Kingdom of Naples

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Kingdom of Naples

The Kingdom of Naples was a state in southern Italy , which was created in 1302 through the division of the Kingdom of Sicily and in 1816 was incorporated into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies .

The ancient Kingdom of Sicily, which consisted of areas in southern Italy and on the island of Sicily, was divided into a Kingdom of Sicily on the island, also called Trinakria or Regnum Siciliae ultra Pharum , with the capital Palermo, and a Kingdom of Sicily on the mainland, too Regnum Siciliae citra Pharum , with the capital Naples. The monarchs of the two resulting kingdoms continued to call themselves "King of Sicily". The term "Kingdom of Naples" is a modern description for the continental kingdom.

history

Naples in the Kingdom of Sicily

In 1140 the Normans conquered the city and the Duchy of Naples and incorporated it into the Kingdom of Sicily, established by Roger II in 1130 . Through the marriage of the heiress Rogers II, Konstanze , with Heinrich VI. (1186) the island of Sicily and southern Italy with Naples as the Kingdom of Sicily were transferred to the Staufers .

After the death of King Conrad IV , the son of Emperor Frederick II , Pope Charles I of Anjou , a son of the French King Louis VIII, enfeoffed the Kingdom of Sicily, which at that time consisted of areas on the mainland and the island . On January 6, 1266 he was crowned King Charles I of Sicily in Rome. In the battle of Benevento , Charles defeated Manfred of Sicily on February 26, 1266. Manfred was killed in the battle. With the death of Manfred, the rule of the Hohenstaufen in Italy collapsed. Charles was able to conquer the entire kingdom of Sicily at that time with almost no resistance. An attempt by Conradin to regain the kingdom for the Hohenstaufen dynasty ended on August 23, 1268 in the battle of Tagliacozzo . Conradin was captured after the battle and executed in Naples on October 29, 1268.

Separation of the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily

Flag of Naples from 1282 to 1442

On March 30, 1282, a popular uprising began in Palermo against the predominance of the French who had come to the country with Charles of Anjou. The uprising became known as the Sicilian Vespers . The city of Messina joined the insurgents on April 28th. Representatives of the city of Palermo asked King Peter III. from Aragon to take over the government of the Kingdom of Sicily as the husband of Constanze of Sicily , a granddaughter of Emperor Frederick II. On August 30, 1282, Peter III landed. in Trapani . He went to Palermo, was crowned king there and assumed the title of King of Sicily. The actions of Peter led to a dispute between him and Pope Martin IV , in the course of which Peter III. was excommunicated from Aragon by the Pope. The lands of the Crown of Aragon ruled by Peter were transferred from the Pope to Charles of Valois , the then 13-year-old fourth son of the French King Philip III. Pope Martin V called for a holy war against the Crown of Aragon. This war is now known as the Aragonese Crusade . The fighting ended when Philip III. on October 5, 1285 in Perpignan and Peter III. died on November 10, 1285. At the death of Peter III. the rule over the lands of the Crown of Aragon went to Alfonso III. over. His brother Jacob was crowned King of Sicily, Duke of Apulia and Prince of Capua. As Alfons III. James II died in February 1291 and demanded rule over the previous lands of the Crown of Aragon, but also over Sicily. He put his younger brother Friedrich on the island of Sicily as his deputy. In the Peace of Anagni of June 1295, the relationships between the Holy See ( Boniface VIII ), the Kingdom of France ( Philip IV ), the Crown of Aragon ( James II ) and the Kingdom of Sicily ( Charles II of Anjou ) were clarified . The parties agreed u. A. on the fact that the Kingdom of Sicily (mainland and island) should revert to the Holy See and could be given out again as a fief. The brother of Jacob II, Friedrich, did not keep the agreements of the Peace of Anagni and was crowned King of Sicily in Palermo in 1296. The attempts to expel Frederick II from Sicily, in which his brother Jacob II also participated, were unsuccessful. In the Peace of Caltabellotta on August 31, 1302, the old Kingdom of Sicily was divided into the mainland part ruled by Charles II of Anjou (today known as the Kingdom of Naples) and the island kingdom of Sicily (also called Trinakria) under the rule of Frederick II. The branch of the House of Barcelona – Aragón , founded by Friedrich, ruled the island of Sicily until 1401 .

