Castiglione (noble family)

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Family coat of arms of the Castiglioni family

The Castiglione are an old Italian noble family from Lombardy who came to Austria in branches.

Name and origin

Castiglione Olona

origin

At least since Mattheus Castilloneus with “De origine, rebus gentis, ac privilegiis gentis Castilioneae” (1596) and Antonio Beffa Negrini with “Elogi historici di alcuni membri della famiglia Castiliona” (1606) had published glorifying studies on the history of this ancient noble family Much has been speculated about the origin of the de Castiglione family.

It is unclear whether the Castiglione are direct descendants of the Counts of Seprio, who were given fiefs in and near Castiglione Olona and in the vicinity of Seprio, northeast of Milan.

In research it is also controversial whether Emperor Otto the Great appointed the Castiglione to "capitanei" (primi milites) and equipped it or whether the family owned the noble family, located in the county of Seprio on a small hill above the Olona river Name-giving castle near Varese from the Milan church. The Capitanei were originally the immediate vassals of the king ( margrave and count ) in Northern Italy, and since the end of the 11th century also the original "vavassores", so that since then the Capitanei have corresponded to the barons.

In the 7th century an autonomous county with the seat in Seprio (Castelseprio) was formed in the Longobard Empire. It had its greatest extent in the 9th and 10th centuries (roughly the Lombard provinces of Varese and Como, as well as the Swiss canton of Ticino) and was inherited from 961 according to Salian law. From 1044 the county was under the influence of the Archbishop of Milan, who also exercised secular power and was the strongest spiritual supporter of the emperor in imperial Italy. The residence of the Counts of Seprio was moved from Castelseprio first to Venegono, then to Milan and Reggio Emilia. From the beginning of the 12th century the county lost territories to the archbishops of Milan and Como through the establishment of immunities. The decline took place from the 12th century. In the Treaty of Reggio (1158) the county of Seprio lost its northern possessions. In the 13th century the country was drawn into the power struggle between the Visconti and the Torriani. The Castiglione first sided with the Torriani, then they supported the victorious Visconti. In 1287, after the destruction of Castelseprio, the county of Seprio came under the rule of the Visconti and has been part of the Duchy of Milan ever since. In 1339 Lodviso Visconti usurped the title of "Signore del Seprio".

The Castiglione declared themselves the descendants of the Counts of Seprio. In fact, Guido de Castiglione 1284-1286 Count of Seprio (Conte de Seprio).

  • Castelseprio ruins

  • Castelseprio ruins

  • Cistern of the Castelseprio camp

  • San Paolo in the Castelseprio camp

  • Santa Maria fortis portas near Castelseprio

It is certain that the Castiglione had extensive possessions in and around Castiglione Olona not far from Seprio as early as 1000, at least since 1028. Even then, the heady noble family was widespread in the area between Milan and Piacenza.

In the 11th century, the de Castiglione two archbishops of Milan: Gotofredo 1072-1075 and Tebaldo 1076-1085. These representatives of the feudal nobility were sworn enemies of Gregorian reform. In the investiture controversy, Tebaldo took the side of the emperor and the antipope he appointed. That is why he is now regarded by the official church as a “usurper” and “schismatic”. At that time there were civil war-like clashes in Milan. After the Milanese archbishops returned to Roman obedience in 1088, they quickly regained their spiritual authority, but could no longer achieve their previous political primacy in the city.

Surname

Regarding the origin of the family name indicating the origin, there are various theories in research: They range from simple derivatives of castellio, -ionis ( fort ) to a contraction from "castrum legionis Stilicionis", the camp of the late antique imperial general Stilicho , which is a tradition according to 401 a "castellum" is said to have built at the point above the Olona.

According to another theory, castellum Leonis (castello del leone) was vulgarized to Castellioni and means "Lion Castle".

Not only did the spelling change (Castiliono, Castilliono, Castiglion, Castiglione, Castiglioni, Castiglion Morelli, Castiglione Morelli, Castiglioni Morelli, Morelli, Maurelli) with the prepositions da / de / di or without a preposition. The coats of arms also varied slightly.

Home

Location of the former castle of Castiglione Olona

Castiglione Olona is a municipality with almost 8,000 inhabitants in the province of Varese, Lombardy. It lies on the small river Olona , which also crosses the 60 km distant Milan and flows into the Po.

According to legend, the origin of Castiglione dates back to 401 AD, when the Roman Field Marshal Stilicho built a Roman camp on the site of the later village. For this reason, many believe that the name Castiglione is derived from the Latin "castrum legionis". Later the country was crossed by the Lombards , who built a castle in neighboring Seprio, which became the center of an important county.

During the transition from the Lombards to the Franconian rule, the place Castiglione Olona was built 4 km north of Castelseprio on a high, isolated hill: The place was ideal for the construction of a castle that should watch over the ford and bridge, because from here one could see a considerable stretch of the river Olona; the sunny side at the foot of the hill, on the other hand, was made for the establishment of a village.

By 1000 at the latest, the area was owned by the Castiglione family. Castiglione is first mentioned in 1028.

In 1071 the castle of Candia and Castiglione was besieged by the Milanese as a result of the investiture dispute. Because Gotofredo da Candia e Castiglione, the Archbishop of Milan, was a loyal follower of the emperor. At that time civil war-like unrest broke out in Milan, with the conservative feudal nobility, who were opposed to church reform, supporting Gotofredo, while the Pope therefore called him a "usurper". That year a huge fire destroyed a large part of Milan. One speaks of the "fire of Castiglione".

In 1161, Castiglione was besieged again by the Milanese. The residents called Emperor Friedrich I Barbarossa for help, who also came, whereupon the siege was abruptly broken off. At that time, the counties of Seprio, Castiglione, Como and Lodi fought together with the emperor against the hegemony of the Milanese.

