Philipp Wilhelm (Palatinate)

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Elector Philipp Wilhelm of the Palatinate

Philipp Wilhelm von der Pfalz (born November 24, 1615 in Neuburg an der Donau ; † September 12, 1690 in Vienna ) was Count Palatine and Duke of Palatinate-Neuburg (1653–1690), Duke of Jülich-Berg (1653–1690) as well elector from Pfalz (1685-1690). The last two Habsburg emperors Joseph I and Karl VI. were his grandchildren.

Life

Early years

In his youth he enjoyed a Jesuit -influenced education on behalf of his father Wolfgang Wilhelm (1578–1653), who wanted to prepare him for the reign. His mother was Magdalene (1587–1628), daughter of Duke Wilhelm V of Bavaria . Upbringing also included beating and humiliating the prince in public. He was still learning the wood turner's trade. He spent his childhood and youth alternately in Neuburg and Düsseldorf . From around the end of the 1630s he began looking for a suitable wife. The emperor, his uncles (electors of Bavaria and Cologne ), the pope and other rulers were involved in the search . First, a princess of Florence, a relative of the emperor, came into question, but the excessive demands of the Tuscan duke let these plans fail (the duke demanded the abdication of the father so that the daughter would marry a ruler and not a prince).

Anna Katharina Constantia Wasa, Princess of Poland-Lithuania , black and white reproduction of a painting by Johannes Spilberg , 1640s

Plans were also forged to marry Luise Charlotte , the sister of the Brandenburg Elector Friedrich Wilhelm . Philipp and his father speculated here on a settlement with Brandenburg, possibly also on dowry of the princess - the Duchy of Cleves . When it turned out around the end of 1641 that the elector had decided in favor of his relative Ernst , he began advertising for Anna Katharina Constantia of Poland-Lithuania from the Wasa house . During her stay at the Viennese court, he learned that her brother wanted to marry her off to a German prince. Then Philip traveled to Warsaw in February 1642 to scout out his opportunities. The Warsaw court gave its approval and Philipp returned to Düsseldorf. Wolfgang Wilhelm reluctantly approved the marriage, which the prince's emperor and uncle and the pope supported. On June 9, 1642 he married Anna Katharina Wasa, Princess of Poland-Lithuania and Sweden (1619-1651) in Warsaw (probably in a silver dress). Anna brought a sizeable trousseau into the marriage: 243,333 Reichstaler in cash, treasures worth around 300,000 Reichstaler, valuables made of gold, silver, tapestries and Persian carpets. The dowry also included the possessions in Italy: a toll in Foggia and taxes on silk and saffron in Calabria and Apruzzo worth 19,043 ducats a year (Anna's great-grandmother was Bona Sforza , Duchess of Bari ). In the following year (1643) his father assigned him the income from the county of Neuenahr and the offices of Sinzig and Remagen.

On November 10, 1644, Philipp took over the government in Neuburg for his father. In 1653 he was accepted as a knight in the Order of the Golden Fleece . In the same year he followed his father in the government in Jülich and Berg and entered into a new marriage with Elisabeth Amalie von Hessen-Darmstadt , with whom he had numerous children.

government

The first years of government were marked by the dispute over the inheritance of the Lower Rhine property Jülich and Berg , whose property was also claimed by Friedrich Wilhelm Elector of Brandenburg . Philipp Wilhelm wanted a peaceful solution, while he always expected a military attack by the Brandenburg man. Only in the Treaty of Kleve , 1666, was an inheritance settlement concluded.

In 1658 he was the French candidate for the election of Emperor Leopold I. From 1660 he had prospects of the Polish royal throne because of the relationship of his deceased first wife. However, the election of June 19, 1669 brought Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki to this throne. Through the marriage of his eldest daughter Eleonore Magdalena , Philipp Wilhelm became the father-in-law of Emperor Leopold I in 1676.

After the electoral line Pfalz-Simmern died out in 1685, Philipp Wilhelm, whose line was closest in succession, became the new elector of the Palatinate. Both lines go back to Stefan von Pfalz-Simmern-Zweibrücken . The new elector (* 1615) was older than his two predecessors, who were born in 1617 and 1651 respectively. With him the Catholic line Pfalz-Neuburg came to the government. The change of denomination caused some problems in the Calvinist Palatinate. Although the new elector had reached a compromise with his predecessor Charles II of the Palatinate in the year of his death, and Philipp Wilhelm adhered to it, the Calvinists' distrust of the new government grew nonetheless. The elector himself tried to ensure that all denominations in the Palatinate were legally equated. However, this was less well received by the Protestants , because it gave Catholics equal rights. Philipp Wilhelm was no longer to experience the escalation of the church dispute.

In October 1687 the elector appointed his eldest son, Johann Wilhelm, governor in Heidelberg. The open questions in connection with the legacy of the late Elector Charles II quickly led to tensions with France. King Louis XIV raised claims to parts of the Palatinate heritage ( allodial property ) on behalf of his sister-in-law Liselotte von der Pfalz , the Duchess of Orleans . Negotiations were unsuccessful. The dispute intensified and Philipp Wilhelm bitterly withdrew to Neuburg an der Donau. At the same time, the French moved into the Palatinate in autumn 1688 and occupied Heidelberg, among other things. The following year they began systematically destroying the land.

