and Francesco Peretti di Montalto (maternal).
  • SAVELLI, Domenico (1792–1864) was the son of Gregorio Maria Savelli and the Agta Maria Arrighi and is related to Pope Honorius IV and the cardinals Bertrando Savelli, Giovanni Battista Savelli, Giacomo Savelli, Silvio Savelli, Giulio Savelli, Fabrizio Savelli and Paolo Savelli.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Barberini, Maffeo. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website , English)
  2. ↑ Barberini, seniore, OFMCap., Antonio. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website , English)
  3. ↑ Borghese, Camillo. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website , English)
  4. ↑ Borja, Alfonso de. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website , English)
  5. ↑ ibid.
  6. ^ Sarah Bradford: Cesare Borgia. A life in the Renaissance. German by Joachim A. Frank, original title Cesare Borgia. His Life and Times , hardcover first edition, Hoffmann and Campe Verlag, Hamburg 1979, p. 77 (English edition)
  7. ↑ Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints
  8. ↑ Caetani, seniore, Benedetto. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website , English)
  9. ↑ Colonna, Oddone. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website , English)
  10. ↑ Correr, CRSGA, Antonio. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website ), accessed December 14, 2016.
  11. ↑ Condulmer, Can. Reg. Of Saint Augustine of S. Giorgio in Alga, Gabriele. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website ), accessed December 14, 2016.
  12. ↑ Corsini, Pietro. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website ), accessed April 26, 2018.
  13. ↑ Corsini, Neri. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website ), accessed April 26, 2018.
  14. ^ Medici, Giovanni de '. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website , English)
  15. ^ Medici, Giulio de '. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website , English)
  16. ^ Medici, Alessandro Ottaviano de '. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website , English)
  17. ^ Medici, Giovanni Angelo de '. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website , English)
  18. ↑ Della Rovere, OFM Conv., Francesco. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website , English)
  19. ^ Della Rovere, Giuliano. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website , English)
  20. ↑ Roberto Zapperi : The Four Women of the Pope. The life of Paul III. between legend and censorship. CH Beck Verlag, Munich 1997
  21. ^ Farnese, seniore, Alessandro. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website , English)
  22. ↑ The Papacy - Epochs and Figures (see literature)
  23. ↑ Bobone, Giacinto. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website , English)
  24. ↑ Orsini, Giovanni Gaetano. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website , English)
  25. ↑ Piccolomini, Enea Silvio. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website , English)
  26. ↑ Todeschini-Piccolomini, Francesco. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website , English)
  27. ^ Norbert M. Borengässer:  Savelli, Roman noble family. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 8, Bautz, Herzberg 1994, ISBN 3-88309-053-0 , Sp. 1446-1447.  ( Article / beginning of article in Internet archive )
  28. ^ "Liber censuum Romanae ecclesiae" is a tax and interest register arranged according to church provinces, it also recorded diocesan and monastery exemptions, privileges, contracts, etc. The work is the most important source for the history of papal income and possessions in the Middle Ages. See Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz:  Honorius III., Cencius Savelli. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 2, Bautz, Hamm 1990, ISBN 3-88309-032-8 , Sp. 1032-1033.  ( Article / beginning of article in Internet archive )
  29. ↑ Cencio (deaconry of S. Lucia in Orphea or in Silice). In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website , English)
  30. ↑ Savelli, Giacomo. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website , English)
  31. ↑ Savelli, Bertrando. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website , English)
  32. ↑ Werner Maleczek: Pope and Cardinal College from 1191 to 1216. Vienna 1984, p. 170

literature

Web links