The coveted fiefdom of Castiglione was a constant subject of controversy between the most powerful families of the time - the Visconti and Torriani, who alternately allied themselves with the inhabitants of Castiglione. During the endless battles and sieges of the 13th and 14th centuries, Castiglione Castle lost much of its strategic and military importance. Even today, the remains of the fortress and the old city wall of the small town remind of the eventful events of the time, which was characterized by battles and political intrigues.

Cardinal Branda Castiglione transformed the village, where he spent his retirement from 1423, through numerous buildings into a Renaissance town planned and redesigned according to humanist principles. With the construction of the collegiate church on the ruins of the castle in 1443, a change took place from violent conflicts to spirituality. A kind of ideal citadel should be built, which should correspond in an artistic and innovative way to the canon of the Lombard culture of that time and which would give people a social and cultural appreciation. Tuscan masters, especially the famous Masolino da Panicale, supported by Lorenzo di Pietro, called Il Vecchietta, and Paolo Schiavo, were entrusted with the implementation and personally selected by Cardinal Castiglione. The ambitious project was completed in the 1440s. The cityscape is still significantly shaped today by his building activities.

Already in 1513 the residence was destroyed by the Milanese Sforza after the Castiglione party for King Louis XII. from France when he invaded Milan.

The Palazzo Branda Castiglione in the center was the seat of the Castiglione. Cardinal Branda had it expanded in the 15th century. Today a small museum and an archive are set up in the palazzo. The former cardinal rooms and a house chapel, some of which are decorated with frescoes by Masolino, are worth seeing.

  • Old illustration by Castiglione Olona (around 1435)

  • Church of Castiglione Olona

  • Cardinal Branda's palazzo

  • Cardinal Branda's bed

  • Banquet of Herod de Masolino in the Baptistery of Castiglione

The other noble descendants of the Castiglione family, who lived in the village until the Castiglioni di Monteruzzo branch died out in the 20th century, also contributed to the preservation of this precious estate.

The palazzo of the Castiglioni di Monteruzzo from the 15th century became the seat of a museum for plastic art (Museo Arte Plastica) in the 1970s on the initiative of the Conde Lodovico Castiglioni.

Family legends

Descent from the House of Burgundy-Ivrea?

According to tradition, the founder of the Castiglione family was a certain Corrado, son of Count Berengar, of German descent. Berengar II. (900–966) from the house of Burgundy-Ivrea was the son of Margrave Adalbert I of Ivrea and of Gisela, daughter of Unruochinger Berengar I , and thus a descendant of Charlemagne in the cognate line. Until 1030, the Anskarians, dynasts of Burgundian origin, were margraves of Ivrea, one of the four Piedmontese ducats of the Lombards.

The members of the House of Burgundy-Ivrea are:

The family history of the house of Burgundy-Ivrea shows the specific relationships.

The progenitor of the house of Burgundy-Ivrea was Berengar's great-grandfather Amadeus († after 827), a Salfränkischer nobleman with property near Langres . His son Anskar (Anscherius) (I.), consaguineus of Margrave Wido of Spoleto ( Guidonen ), went from Burgundy to Italy in 888, where he became Margrave of Ivrea in present-day Piedmont in 888/891 .

Anskar's son Adalbert I followed as margrave in 898/902 .

In 925, after Adalbert's death, his son Berengar followed as Margrave of Ivrea. From 950 to 961 he was King of Italy . His third son Corrado, Cono, Cunrad or Konrad († 1001) was Count of Milan from 957 to 961 , became the seventh Margrave of Ivrea in 965 and was also Duke of Spoleto and Camerino from 996 until his death .

But this traditional descent of the noble family of Candia and Castiglione from the house of Burgundy-Ivrea is historically not secured. The genealogy does not officially recognize a legitimate son of Corrado, but it is entirely possible that an illegitimate son existed and could have continued the male line.

The ancestry of Berengar and Corrado has not been asserted in terms of knowledge of a Burgundy-Ivrea kin. Unknown to the authors who did so, the Margraves of Ivrea were of a male line with the later kings of Castile. These families did not have a common surname. If a noble family split up before the First Crusade, neither coat of arms nor family name needed to be identical. The name "House of Burgundy-Ivrea" was introduced by historians much later. Through the marriage of the Marchese Castiglion Morelli di Vallelonga with the duke's daughter Tuttavilla, their common descendants descend directly - albeit not in a purely male line - from Emperor Charles V (and consequently from all his ancestors). This shows a cognatic direct descent from Berengar II, albeit not from Corrado, but from his sister.

Common descent with the Chatillon?

Due to the almost identical name, it was also thought of a common origin with the French aristocratic family Châtillon , which could not be confirmed, but also not completely refuted.

The ancestral seat of the House of Châtillon was the Châtillon lordship around the town of Châtillon-sur-Marne, southwest of Reims , where they played an important role in the early days with the title of Vidame de Reims . The Châtillon gained possession like no other - apart from the Capetians - through family ties and inheritance. As a result, it played a prominent role in the Middle Ages, without ever attaining a really permanent position, as the goods and titles acquired were lost again and again in the same way as they had been obtained.

The French noble family Chatillon owned:

Odo de Chatillon was Pope Urban II (1088-1099). He called for the First Crusade on November 27, 1095 . Urban was on July 14, 1881 by Leo XIII. beatified .

Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (around 1090–1153) came from the family of the lords of Châtillon-sur-Seine . His father Tescelin de Fontaine was a vassal of the Duke of Burgundy and sat at the castle of Fontaine-lès-Dijon . Bernard of Clairvaux was canonized in 1174 . In 1830 he was appointed Doctor of the Church by Pope Pius VIII . This Pope belonged to the Castiglione family and was an opponent of nepotism . As a result of the reference that St. Bernard belongs to the same family as the Pope, since the Chatillon in France and the Castiglioni in Italy are only different branches of the same "illustrious house", he hesitated to carry out the intended promotion to Doctor of the Church, but then ordered it but.