Under the Anjou house

The peace of Caltabellotta established the division of Sicily into a kingdom on the mainland and a kingdom on the island. The agreement secured the government of the House of Anjou founded by Charles I in Naples. The descendants of King Charles I, Charles II , Robert and Johanna I ruled Naples in direct line until the dynasty died out in 1382. Subsequently, until 1442 various members of the Anjou family ruled Naples.

Because the southern Italian Norman state was a direct fiefdom of the Pope , it had a closer relationship with Rome than other European empires. For this reason, too, Naples played a special role in the course of the great occidental schism .

Queen Joan I of Naples supported antipope Clement VII. That is why Pope Urban VI withdrew . her fief, transferred the Kingdom of Naples to her second cousin, Karl von Durazzo , and crowned him King Charles III in Rome in 1380. from Naples. Karl managed to occupy Naples in 1381 and to take Johanna prisoner.

Antipope Clement VII, who resided in Avignon, excommunicated Charles III. and after the death of Joan, in 1382, Louis I of Anjou , the son of King John II of France, was crowned the new King of Naples. Despite the support of a papal army, Louis of Anjou did not succeed in conquering Naples.

After the death of King Charles III. in 1386 the crown of Naples passed to his son Ladislaus . He was able to defend them against the claims of the pretenders Ludwig I and Ludwig II of Anjou . King Ladislaus' successor was his sister Johanna II in 1414. She was crowned on October 28, 1419 on behalf of Pope Martin V.

In 1420 Pope Martin V enfeoffed Ludwig III. of Anjou with the Kingdom of Naples and crowned him king. To fend off attacks by Ludwig, Joan II called Alfonso V of Aragon , who was also King of Sicily and Sardinia, for help. In return, she adopted him and promised to appoint him as heir to the Kingdom of Naples. After disputes with Alfons V, Johanna revoked his adoption, now adopted Ludwig III. of Anjou and appointed him as heir. Alfons returned to the Iberian Peninsula in 1423 at the urging of the Cortes of Aragon. When Johanna II died in 1435, René , the brother of the titular king Ludwig III, who died in 1434. asserted his rights to the Crown of Naples. On October 18, 1435, Isabella of Lorraine, René's wife, took over the government in Naples. Alfonso V prepared the occupation of the Kingdom of Naples. His fleet was defeated on August 5, 1435 in the Battle of Ponza by a force of the Republic of Genoa and the Duke of Milan. Alfonso V of Aragon and his brothers John , King of Navarre, Henry and Peter were captured. After he was released in October 1435, he settled in Sicily. The Aragonese army occupied Aversa in 1440 and conquered Benevento in 1441. On June 2nd, 1442 King Alfonso's troops were able to move into the city of Naples. René, who had personally ruled as king in Naples from 1438, fled to France.

Because Ludwig von Anjou and his successors never resided in Naples except for a short period of time, they are referred to in research as "titular kings".

Under the Trastámara-Aragón house

The Kingdom of Naples after the Peace of Lodi (1454)

King Alfonso V of Aragon entered Naples on February 26, 1443. Later that year, Pope Eugene IV accepted Alfonso V of Aragon as Alfonso I, King of Naples. Through the Peace of Lodi , which was also joined by the Kingdom of Naples under Alfonso, the peace in Italy was preserved for a long time. Since King Alfonso had no legitimate children, the kingdoms of the Crown of Aragon passed to his brother John II of Aragon upon his death . The Kingdom of Naples was not part of the inheritance of the Crown of Aragon. Alfons could freely dispose of it in his will. He bequeathed it to his illegitimate son Ferdinand , who founded the new branch of the House of Trastámara-Aragón-Naples .

Ferdinand's successor was his son Alfonso II. He was crowned in Naples by the papal legate Juan de Borja Lanzol de Romaní . Alfonso II had no support in the population or in circles of the Neapolitan nobility, so he resigned on January 23, 1495 in favor of his son Ferdinand II of Naples in order to avoid a rebellion . Alfons went to Sicily and died on December 18, 1495 in Messina .

Charles VIII of France used the unclear political situation in Naples to militarily occupy the kingdom in February 1495. Charles's claims to the crown of Naples were made by Pope Alexander VI. supported. He personally traveled to Naples to crown the French king as King of Naples on May 20, 1495 in the cathedral .

