Farnese

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Coat of arms of the Farnese family (and their Duchy of Parma and Piacenza )

The Farnese were one of the most important families of the Italian nobility .

They have been attested in the area of ​​today 's Viterbo province since the 11th century . In 1534 Alessandro Farnese became Pope Paul III. elected. From 1537 to 1649 the family ruled the Duchy of Castro and from 1545 to 1731 the Duchy of Parma with Piacenza . Some important palaces of the Renaissance period go back to them, as well as a famous collection of antiquities. In 1731 the Farnese became extinct in the male line .

history

The ancestral seat of the knight family was Castrum Farneti (today Farnese ), from which the family name is probably derived. Since the end of the 13th century they owned the neighboring Ischia di Castro (until 1649) and from 1328 Valentano , as well as Canino with the Castello di Vulci. As country residents in Latium , they belonged to the papal nobility . Members of the first generations of the family were active in the military, but were also in the service of the Church and thus came to Rome .

Cardinal Alessandro Farnese before his election as Pope Paul III. (by Raphael around 1512)

The rise of the family to the nobility began with Alessandro Farnese (1468–1549), who as the second-born son from Canino initially only held a subordinate, purchased office of the Curia, but under Pope Innocent VIII. In 1493 at the age of 25 he became apostolic protonotary . The subsequent Borgia Pope Alexander VI. , who had a relationship with his sister Giulia Farnese , appointed him treasurer general and cardinal. Under Julius II della Rovere he officiated as Bishop of Parma from 1509. In 1514 he commissioned the splendid Palazzo Farnese in Rome (today the French embassy), which was only completed as a family seat in 1589, with the participation of the architects Sangallo , Michelangelo and Giacomo della Porta . The Medici Pope Clement VII handed him a number of smaller dioceses in the Papal States from 1523. As a papal legate, he went to Germany several times. In 1534, Alessandro Farnese was elected Pope at the age of 66 and took the name Paul III. on. During his pontificate Paul III tried. in view of the expansion of Protestantism to renew the church, approved the establishment of the Jesuit order in 1540 and opened the Council of Trent in 1545 . 1537 he won the English King Henry VIII. Because of his divorce with the excommunication , which the Anglican Reformation triggered.

With the lover of his youth, Silvia Ruffini, Alessandro Farnese had a daughter, Costanza Farnese (1500–1545) and three sons in the period before his ordination (not until 1519) : Pier Luigi II. Farnese (1503–1547), Paolo ( 1504-1512) and Ranuccio (1509-1528). He had this legitimized papally in order to save his own family from extinction. In 1537 he created the Duchy of Castro through the bull Videlicet immeriti in order to consolidate the partly inherited property of the family and to furnish his illegitimate son Pier Luigi and his male descendants. The Duchy of Castro was just 112 years, and was soon overshadowed by the other possessions of the family, since 1545 belehnte the Pope his son Pier Luigi (at the expense of the rule of Milan) with the newly created hereditary Duchy of Parma , which belonged to his former diocese, and which he added to Piacenza .

After his father's death in 1487, Pope Paul's eldest brother Angelo and Alessandro inherited the property and the property. In 1488 he married Lella Orsini , with whom he only had female descendants; one of them, Francesca Farnese, married Guido Sforza , Count of Santa Fiora. Angelo died of the plague in May 1494, so that the youngest brother Bartolomeo became Count of Montalto and Canino . He was married to Iolanda Monaldeschi, with whom he had the son Pedro Bertodolo Farnese and the daughters Isabella and Cecilia. Bartolomeo was the founder of a branch line that was elevated to dukes of Latera with Mario I. Farnese in 1602 , and which lasted until 1668.

The rise of papal nephews from insignificant minor nobility to the ruling high nobility was not unusual at this time; the Della Rovere or the Borgia had already achieved it before , while the Medici initially rose from merchants to city lords in Florence, but then closed due to the appointment of three popes Were dukes of Urbino and grand dukes of Tuscany.

The Farnesian Duchy of Parma and Piacenza was founded by the descendants of Paul III. dominated until the male line died out in 1731. The Duchy of Castro , separated from the Papal States, was reoccupied by later popes in two campaigns 1641–44 and 1649. The Duchy of Parma and the family's private fortune, including the Farnese collections (since 1826 in the National Archaeological Museum in Naples ) , were inherited by the Spanish Bourbons under Charles III. , Son of Elisabetta Farnese , who exchanged Parma with the Habsburgs in 1735 , and from 1748 the House of Bourbon-Parma followed .

Important family members

Pope Paul III (Alessandro Farnese, 1468–1549), painting by Titian 1543

Family relationships

Until Pope Paul III.

  1. Niccolò Farnese († February 3, 1339), captain of the papal troops, governor of Bologna
    1. Piero Farnese († 1363), captain of the Florentines - descendants
    2. Ranuccio Farnese, field captain
      1. Piero of Montalto
        1. Ranuccio Farnese , Count of Pitigliano
          1. Pier Luigi I Farnese († 1487)
            1. Angelo, Count of Montalto and Canino († 1494) ⚭ Lella Orsini (daughters)
            2. Giulia Farnese , called la Bella, mistress of Pope Alexander VI around 1492 . ⚭ 1489 Orsino Orsini
            3. Alessandro (1468–1549), Pope Paul III. from 1534 ( descendants see below )
            4. Bartolomeo, Count of Montalto and Canino - Descendants: Dukes of Latera , extinct 1668

From Paul III. to Ranuccio I.