Jean II. De Chatillon was Count of Blois and Dunois, Lord of Avesnes, and of Schoonhoven and Gouda. In 1372 he married Mechtild von Geldern , the daughter of Duke Reinald II. Von Geldern, and thus became involved in the Geldrian succession dispute. Since Mathilde's priority was to obtain the imperial mortgage in exchange for money, but this would probably not be given to a single woman, she had to decide on a third marriage. Their choice fell on Jean de Chatillon, the owner of large estates and estates in Holland and Zeeland. So now Jean had a wife and a war. Since his marriage he immediately called himself Duke of Geldern and Count of Zutphen. But his rival, the Duke of Jülich, had taken the emperor's brother prisoner and was able to defy his son's enfeoff with money (1377). Finally, on March 24, 1379, Mechtild had to renounce all her ducal and countal claims. The Chatillon dream of becoming imperial prince was thus over.

A modern history of this family is still missing; one is dependent on a genealogical representation, which the historian André Du Chesne had printed at the beginning of the 17th century. Legend has it that the Châtillon family descended from a Hervé (Heriveus), nephew of Heriveus , who in 900 became Archbishop of Reims and Arch Chancellor of King Charles the Simple , after he had previously been Chancellor Odos; As the nephew of Hucboldus , grandson of Louis the Pious and brother-in-law of King Berengar , Heriveus was related to the Carolingians. It was Heriveus who built the castle of Châtillon-sur-Marne on archbishop's land. But whether this took place in 925 is questionable. The House of Châtillon is probably the best example of the rise of a family of originally ministerials who, closely connected to a castle, thanks to a clever marriage policy and obviously personal skills, became one of the great European royal houses, which were related by marriage to the kings.

In 1762 the Chatillon family died out completely.

In his work on the patrician families of Cosenza (1713), Don Fabricio Castiglione Morelli described his family as descending from the princes of Antioch, whereupon he alluded to the crusader Rainald of Chatillon (1153–1160 prince of Antioch): “D. Fabricio Castiglione Morelli, Patricio Consentino, Genere Mediolanensi, ex Principius Antiochenis ”. Rainald came to the Kingdom of Jerusalem as a French knight in the Second Crusade. In 1153 he married the widowed Princess Konstanze and thus became Prince of Antioch . On November 23, 1160, Rainald's troops were put to flight on a raid in Kommi, he himself was captured and brought in chains to Aleppo . Rainald was not released until 1176 and did not return to Antioch. Via his son-in-law Azzo V. d'Este († 1193), the Castiglione Morelli descend in a direct cognitive line.

Through the marriage of Artemisia Tuttavilla with Lelio Castiglione Morelli Marchese di Vallelongo, the Castiglion Morelli descend at least cognatically from the Châtillon - via Mahaut de Chatillon (1293-1358), daughter of Count Guy of Saint-Pol († 1317), and her husband, Count Karl I of Valois (1270-1325), son of King Philip III. from France.

First mention and distribution

Palazzo Castiglioni in Milan

The first mention of the Lombard noble family Castiglione happened in 987 with Guido di Castiglione from Castiglione Olona near Varese in the old county of Seprio . Guido was the son of the Longobard Palcheterio. The family owned feudal property in the Valtellina valley.

Since the end of the 10th century they were Milanese patricians . On April 20, 1277 they were included in the "Matricula Nobilium".

The secure line of tribe begins with Guido Castiglione, whose son Corrado was accepted into the “Matricula Nobilium” of Milan in 1277.

The Castiglione family spread over several regions of Italy and was divided into several lines (see below). They each belonged to the city nobility and were patricians. Some branches of the family were later raised in rank: Marchese , Conte , Conte Palatino , Count , Baron . Through the acquisition of feudal estates in southern Italy, they came into the possession of counties and baronies. They were feudal lords, politicians, diplomats, councilors, patricians, mayors, officers, professors, abbots, cardinals, bishops, archbishops and even popes.

In Castiglione delle Stiviere , a branch of the Gonzaga family (Dukes of Mantua ) later exercised prince power ("Principe di Castiglione e di Solferino"). There were several marital connections with the Gonzaga. So was z. B. Baldassare Castiglione's mother a Gonzaga.

Political attitude

The family was always loyal to the emperor. The Castiglione began their careers as nobles who were directly subordinate to the king. The archbishops of Milan from the family sided with the emperor in the investiture dispute . During the civil wars one belonged to the Ghibellines . The Habsburgs were later actively supported. As a reward, one was allowed to use the crowned double-headed eagle , imperial sword and scepter in the coat of arms (see coat of arms below). The two popes of the family were also considered to be people who were not inclined to confront the empire. In 1859, a Count Castiglione, as the Austrian high commanding officer of Tyrol, prevented the Italians from taking South Tyrol after their victory at Solferino in 1859.

coat of arms

Family coat of arms: In red a striding gold-crowned silver lion, who holds up with the right front paw a golden crenellated fort with an open blue gate and blue windows; on the helmet with the red and silver covers the lion with the castle grows.

The lion symbolizes power, strength and vigilance, while the white color stands for faith and mercy. The red shield is the symbol of justice and vengeance.

  • Castiglione Olona coat of arms

  • Coat of arms of Baldassare Castiglione in Casatico

  • Coat of arms of Francesco Abbondio Castiglioni

  • Coat of arms of Pope Celestine IV.

  • Coat of arms of Pope Pius VIII.

  • Coat of arms of the Austrian line at Tyroff

Coat of arms of the lines in Austria-Hungary

Quartered, 1 and 4 family coats of arms, 2 and 3 in blue, a silver bar accompanied by 3 (2, 1) gold stars, on top of which there is a gold fort with 3 tin towers, a red gate and red windows. The shield is covered with an old royal crown and lies on the chest of the old Roman-imperial, gold-armored black double-headed eagle with knocked out red tongues, gold halos around the heads and a prince's hat floating over it; the eagle holds a shiny sword with a golden hilt in its right claw and a golden scepter in its left.