King Ferdinand II of Naples fled to Sicily, which was part of the Crown of Aragon, and asked the Catholic Kings for help. They had well-trained troops , mainly Castilians , who were no longer needed after the conquest of the Kingdom of Granada . They sent this to Italy to support King Ferdinand II of Naples. The French troops could not hold their own against the Castilian troops. The commandant of the French troops in Naples, the Duke of Montepensier, capitulated on July 27, 1496. The Castilian troops withdrew from Naples.

When Ferdinand II died on October 7, 1496, his uncle was crowned King of Naples by the son of Pope Alexander VI, Cardinal Cesare Borgia .

Since the new French King Louis XII. who asserted claims to Naples, but did not succeed against the military power of the Catholic Kings, a division of the Kingdom of Naples was agreed in the Treaty of Chambord-Granada of October 10 and November 11, 1500 between Louis and the Catholic Kings.

The agreement was signed on June 25th, 1501 by Pope Alexander VI. approved. In July 1501, Louis XII. Troops in the Kingdom of Naples, who were able to occupy the areas assigned to France without much resistance. In August 1501 King Frederick II left the capital Naples and found refuge with his wife and smaller children on the island of Ischia, from where they traveled on to France. The area that had been assigned to the Catholic Monarchs turned out to be more difficult to conquer due to the height structure and fortified places. With this task Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba y Aguilar was again supervised. He captured the Neapolitan heir to the throne Ferdinand of Aragon, Duke of Calabria , during the occupation of Taranto .

Large parts of the kingdom were not clearly assigned to one side or the other in the Treaty of Chambord-Granada. When France occupied several of these territories, a dispute arose which caused the Catholic Kings to declare the treaty broken by France. Ferdinand now demanded rule over the entire kingdom of Naples not only because of the breach of contract by the French, but also because of his inheritance rights in the succession of his uncle Alfonso V. The Catholic Kings sent additional troops to Naples. Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba entered Naples on May 16, 1503. With the surrender of Gaeta on January 1, 1504, the entire kingdom was in the hands of the troops of the Catholic Kings.

In 1505, Ferdinand II of Aragon set up the administrative body "Council of Naples" (Consejo de Nápoles) at his court. The administration of Naples was thus separate from the administration of Sicily. In 1506 Ferdinand II traveled from Aragon to Naples. During his stay, the Parliament of Naples proclaimed Ferdinand king. It was determined that Naples, as it was under Alfonso V, was only connected to King Ferdinand and his line and was not to be regarded as an empire of the Crown of Aragon.

Under the Habsburgs

After the death of King Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1516, the future Emperor Charles V ruled the countries that his grandparents, the Catholic kings, had left, formally together with his mother Joanna of Castile . In 1554 Karl appointed his son, who later became King Philip II a . a. to the king of Naples. After Philip took over the government in Castile and Aragon in 1556, he created the Consejo Supremo de Italia , through which the kings of the House of Habsburg (Casa de Austria) ruled their Italian countries (except Sardinia) in the following period.

During the War of the Spanish Succession , southern Italy was occupied by Austria in 1707. In the peace treaties of Utrecht (1713) and Rastatt (1714) Austria received the Kingdom of Naples and Sardinia, Sicily went to the Duchy of Savoy . A few years later (1720), after a Spanish attack on Sicily and Sardinia repulsed by Great Britain, France, Austria and the Netherlands, Austria received Sicily in exchange for the poorer Sardinia of Savoy, so that the two empires were ruled in personal union again.

Under the Bourbons and Napoleon

Historic flag? Flag of the Kingdom of Naples from 1811 to 1815

In the preliminary peace of Vienna in 1735 , Emperor Karl had to cede Naples and Sicily to the Spanish Bourbons as a secondary school . Initially, the Spanish Crown Prince ruled as Charles VII. When he was named Charles III in 1759 . ascended the Spanish throne, his second son Ferdinand IV succeeded him as King of Naples and Sicily.