Philipp Wilhelm's personal physician was Johann Menrad von Vorwaldtner (1651–1724), a member of the “ Leopoldina ” academy of scholars .

In the spring of 1690 Philipp Wilhelm traveled to Vienna to join his daughter's imperial family. He died there on September 12, 1690. Many good intentions could no longer be realized. He left behind a country that now threatened to sink completely into the turmoil of the War of the Palatinate Succession . Shortly before, he had become the father-in-law of the King of Spain, after another daughter had married the King of Portugal before.

Sarcophagus of Count Palatine and Elector Philipp Wilhelm in the princely crypt of the Court Church of Our Lady in Neuburg with flower decorations on the occasion of his 400th birthday

Marriages and offspring

Philipp Wilhelm's wife Elisabeth Amalie Magdalena von Hessen-Darmstadt, probably with her eldest daughter Eleonore, around 1655

On June 9, 1642, on a Whit Monday, he married Anna Catharina Constantia (* 1619; † October 9, 1651 in Cologne), the daughter of the King of Poland-Lithuania and Sweden, Sigismund III. from his marriage to Constanze of Austria . The marriage produced a son:

  • stillborn son (* / † July 18, 1645 in Neuburg an der Donau)

On September 3, 1653, Philipp Wilhelm married Landgravine Elisabeth Amalia Magdalena (born January 30, 1635 - August 4, 1709), the daughter of Landgrave Georg II of Hesse-Darmstadt , who was married to Catholicism on September 3, 1653 converted. During the marriage, Elisabeth was pregnant 23 times, 14 of the 17 children born reached adulthood:

⚭ 1676 Emperor Leopold I (1640–1705)
  • Maria Adelheid Anna (born January 6, 1656 in Neuburg an der Donau, † December 22, 1656 in Düsseldorf)
  • Sophie Elisabeth (born May 27, 1657 in Düsseldorf, † February 7, 1658 in Düsseldorf)
  • Johann Wilhelm (1658–1716), Elector Palatinate
  1. ⚭ 1678 Archduchess Maria Anna Josepha of Austria (1654–1689)
  2. ⚭ 1691 Anna Maria Luisa of Medici (1667–1743)
  1. ⚭ 1688 Princess Luise Charlotte Radziwill (1667–1695), widow of Prince Ludwig of Brandenburg
  2. ⚭ 1701 Princess Theresa Katharina Lubomirska (1685–1712)
  3. ⚭ 1728/1729 (morning) Countess Violante Maria Theresa von Thurn und Taxis (1683–1734)
⚭ 1687 King Peter II of Portugal from the House of Braganza
⚭ 1690 King Charles II of Spain
⚭ 1690 Princess Anna Maria Franziska of Saxony-Lauenburg (1672–1741)
  1. ⚭ 1690 Duke Odoardo II Farnese of Parma and Piacenza (1666–1693)
  2. ⚭ 1696 Duke Francesco Farnese of Parma and Piacenza (1678–1727)
⚭ 1691 Jakob Ludwig Sobieski of Poland (1668–1737)

ancestors

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wolfgang von Pfalz-Zweibrücken (1526–1569)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Philipp Ludwig von Pfalz-Neuburg (1547–1614)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Anna of Hesse (1529–1591)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wolfgang Wilhelm von Pfalz-Neuburg (1578–1653)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wilhelm von Jülich-Kleve-Berg (1516–1592)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Anna von Jülich-Kleve-Berg (1552–1632)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Maria of Austria (1531–1581)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Philipp Wilhelm Elector Palatinate
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Albrecht V Duke of Bavaria (1528–1579)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wilhelm V Duke of Bavaria (1548–1626)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Anna of Austria (1528–1590)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Magdalene of Bavaria (1587–1628)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Francis I of Lorraine-Mercœur (1517–1545)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Renata of Lorraine (1544–1602)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Christina of Denmark (1521–1590)
 
 
 
 
 
 

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The date of birth is given in the crypt of the court church in Neuburg as November 25, 1615, also in ADB. In the "Historia" of the Jesuit College in Neuburg (NK 154 (2006), pp. 92-93) and in a birthday poem written at the Neuburg Court, the birth is credibly dated to the previous day, i.e. November 24, 1615 (NK 133 (1980 ), P. 244). The information relates to the Gregorian calendar, which was only officially introduced in the Principality of Neuburg from December 14th to December 24th, 1615. A wrong date of birth is often given for Philipp Wilhelm as October 4, 1615 (NDB, after Haeutle).
  2. ↑ She was buried in St. Andreas in Düsseldorf. Her sarcophagus is now in the church's mausoleum. Cf. Jürgen Wiener: Düsseldorf St. Andreas (Kleine Kunstführer 1033), 2nd revised. Ed., Editing: Elias H. Füllenbach, Regensburg 2014, p. 31