Emperor Charles V had allowed the noble Castiglione family to wear a crown and double-headed eagle because of their loyalty.

Lines

Palazzo Bonacolsi-Castiglioni in Mantua
Villa Castiglioni in Pessano
Casatico
Palazzo of the Marchese di Vallelonga
Palazzo Castiglioni in Cingoli

Venegono line

Branches of the family:

Possessions

Feudal lords of Lonate Ceppino 1417, Villa Bartolomea 1550, Venegono 1545, Candia Lomellina 1517, Abbiate Guazzone 1648, Appiano 1656 , Pessano , Borgo S. Donnino , Saronno , Sabio, Haldenstein etc.

Status surveys

  • Imperial Counts and Count Palatine (Conti palatini), 1417.
  • Imperial Count (primogenitur) Neustadt May 2, 1454 (for Franz von Castiglione on Venegono in Lombardy);
  • Milanese enfeoffment with the county of Venegono Milan June 6, 1458 (for the same)
  • Conti di Wesprim , 1412-1424;
  • Conti di Germiole, 16th century.

Galician line

Johann Graf Castiglioni (1751–1834), Imperial Chamberlain, Knight of the Leopold Order, Gubernialrat and District Chief in Lemberg, received the Galician Indigenate in 1820 . He was married to Ludovika Freiin Baum von Appelshofen (1761–1834) and left four sons with whom this line expired in 1879. These were: August 1st (1786–1861), kk major of retirement. 2.) Heinrich (1790-1853), retired field marshal lieutenant. 3.) Josef (1800–1879), retired field marshal-lieutenant. 4.) Johann (1804–1871), kk. Field Marshal Lieutenant of Retirement.

Austrian line

Emperor Friedrich III. 1454 to Franz I Castiglioni, because of his castle in Venegono superiore and associated property, which he raised to a county, the count status. Duke Franz Sforza Visconti enfeoffed the same with the named county in 1458.

Two lines descend from Count Franz I Castiglioni:

I. older Austrian line

His son Branda I continued the older line: Fioramonte I - Branda II., Fioramonte II. - Franz II. - Karl Ferdinand - Josef Fortunatus, married to Luzia de Lazari, - Branda V. - Philipp Franz (1712–1784 ), Juris Consultus and Imperial and Royal Captain, married to Karoline Franconieri - Karl (1741–1811), Imperial and Royal Major of the retirement, married to Anna Maria Langhammer von Adlersberg in 1784, Alois (1788–1844), Imperial and Royal Auditor-Lieutenant, married to Theresia Kraus von Ehrenfeld.

II. Younger Austrian line

The second younger line begins with Johann Stefan, and continues as follows: Johann Baptist - Paul - Branda III. - Don Alfons - Gottfried - Branda IV.

Austrian nobility confirmations

  • Lombard counts (primogenitur) 1774 (for Alfonso Castiglione, patrician of Milan);
  • Austrian confirmation of the Italian nobility and title of count in 1816 (for Alfonso Castiglioni and his sons Ottavio and Teodore);
  • Austrian confirmation of the nobility in 1816 (for Alfonso, lawyers, Francesco, Canon, Gaetano, priest, Carlo, captain iP, and Angelo Castiglioni from Milan, uncles and nephews);
  • Austrian count confirmation in 1826 (for the brothers Francesco, Gaetano, Carlo and Angelo Castiglioni in Milan);
  • Austrian confirmation of the count's status as a foreign Vienna 1848 (for the children of Lieutenant General Aloys Count of Castiglione, who died in 1844).

Cingoli line

A branch of the Milanese aristocratic family split off and founded the patrician line of Cingoli ( Marken ) in 1600.

Giulio Cesare Castiglioni (1685–1771), Gonfaloniere, brother-in-law of Cardinal Raniero Simonetti (1747–1749), was raised to the rank of “Conte Palatino” by the emperor.

Pope Pius VIII , who belonged to this branch, made his brother Filippo (1774–1846) the “patrician of Rome”. His son Gianstefano (1814-1883), Gonfaloniere of Cingoli, was in 1852 by Pope Pius IX. raised to the "Marchese del Botontano".

Gianstefano's sister Rodegonda Nazzarena (* 1810) married Giovanni Benigni di Appignano, whose mother Isabella Mastai Feretti was the sister of Pope Pius IX. (1846–1878).

Gianstefano's daughter Maria Antonia (* 1854) married the Florentine Giuseppe Migliorati di San Miniato, from whose family the mother of Pope Benedict XV. (1914-1922).

  • Patricians of Cingoli and Cesena 1600
  • Patricians of Rome 1830
  • Marchese di Botontano 1852

Line penne

A branch of the Milanese aristocratic family moved with Gualtiero Castiglione in 1170 to the city of Penne in Abruzzo , where they were part of the city nobility (Nobile di Penne).

At the request of Emperor Friedrich II , Saint Francis of Assisi went to Penne in 1216 to settle a bloody dispute between Castiglione and two other noble families.

From 1232 to 1240 Tolomeo, son of Gualtiero, was judge of Abruzzo and Calabria Citra , while his brother Roberto was ambassador.

The descendants Agamennone, Melchiorre, Gaspare, Baldassare and Antonello were all members of the council at the court of Ferdinand of Aragon . They owned the fiefs of Elice , Vestea and Castiglione della Valle . Poggio Umbriccio in today's province of Teramo came into the possession of the Castiglione di Penne in 1506.

In 1644 he was accepted into the Order of Malta and in 1710 the feudal lord Giovanbattista Castiglione was awarded the title of "Marchese di Poggio Umbriccio " and "Barone di Ramonte".

The Palazzo of the Marchesi Castiglione - De Leone from 1766 is located in Penne on the Colle Sacro and today houses the Museo di arte contemporanea di Penne.