In the era of the French Revolution, the Parthenopean Republic was proclaimed in Naples and the king was only left with Sicily. In 1806, Napoleon Bonaparte installed his brother Joseph and two years later his brother-in-law Murat as kings of Naples, while Ferdinand still resided in Sicily. Since Joachim Murat had to fear for his rule in the Kingdom of Naples after the fall of Napoleon and his exile to Elba, he declared war on Austria after Napoleon's return to France. In the following Austro-Neapolitan War , however, he was defeated and overthrown as king. He initially fled to Corsica, but shortly afterwards tried to restore his rule and ended up in Calabria. He was arrested and shot dead.

End of the state

The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in southern Italy 1843

After the Congress of Vienna, Ferdinand of Bourbon-Sicily was proclaimed Ferdinand I, King of the Two Sicilies , on December 8, 1816 . As a result, the two kingdoms of the old Kingdom of Sicily, which had been ruled several times in personal union since their division in the 14th century, but had always remained separate kingdoms, were reunited to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and the Kingdom of Naples ceased to exist as an independent state.

The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies remained an independent state until 1860 (Sicily until May, Naples until September). In October 1860 it was annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia by Garibaldi's troops , from which in 1861 the Italian nation state emerged.

See also

literature

  • Pietro Colletta : Storia del reame di Napoli dal 1734 al 1825 . Capolago 1834 (first edition). Translated into English by John A. Davis: The history of the kingdom of Naples. From the accession of Charles of Bourbon to the death of Ferdinand I. 2 volumes, Tauris, London 2009, ISBN 978-1-84511-881-5 .
  • John A. Davis: Naples and Napoleon. Southern Italy and the European revolutions (1780-1860). Oxford University Press, Oxford 2006, ISBN 0-19-820755-7 .
  • Girolamo Imbruglia: Naples in the Eighteenth Century. The Birth and Death of a Nation State. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2007, ISBN 978-0-521-63166-2 .
  • Jörg Reimann: Naples and Sicily 1450 to 1650. Politics, economy, population and culture. Kovac, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-8300-1886-X .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ James Loughlin:  Pope Clement IV . In: Catholic Encyclopedia , Volume 4, Robert Appleton Company, New York 1908 (English).
  2. ↑ Javier Vallejo Martínez: Las Vísperas Sicilianas . In: Historia Rei Militaris: Historia Militar, Política y Social . No. 7 , 2014, p. 100 (Spanish, online [accessed April 8, 2015]).
  3. ↑ Antonio Ubieto Arteta: Creación y desarrollo de la corona de Aragón (=  Historia de Aragón ). Anubar, Zaragoza 1987, ISBN 84-7013-227-X , pp. 305 (Spanish, online ( Memento of December 28, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) [accessed July 28, 2015]). Creación y desarrollo de la corona de Aragón ( Memento of the original from December 28, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.derechoaragones.es
  4. ↑ Michael Ott:  Pope Martin IV . In: Catholic Encyclopedia , Volume 9, Robert Appleton Company, New York 1910 (English).
  5. ↑ Antonio Ubieto Arteta: Creación y desarrollo de la corona de Aragón (=  Historia de Aragón ). Anubar, Zaragoza 1987, ISBN 84-7013-227-X , pp. 307 (Spanish, online ( Memento of December 28, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) [accessed July 28, 2015]). Creación y desarrollo de la corona de Aragón ( Memento of the original from December 28, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.derechoaragones.es
  6. ^ William Mulder:  Pope Urban VI . In: Catholic Encyclopedia , Volume 15, Robert Appleton Company, New York 1912 (English).
  7. ↑ Michael Ott:  Pope Martin V . In: Catholic Encyclopedia , Volume 9, Robert Appleton Company, New York 1910 (English).