literature

  • Ernst Baumgarten: The struggle of Count Palatine Philipp Wilhelm with the Jülich-Bergischen estates from 1669–1672 , contributions to the history of the Lower Rhine. Yearbook of the Düsseldorfer Geschichtsverein 18 (1903), pp. 30–133; 19 (1905), pp. 1-63; 22 (1908/09), pp. 101-186.
  • Robert Hassencamp : The marriage bond of the Polish Princess Anna Catharina Constantia with Philipp Wilhelm v. Pfalz = Neuburg and its political consequences , Journal of the Historical Society for the Province of Posen 9 (1894), pp. 411–419.
  • Robert Hassencamp: The application of Count Palatine Philipp Wilhelm von Neuburg for the Polish crown , magazine of the Historical Society for the Province of Posen 11 (1896), pp. 275-320.
  • Robert Hassencamp: A Brandenburg-Bergisches marriage project in 1641 , contributions to the history of the Lower Rhine. Yearbook of the Düsseldorfer Geschichtsverein 10 (1895), pp. 225–243.
  • Ernst Huckenbeck: The conquest of Haus Hort. An episode from the "Düsseldorfer Kuhkrieg" 1651 , Hildener Jahrbuch 4 (1983), ed. by Gerd Müller, pp. 133–151.
  • Klaus Jaitner: The denominational policy of Count Palatine Philipp Wilhelm von Neuburg in Jülich-Berg from 1647-1679 , (Reformation history studies and texts 107), Münster / Westf. 1973, ISBN 3-402-03714-9 .
  • Karl Kollnig: The Electors of the Palatinate , Heidelberg 1993, ISBN 3-929295-04-0 .
  • Wilhelm Maier: The planned marriage of Philipp Wilhelm von Pfalz-Neuburg with the sister of the Great Elector , Annals of the Historical Association for the Lower Rhine, in particular the old Archdiocese of Cologne 87 (1909), pp. 162-173.
  • NN (Fbr = Heinrich Ferber?): The cloakroom of Count Palatine Philipp Wilhelm, later Duke of Jülich-Berg, on his trip to Poland to marry Anna Catharina Constantia, daughter of King Sigismund of Poland in 1642 , contributions to the history of the Lower Rhine. Yearbook of the Düsseldorfer Geschichtsverein 7 (1893), pp. 438–439.
  • Willi Paetzer: Philipp Wilhelm (1615–1690). Elector Palatinate 1685–1690 . Shaker, Aachen 2005, ISBN 3-8322-3579-5 .
  • Otto R. Redlich: The treasures of the ducal silver chamber in Düsseldorf in the 17th century. According to the files of the Düsseldorf State Archive . Contributions to the history of the Lower Rhine. Yearbook of the Düsseldorfer Geschichtsverein 8 (1894), pp. 109–138.
  • Hans Schmidt: The Palatinate-Neuburg House in European Politics of the 17th Century , Mannheimer Hefte 2 (1992), pp. 106-120.
  • Hans Schmidt: Philipp Wilhelm von Pfalz-Neuburg as a figure of German and European politics in the 17th century , Düsseldorf 1973.
  • Horst H. Stierhof (ed.), Max Oppel (red.): 475 years of the Principality of Palatinate-Neuburg. Exhibition in Grünau Castle near Neuburg an der Donau. June 20, 1980-19. October 1980 , Munich 1980.
  • Rudolf Tilly: On the blooming and dying of the Palatinate-Neuburgischen dynasty , Das Tor, Düsseldorfer Heimatblätter 1 (1975), p.18-19 (there reference to Elisabeth's letter to Eleonore about siblings).
  • Franz Wachter :  Philipp Wilhelm, Count Palatine on the Rhine . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 26, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1888, pp. 27-31.
  • Peter Fuchs:  Philipp Wilhelm. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 20, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-428-00201-6 , p. 384 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Ronny Baier:  PFALZ-NEUBURG, Philipp Wilhelm von. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 21, Bautz, Nordhausen 2003, ISBN 3-88309-110-3 , Sp. 1160–1163.  ( Article / beginning of article in Internet archive )

Web links

Commons : Elector Philipp Wilhelm von der Pfalz  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
predecessor Office successor
Wolfgang Wilhelm Duke of Jülich and Berg
1653–1679 		Johann Wilhelm
Wolfgang Wilhelm Duke of Pfalz-Neuburg
1653–1690 		Johann Wilhelm
Charles II Elector Palatinate
1685–1690 		Johann Wilhelm
personal data
SURNAME Philipp Wilhelm
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Pfalz, Philipp Wilhelm von der (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Count Palatinate and Duke of Pfalz-Neuburg, Duke of Jülich and Berg and Elector of the Palatinate
DATE OF BIRTH November 24, 1615
PLACE OF BIRTH Neuburg on the Danube
DATE OF DEATH September 12, 1690
Place of death Vienna