Prussian line

Ernst Heinrich Kneschke writes in his New General German Adels Lexicon : “Castillon, Chatillon, Castillone (in red a right-facing lion with a white castell in its paws). A noble family originally from Italy, from which Johann v. Castillon member of the k. prussia. Academy of Sciences was. Their son, Heinrich v. C., was a professor at the Knight Academy in Berlin and one of the most respected members of the French. Colonie. “It may be that Kneschke was wrong. Because Leopold von Zedlitz-Neukirch wrote in his New Prussian Adels Lexicon that Johann v. Castillon, actually called Castillone, would come from a family in Languedoc (France) and also mentions another coat of arms. Although Kneschke quotes him, his statements differ from him - without justification.

Johann Castillon (1704–1791) was born in Castiglion Fiorentino , Tuscany, as Giovanni Francesco Mauro Melchiorre Salvemini da Castiglione. He apparently came from the patrician family Salvemini, which can be traced back to the 14th century. On the maternal side, too, he came from a noble Pisan family (Braccesi). Johann Castillon was an Italian mathematician, philosopher and university professor. In 1758 he became rector of the University of Utrecht . In 1764 he went to Berlin , where he became the first astronomer at the royal Berlin observatory the following year . Foreign member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences since 1755, he became a full member in 1764. In 1787 he became director of the mathematics class there.

His son Frédéric de Castillon (1747-1814) was called in German Friedrich (Adolf Maximilian) Gustav (von) Castillon. He was a scientist and translator as well as a leading Freemason (state grand master). In 1787 he was appointed professor of philosophy at the aristocratic military academy and artillery academy (later knight academy) in Berlin. In 1786 he was accepted as a full member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences , and in 1800 he was appointed director of the academy's philosophy class.

Based on the coat of arms listed by Kneschke, these two people would belong to the Castiglione family, or at least they wanted to give the impression. Maybe there is just a mix-up.

English line

Giovanni Battista Castiglione (1516–1598), from Mantua, became Italian teacher to Queen Elizabeth I of England in 1544 , "a gentleman of the Queen's Privy Chamber". Giovanni Battista (John Baptist) received the goods Benham, Valence and Woodspeare from Queen Elizabeth I in 1565 for loyal military service. He was the progenitor of the English family branch.

His daughter Barbara Castillion (1574–1641) was the wife of the Attorney General and member of the House of Commons Sir Laurence Hyde II (1562–1641; uncle of the 1st Earl of Clarendon , the father-in-law of King James II of England ).

Barbara's sister Anne (* 1568) was the wife of Robert Hyde, Sir Laurence's older brother.

Both brother-in-law Henry Hyde (1563-1634) became the great-grandfather of the two queens Maria II of England (1689-1694) and Anne of Great Britain (1702-1714).

Sir Francis Castellion (* 1561), the eldest son of Giovanni Battista, was Master of Arts and Member of Parliament. On May 11, 1603 he was made a knight . He inherited his father's estate, Benham Valence, Berkshire, which he sold to Sir William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven, in 1630. In 1798 Benham came into the possession of the last Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, who had married Lady Craven (widow of the 6th Baron Craven) after his abdication in 1791. Margrave Karl Alexander died on January 5th, 1806 at Benham Castle near Speen in England.

Morelli line

Due to the party struggles between Ghibellines and Guelphs , a branch of the family emigrated from Milan to Cosenza (Kingdom of Naples) in 1239, where they belonged to the patriciate. Since 1312 the family has been using the surname “Morelli” or “Maurelli” after a heroic deed with a black horse. "Morello" is the Italian word for " black ". Specifically, it concerns the horse breed "Murgese", which can be traced back to the time of the Staufer Emperor Friedrich II . Nicolo II. Castiglione, patrician of Cosenza, supported Robert of Anjou , King of Naples (1309-1343), in a campaign and crossed the river with his black horse in an impressive way, so that the king exclaimed: “Viva, viva il morello ! ”Queen Joan I of Naples (1343-1382) officially gave his descendant Bernardo Castiglione the nickname (cognomen)“ Morello ”. Martirano mentions the secretary of Emperor Charles V with the words: "Maurelli prius Castileoni dicebantur, sunt qui dicunt a Mantua Ciselpinae Callide urbe oriundas, alii vero Mediolanò."

Martino Castiglione Morello and his brother owned the fiefs of Sculchi and Steffanizzi in the territory of Casale di Castiglione Consentino in 1442 . In 1560 Giovanni (Giannotto) de Castiglione was appointed Grand Magister of the Military and Hospitable Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem by Pope Pius IV , but was not recognized by the King of France. In 1591 he was accepted into the Order of Malta.

The Castiglion Morelli have been Marchesi di Vallelonga (Kingdom of Naples, Cedolario region) since 1671. “Marchese” (primogenitur) is the title of the feudal lords of Vallelonga, those who were born later are “nobile”, but all bear the title “patrician of Cosenza”. They were also barons of Chiaravalle and Gagliato . The noble family was widely ramified, for example in Messina , Como , Genoa , Mantua and Milan . Everywhere they belonged to the city nobility (patriciate) and held higher spiritual offices. In 1747 the Barony of Trabonello was bought by the branch of Messina (Sicily).

The seat of the Marchesi Castiglione Morelli was the Villa Vallelonga in Calabria, later Chiaravalle. The summer residence of the Marchesi de Candia-Castiglione-Morelli di Vallelonga was the Palazzo Vallelonga in Torre del Greco at the foot of Mount Vesuvius (built in 1690, largely destroyed by an earthquake in 1794, restored in 1843), which was transferred to the Banca di Credito Popolare di Torre del Greco in 1982 was sold. Lelio Castiglione Morelli (1773-1842), Marchese di Vallelonga, Patrizio di Cosenza, married Donna Artemisia Tuttavilla from the house of the Dukes of Calabritto (1774-1821), who was closely related to many families of the Italian aristocracy.