Paul III and his nephews (his grandsons Cardinal Alessandro Farnese and Duke Ottavio Farnese ) painting by Titian around 1568
  1. Alessandro Farnese (1468–1549), Pope Paul III. from 1534 ( ancestors see above )
    1. Pier Luigi II. Farnese (1503–1547), Duke of Parma 1545 ⚭ 1519 Gerolama Orsini († 1570), daughter of Luigi Orsini
      1. Alessandro Farnese (1520–1589) 1534 cardinal , 1580 cardinal dean
        1. Clelia Farnese (1556–1613) ⚭ 1570 Giangiorgio Cesarini, Count of Ardea
      2. Ottavio Farnese (1524–1586), Duke of Parma 1547 ⚭ Margaret of Parma (1522–1586), illegitimate daughter of Emperor Charles V.
        1. Alessandro Farnese (1545–1592), Duke of Parma 1582, governor of the Netherlands 1577 ⚭ 1565 Maria of Portugal (1538–1577), daughter of Duke Edward of Guimaraes
          1. Margherita Farnese (1567–1643) ⚭ 1581, divorced in 1582, Vincenzo I. Gonzaga (1562–1612), Duke of Mantua
          2. Ranuccio I. Farnese (1569–1622), Duke of Parma 1592 ⚭ 1600 Margherita Aldobrandini (before 1585–1646), daughter of Gianfrancesco Aldobrandini ( descendants see below )
          3. Odoardo Farnese (1573-1626) cardinal 1591
      3. Orazio Farnese (1531–1553), 1547 Duke of Castro, ⚭ 1552 Diane (1538–1619), illegitimate daughter of King Henri II of France and Diane de Poitiers
      4. Ranuccio Farnese (1530-1565) cardinal
      5. Vittoria Farnese ⚭ Guidobaldo II. Della Rovere , Duke of Urbino (1513–1574)
    2. Ranuccio Farnese (1509-1529)
    3. Costanza Farnese ⚭ 1) Stefano Orsini († 1548), ⚭ 2) Bosio II. Sforza

From Ranuccio I to extinction

  1. Ranuccio I. Farnese (1569–1622), Duke of Parma 1592 ⚭ 1600 Margherita Aldobrandini (before 1585–1646), daughter of Gianfrancesco Aldobrandini ( ancestors see above )
    1. Alessandro Farnese (1610-1630)
    2. Odoardo I. Farnese (1612–1646), Duke of Parma 1622 ⚭ 1628 Margherita de 'Medici (1612–1679), daughter of Grand Duke Cosimo II of Tuscany
      1. Ranuccio II. Farnese (1630–1694), Duke of Parma 1646, ⚭ 1) 1660 Margherita of Savoy (1635–1663), daughter of Duke Vittorio Amadeo I , ⚭ 2) 1664 Isabella d'Este (1635–1666), Daughter of Francesco I. d'Este , Duke of Modena, ⚭ 3) 1668 Maria d'Este (1644–1684), daughter of Francesco I. d'Este, Duke of Modena
        1. Margherita Farnese (1664–1718) ⚭ 1692 Francesco II. D'Este (1660–1694), Duke of Modena
        2. Elisabetta Farnese (1692–1766), Queen of Spain, the last of her line
          Odoardo II. Farnese (1666–1693) ⚭ 1690 Dorothea Sophie von der Pfalz (1670–1748), daughter of Elector Philipp Wilhelm
          1. Elisabetta Farnese (1692–1766) ⚭ 1714 Philip V (1683–1746), King of Spain
        3. Francesco Farnese (1678–1727), Duke of Parma 1694 ⚭ 1696 Dorothea Sophie von der Pfalz (1670–1748), daughter of Elector Philipp Wilhelm
        4. Antonio Farnese (1679–1731), Duke of Parma 1727 ⚭ 1728 Enrietta d'Este (1702–1777) daughter of Rinaldo d'Este , Duke of Modena
      2. Alessandro Farnese , governor of the Netherlands 1680–1682
      3. Orazio Farnese (1636-1656), General
      4. Piero Farnese (1639–1677)
    3. Maria Farnese (1615–1646) ⚭ 1631 Francesco I d'Este (1610–1658), Duke of Modena
    4. Vittoria Farnese (1618–1649) ⚭ 1648 Francesco I d'Este (1610–1658), Duke of Modena
    5. Francesco Maria Farnese (1619–1647), cardinal 1645

Others

The ducal palaces in Parma and Piacenza as well as the Palazzo Farnese in Rome , the Palazzo Farnese in Caprarola , as well as the name of the Villa Farnesina in Trastevere, go back to the Farnese . They also acquired numerous fiefdoms and castles in the Papal States , including Capodimonte and Campli . The Farnese collections were inherited from Rome to Naples , where they have been housed in the Museo Archeologico Nazionale there since 1826 .

See also

Family coat of arms

literature

  • Stendhal : Origin and Size of the Farnese Family. In: Ders .: Italian Chronicles . Rütten & Loening, Berlin 1981.
  • Christoph Vitali (ed.): The shine of the Farnese. Art and passion for collecting in the Renaissance. Prestel, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-7913-1626-5 .
  • Anna M. Voci: Tra Borboni, Francia e Italia. Il recupero di Palazzo Farnese al patrimonio italiano. Ed. Scientifica, Naples 2005, ISBN 88-89373-26-1 .
  • Roberto Zapperi : Envy and Power. The Farnese and the Aldobrandini in Baroque Rome. Beck, Munich 1994, ISBN 3-406-38136-7 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Roberto Zapperi: The Four Women of the Pope. The life of Paul III. between legend and censorship , CH Beck Verlag, Munich (1997)
  2. ↑ B. Quaglieri: FARNESE, Angelo Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (www.treccani.it, 10/2011)