  8. ↑ Reinhard Elze: Kings in late medieval Italy from the beginning of the 14th to the middle of the 15th century . In: Lectures and Research: The Late Medieval Royalty in European Comparison . No. 32 , 1987, pp. 127 ( Kings in late medieval Italy from the beginning of the 14th to the middle of the 15th century [accessed on January 20, 2016]).
  9. ↑ Reinhard Elze: Kings in late medieval Italy from the beginning of the 14th to the middle of the 15th century . In: Lectures and Research: The Late Medieval Royalty in European Comparison . No. 32 , 1987, pp. 127 ( Kings in late medieval Italy from the beginning of the 14th to the middle of the 15th century [accessed on January 20, 2016]).
  10. ↑ Julio Valdeón Baruque: La Dinastía de los Trastámara . Ed .: Fundación Iberdrola España (=  Biblioteca del Mundo Hispánico ). Ediciones El Viso, o. O. (Madrid) 2006, ISBN 84-95241-50-1 , pp. 162 (Spanish, La Dinastía de los Trastámara [PDF; accessed on January 16, 2016]).
  11. ↑ Julio Valdeón Baruque: La Dinastía de los Trastámara . Ed .: Fundación Iberdrola España (=  Biblioteca del Mundo Hispánico ). Ediciones El Viso, o. O. (Madrid) 2006, ISBN 84-95241-50-1 , pp. 164 (Spanish, La Dinastía de los Trastámara [PDF; accessed on January 16, 2016]).
  12. ^ Adela Mora Cañada: La sucesión al trono en la Corona de Aragón . In: Josep Serrano Daura (ed.): El territori i les seves institucions historiques. Actes de les Jornades d'Estudi . Pagés Editors, Barcelona 1997, ISBN 84-7935-603-0 , p. 553 (Spanish, La sucesión al trono en la Corona de Aragón [accessed July 28, 2015]).
  13. ↑ Borja Lanzol de Romaní, el mayor, Juan de. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website ), accessed December 14, 2016. (English)
  14. ↑ Leandro Martínez Peñas; Manuela Fernández Rodríguez: Ultima Ratio . In: La guerra y el nacimiento del Estado Moderno: Consecuencias jurídicas e institucionales de los conflictos bélicos en el reinado de los Reyes Católicos . Asociación Veritas para el Estudio de la Historia, el Derecho y las Instituciones, Valladolid 2014, ISBN 978-84-616-8611-7 , p. 142 (Spanish, Ultima Ratio [accessed February 28, 2016]).
  15. ↑ Leandro Martínez Peñas; Manuela Fernández Rodríguez: Ultima Ratio . In: La guerra y el nacimiento del Estado Moderno: Consecuencias jurídicas e institucionales de los conflictos bélicos en el reinado de los Reyes Católicos . Asociación Veritas para el Estudio de la Historia, el Derecho y las Instituciones, Valladolid 2014, ISBN 978-84-616-8611-7 , p. 144 (Spanish, Ultima Ratio [accessed February 28, 2016]).
  16. ↑ Leandro Martínez Peñas; Manuela Fernández Rodríguez: Ultima Ratio . In: La guerra y el nacimiento del Estado Moderno: Consecuencias jurídicas e institucionales de los conflictos bélicos en el reinado de los Reyes Católicos . Asociación Veritas para el Estudio de la Historia, el Derecho y las Instituciones, Valladolid 2014, ISBN 978-84-616-8611-7 , p. 160 (Spanish, Ultima Ratio [accessed February 28, 2016]).
  17. ↑ Manuel Rivero Rodríguez: El consejo de Aragón y la fundación del Consejo de Italia . In: Pedralbes: Revista d'historia moderna . No. 9 , 1989, pp. 68 (Spanish, El consejo de Aragón y la fundación del Consejo de Italia [accessed July 2, 2015]).
  18. ↑ Leandro Martínez Peñas; Manuela Fernández Rodríguez: Ultima Ratio . In: La guerra y el nacimiento del Estado Moderno: Consecuencias jurídicas e institucionales de los conflictos bélicos en el reinado de los Reyes Católicos . Asociación Veritas para el Estudio de la Historia, el Derecho y las Instituciones, Valladolid 2014, ISBN 978-84-616-8611-7 , p. 168 (Spanish, Ultima Ratio [accessed February 28, 2016]).
  19. ^ Norbert Conrads: The abdication of Kaiser Karl V. Ed .: Ulrich Sieber (=  speeches and essays . Volume 65 ). Stuttgart University Library, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-926269-33-2 , p. 16 ( The abdication of Emperor Charles V [PDF; accessed on January 16, 2016]).
  20. ↑ Manuel Rivero Rodríguez: El consejo de Aragón y la fundación del Consejo de Italia . In: Pedralbes: Revista d'historia moderna . No. 9 , 1989, pp. 82 (Spanish, El consejo de Aragón y la fundación del Consejo de Italia [accessed July 2, 2015]).