Feudalism was abolished in the Kingdom of Naples on August 2, 1806. The feudal lords became landowners. During the Risorgimento, the Castiglion Morelli fought on the side of the King of the Two Sicilies against Garibaldi . In 1922 the noble family was registered in the Libro d'Ora della Nobilitá Italiana.

Known family members

Worldly

Scientists, scholars and writers

Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione by Raffaelo Sanzio (1514/15)
Ritratto di Baldassarre Castiglione by Titian (1529)
Castiglione's graffiti in the Tower of London
Pope Celestine IV
Pope Pius VIII
Grave monument of Pope Pius VIII in St. Peter's Basilica
Branda Castiglione
Palazzo of Cardinal Branda Castiglioni in Castiglione Olona
Francesco Abbondio Castiglioni
Carlo Ottavio Count Castiglione, marble statue by Antonio Galli
Michele Morelli
  • Christofero Castiglione (1345–1425), teacher of law in Pavia, councilor of Duke Gian Galeazzo of Milan; called "the 2nd Scävola" and "Princeps subtilitatum". He wrote: De duello; Repetitiones; Consilia.
  • Baldassare Castiglione (1478–1529), Count of Novilara (near Pesaro), courtier, diplomat and writer and patron; he promoted artists and archeologists and organized lavish public festivals and performances. He served the Duke of Urbino as envoy to King Henry VII in England in 1505 and to King Louis XII in 1507. as envoy in France. In 1513 and 1523 he was ambassador to Rome, first for Urbino, then for Mantua. After the death of his wife, he embarked on a career in the church. He was appointed protonotary by Pope Clement VII and sent to Spain as envoy (nunzio pontificio) in 1525. However, Castiglione did not succeed in saving the city of Rome from sacking (1527) by the mercenaries of Charles V and the Pope from captivity. So he fell out of favor with the Pope. Charles V naturalized him as a Spaniard and showered him with honors, so he also procured him the rich diocese of Avila ; he died in Toledo. He did not live to see the reconciliation between Emperor Charles V and Pope Clement VII. His main work, Il Libro del Cortegiano, a discussion of the ideal of a courtier, first printed in Venice in 1528, is one of the most important achievements of Italian Renaissance literature. It paints the ideal of the cultivated aristocrat of the Renaissance . The book is a classic of Western thought, it sums up a long tradition that has its origins in the courtly knight and minneeal deal; the Cortegiano is one of the main sources that allows us to understand the mentality and ways of life of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Castigliones Lettere (Padua 1769–1771, 2 volumes) give an insight into contemporary events. It was painted by Raphael in 1514/15 and by Titian in 1529 .
  • Sabba da Castiglione (1480–1554), Dominican, writer, humanist; Works: Il lamento pietoso del disgraziato Glonico pastore d'amore e di Delia crudele da lui sommamente amata , Venezia, 1528, Consolatoria , Bologna, 1529, Ricordi , Venezia, 1554; Brother of Baldassare.
  • Giovanni Battista Castiglione (1516–1598)
  • Valeriano Castiglione (1593–1663), abbot, writer. Works: Lo Statista regnante (1626), Relatione di Monviso et dell'origine di fiume Po (1627).
  • Carlo Ottavio Count Castiglioni (1795–1849), archaeologist, numismatist and philologist, published the Ulfilas Bible and the letters of Paul. He made valuable contributions to oriental coinage and antiquity research. In Germany he became known through the publication of fragments of the Wulfilabibel . Works: Monete cufiche dell 'Museo di Milano , Milan 1819; Mémoire geographique et numismatique sur la partie orientale de la Barberie appelée Afrikia , 1826.

Generals and politicians

  • Barbara Countess of Castiglione (1858)

  • Johann Graf Castiglione (1804–1871), joined the army in 1819 as a cadet in the Tyrolean Jägerregiment, took part in the campaigns in Naples in 1821, in Romagna in 1831 and in northern Italy in 1848/49 and 1859, where he joined Curtatone , Goito , Sona and Sommacampagna honored , 1855 Major General and Brigadier, 1858–1865 Supreme Commander of the National Defense in Tyrol and Vorarlberg, 1864 Lieutenant Field Marshal, 1861–1871 second owner of the Tyrolean Jägerregiment (“Tiroler Kaiserjäger”), honorary citizen of the cities of Bozen and Merano .
  • Heinrich Graf Castiglioni (1790-1853), 1836 major general in Hungary, 1845 field marshal lieutenant in Transylvania, 1846 military commander in chief in Krakow, distinguished himself in 1848 in Krakow in the suppression of the Polish uprising, in 1848 military district commander in Ödenburg.
  • José Pablo Martínez del Rio-Castiglione (1809–1882), Mexican nobleman of Italian descent, spokesman for the delegation that offered Archduke Maximilian of Austria the Mexican imperial crown in 1864. Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico then appointed him Imperial Mexican Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. After the fall and execution of the emperor, Benito Juárez expropriated the 60 km² land owned by the Martinez del Rio family in northern Mexico. The eldest daughter of José Pablo Martínez del Rio-Castiglione, María de los Dolores Martínez del Río Pedemonte, was married to Don Giuseppe de Castiglione, 8th Marchese di Castiglione e Signore di Pessano.
  • Baldassarre Castiglioni (1851–1938), Marchese and Conte, advocate and liberal democratic politician from Brescia, 1897–1909 member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Kingdom of Italy, in 1911 appointed senator for life by the king.
  • Lazzaro Maurizio De Castiglione (1888–1962), Italian lieutenant general. During the First World War he fought as a lieutenant in an alpine hunter regiment a. a. at the Tonale Pass. In the Second World War he was in 1942/1943 commander of the 5th Alpini Division Pusteria (deployment in Yugoslavia), 1951/52 commander in chief of the allied land forces in southeast Europe.

Spiritually

Popes

  • Goffredo da Castiglione († 1241), Pope Celestine IV.
  • Francesco Saverio Castiglioni (1761-1830), Pope Pius VIII.

Cardinals, Archbishops and Bishops

Women

The singer Josephine Baroni von Cavalcabò b. Countess von Castiglioni (1788–1860) from Lemberg , wife of Ludwig Cajetan Baroni von Cavalcabò, who was 23 years his senior, was the very close friend (most likely also the lover) and sole heir of Mozart's son Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart - “Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart son ”- (1791–1844). In accordance with the deceased's wish, Josephine von Baroni-Cavalcabò gave parts of the estate to the Mozarteum in Salzburg , a total of 230 pieces. Her daughter - and student of Mozart iunior - Julie Weber von Webenau, geb. Baroni von Cavalcabò (born October 16, 1813 in Lemberg; † July 2, 1887 in Graz) dedicated his humoresque in B flat major op. 20 (1838/39) to Robert Schumann . A highly probable love affair between Franz Xaver Mozart and Josephine Baroni von Cavalcabò and a possible fatherhood of the youngest Mozart son - Julie von Baroni-Cavalcabò would then be a granddaughter of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - has been speculated more often in literature, but without this to prove more precisely.

The fact is: Franz Xaver Mozart had been going in and out of Lemberg, where he had settled in 1807, in the house of the Gubernialrat von Baroni-Cavalcabò since 1813. After returning from his big concert tour through Europe that began in 1819 and lasted three years, he gave the daughter of the house, Julie (1813–1887), piano and composition lessons. Although Mozart, as he emphatically stated, did not like the compositions of women, he was very committed to the works of his pupil.

Little is known about Josephine. Since she comes from Lemberg and there was only one branch of the family there, she must have been the daughter of Johann Graf Castiglioni, councilor and district chief in Lemberg. Count Johann received the Galician Indigenate in 1820 and was married to Ludovika Freiin Baum von Appelshofen (1761–1834). This would make Josephine the sister of the three Austrian kk field marshal lieutenants Heinrich, Josef and Johann Graf Castiglioni as well as Major August Graf Castiglioni (1786–1861).

Members of the Castiglion (e, -i) Morelli (or Maurelli) line

Spiritually

  • Filippo Castiglion Morelli, Archbishop of Reggio Calabria , 1354–1364;
  • Alfonso Castiglion Morelli (1597-1649), Archbishop of Cosenza , 1643-1649;
  • Diego Castiglione Morelli (1610–1680), Bishop of the Diocese of Mileto June 26, 1661–17. May 1680; Brother of the first Marchese of Vallelonga.
  • Domenico Morelli (1714–1804), Bishop of Strongoli , 1748–1792.

Worldly

  • Antonio, ambassador to King Alfonso of Aragon in 1448;
  • Bernardino, who took part in the campaigns in Flanders and Lombardy, received the privilege of adding the imperial eagle to his coat of arms from Emperor Charles V in 1536 .
  • Giovanni Vittorio, Knight of Malta and captain of a galley 1559;
  • Lelio Castiglione Morelli (1612–1694), first Marchese di Vallelonga 1671;
  • Michele Morelli (1790–1822), from Nola, cavalry lieutenant, freedom hero and patriot, executed in 1822.
  • Francesco Castiglione Morelli, President of the Court of Auditors (Corte die Conti) of the Republic of Italy around 2005.
  • Raffaele Morelli (* 1948), psychiatrist, psychotherapist and writer, Vice President of the SIMP (Società Italiana di Medicina Psicosomatica).
  • Francesco Castiglione Morelli (* 1963), designer.

Affiliation questionable

  • Lelio Morelli († 1609), 1586 Bishop of Capaccio.
  • Domenico Morelli (1642–1716), 1688 Bishop of Lucera.
  • Vincenzo Maria Morelli (1741–1822), 1792 Archbishop of Otranto.

Similar names that did not belong to the Castiglione family

  • Charles Pierre François Augereau (born October 21, 1757 in St. Marceau (Paris), † June 12, 1816 in La Houssaye-en-Brie, Dépt. Seine-et-Marne), Duc de Castiglione. He was ennobled by Napoleon I to Duc de Castiglione because, as a general, he had played a key role in the French victory at the Battle of Castiglione near the town of Castiglione delle Stiviere on August 5, 1796.
  • Virginia Oldoini (1837–1899), more precisely: Virginia Elisabetta Luisa Carlotta Antonietta Teresa Maria Oldoini Verasis Asinari, Contessa di Costigliole d'Asti e Castiglione Tinella (Province of Cuneo, Piedmont). She was the wife of the count of another place Castiglione in Piedmont.
Castiglione delle Stiviere
  • Marquis and Princes of Castiglione from the House of Gonzaga . This branch line of the Gonzaga family provided imperial direct margraves and princes who resided in Castiglione delle Stiviere (1511–1707). There were several marriages between the Gonzaga and the Castiglione family. The mother of the writer Baldassare was born Gonzaga.
  • In the Papal States , there were 1,563 to 1,647 a Markgrafschaft Castiglione (marchesato di Castiglione del Lago). The main town was Castiglione del Lago on Lake Trasimeno. Pope Julius III bequeathed Castiglione del Lago in 1550 to his sister Giacoma del Monte, mother of Ascanio della Corgna (1514–1571), who was awarded the title of Marchese of Castiglione del Lago and Chiusi in 1563. Elevated to a duchy in 1617, Castiglione and the associated territories were placed under the Papal States.

Others

Politian is the title of aplay begunby Edgar Allan Poe in 1835, which he never finished. It was his only attempt in the dramatic field. Giving in to the fashion of the time, he moved the story to a timeless Italy, there to Venice, here to Rome, and transformed the Kentucky citizens involved into nobles, so Solomon P. Sharp became Castiglione, son of Duke Ferrante of Broglio. Poe takes the name Castiglione from the history of the Renaissance: Baldassare Castiglione was the author of the famous Cortegiano. Solomon P. Sharp (1787-1825) was American militia colonel and represented the state of Kentucky in the United States House of Representatives between 1813 and 1817. Between 1820 and 1824 he served as Attorney General of Kentucky. On November 7th, 1825, he was murdered there. The perpetrator, Jereboam Beauchamp, was arrested and executed on July 7, 1826. According to his later statement, the murderer wanted to defend his wife's honor with his act. This crime became known as the Beauchamp-Sharp tragedy . The murder, the circumstances of the crime and the trial received numerous reports in the American media. The tragic love story, which ended with the death of both spouses, as well as the political background gave ample cause for speculation. Poe paints the picture of a young and beautiful woman whose honor is tainted by the seduction of the Duke's son Castiglione. The British Earl of Leicester falls in love with the fallen and takes on the seducer in a duel in the streets of Rome. But he laughs at him and leaves. At this point the piece breaks off. Poe never made an attempt at completion, and some scenes found in the estate give no clue as to how he might have imagined the continuation.

literature

  • General Encyclopedia of Science and the Arts: Camaldulenser - Cazouls Les Beziers (Volume Theil 15), pp. 315-317.
  • Annuario della Nobilita Italiana, Anno III, 1881 , Pisa 1880, p. 237.
  • Annuario della Nobilita Italiana, Anno XVII, Bari 1895 , p. 419.
  • Annuario della Nobilita Italiana, Anno XXI, Bari 1899 , pp. 455-458.
  • L 'Araldo Almanacco Nobiliare del Napoletano 1879, Anno II , Napoli 1879, p.
  • L 'Araldo Almanacco Nobiliare del Napoletano 1891, Anno XIV , Napoli 1890, pp. 110-112.
  • L 'Araldo Almanacco Nobiliare del Napoletano 1903, Anno XXVI , Napoli 1903, p. 113f.
  • L 'Araldo Almanacco Nobiliare del Napoletano 1905, Anno XXVIII , Napoli 1904, pp. 120f.
  • L 'Araldo Almanacco Nobiliare del Napoletano 1906, Anno XXIX , Napoli 1905, pp. 121f.
  • L 'Araldo Almanacco Nobiliare del Napoletano 1907, Anno XXX , Napoli 1906, p. 120.
  • L 'Araldo Almanacco Nobiliare del Napoletano 1908, Anno XXXI , Napoli 1908, p. 117.
  • Francesco Bombognini: Antiquarian della Diocesi di Milano , Milano 1828, p. 126f.
  • Francesco Bonazzi: Elenchi delle famiglie ricevute nell 'Ordine Gerosolimitano , Napoli 1879, p. 22.
  • Francesco Bonazzi: Elenco dei cavalieri del SMordine di S. Giovanni di Gerusalemme , Napoli 1897, Volume 1, p. 76.
  • Vito Capialbi: Memorie per servire alla storia della santa Chiesa miletese , Napoli 1835, p. 74f.
  • D. Fabricio Castiglione Morelli: De Patricia Consentina Nobilitate Monimentorum epitome . Venetjis 1713.
  • Ranieri Moore Cavaceppi: Fra Sabba da Castiglione: The Self-Faschioning of a Renaissance Knight Hospitaller . PhD thesis 2011.
  • Julia Cartwright: Baldassare Castiglione, the perfect courtier, 2 volumes, volume 1 , New York 1908.
  • Raffaele De Cesare, Carlo Morelli: Una famiglia di patriotti i Morelli , Roma 1889.
  • Delle liverree, del modo di comporle e descrizione diquelle di famiglie nobili , Bologna 1889, p. 146f.
  • Gaetano Moroni: Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da San Pietro sino ai nostri giorni, Vol. 10 , Venice 1841, pp. 213-220.
  • Gaetano Moroni: Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da San Pietro sino ai nostri giorni, vol. 11 , Venice 1841, p. 54f.
  • Gaetano Moroni: Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da San Pietro sino ai nostri giorni, vol. 53 , Venice 1851, pp. 172-188.
  • Elenco dei nobili Lombardi, Milano 1840 , p. 17f.
  • J. Hirtenfeld: The military Maria Theresa order and its members. Volume 2 , Vienna 1857, pp. 1565–1567.
  • Genealogies of the Pope's history. Vol. 1 , Stuttgart 1999, pp. 233-240 (Popes and Papacy, Vol. 29.1).
  • Genealogical manual of the nobility. Volume 58, Adelslexikon, Volume II , Limburg ad Lahn 1974, pp. 257f.
  • Genealogical Handbook of the Count's Houses 1863 , p. 157.
  • Genealogical Handbook of the Count's Houses 1865 , p. 172.
  • Genealogical Handbook of the Count's Houses 1874 , p. 160.
  • Genealogical Handbook of the Count's Houses 1876 , p. 158.
  • Genealogical Handbook of the Count's Houses 1891 , p. 195f.
  • Genealogical Handbook of the Count's Houses 1897 , p. 218f.
  • Don Filadelfo Mugnos: Teatro Genealogico delle Famiglie nobili titolate feudatarie ed antiche nobili del fidelissimo regno di Sicilia viventi ed estinate. Volume 1 , Palermo 1647, pp. 253f.
  • Don Filadelfo Mugnos: Teatro Genealogico delle Famiglie nobili titolate feudatarie ed antiche nobili del fidelissimo regno di Sicilia viventi ed estinate. Volume 2 , Palermo 1650, pp. 195-197.
  • Luigi Palmieri: Cosenza e le sue famiglie. Volume 1 , pp. 308-310.
  • Pius VIII, whose election to the Holy See on March 31, 1829 , Augsburg 1829.
  • Fra Girolamo Sambiasi: Raggvaglio di Cosenza e di Trentuna sue nobili famiglie . Napoli 1639, pp. 113-129.
  • Dictionnaire de la noblesse. Volume 5 , Paris 1864, pp. 446-495.

Web links

Commons : House of Castiglione  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Volume 2 (1860), p. 240.
  2. ↑ Volume 2 (1836), p. 360.