Albrecht V (Bavaria)

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Albrecht V. Portrait of a youth by Hans Mielich , 1545 (Alte Pinakothek, Munich).

Albrecht V (the Magnanimous) (born February 29, 1528 in Munich ; † October 24, 1579 ibid) was Duke of Bavaria from March 7, 1550 to October 24, 1579 . His rule was just as important for the spread of the Counter Reformation in Germany as it was for the development of Renaissance art in Bavaria. The basis of many Bavarian state collections goes back directly to Albrecht's passion for collecting.

Duke Albrecht V with his family under the protection of Mary, painting by Hans Mielich on the high altar of the Frauenkirche Ingolstadt , 1572
Albrecht V. in later years

Family and beginning of government

Albrecht's parents were Duke Wilhelm IV and Maria Jakobäa von Baden . In 1546 he married Anna , a daughter of the Roman-German king and later emperor Ferdinand . After the death of his father in 1550, he succeeded him as Duke of Bavaria. Albrecht was the first Bavarian ruler to implement the Primogeniture Ordinance, which was issued in 1506 . The Bavarian sub-duchies of Lower Bavaria and Upper Bavaria belonged to his domain - their territories should not be confused with the administrative districts of the same name that exist today.

Albrecht was the guardian of his nephew Philip II of Baden , who later became the Margrave of Baden , and his sister Jakobe von Baden , who later became the Duchess of Jülich-Kleve-Berg .

Government and religious policy

Albrecht was raised Catholic and was under the influence of the Jesuits whom his father had brought into the country and who had taught at the theological faculty in Ingolstadt since 1549 . The Ingolstadt University was completely transferred to them during Albrecht's government. The Lutheranism was followed in Albrechts domain. However, in 1550 he called Pankraz von Freyberg to his court; Pankraz tended towards Protestantism and was later able to obtain concessions from the duke on religious freedom. At the beginning of his reign, Albrecht was also anxious to find a balance. In 1551/52 Albrecht preserved neutrality during the prince revolt against Charles V. In 1553 he joined the Heidelberg League , which was composed of both Protestant and Catholic princes. With the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, it was left to the sovereign to determine the religion of his subjects.

When Protestantism spread after the temporary tolerance of the lay chalice , Albrecht took a hard line on the religious question. Wiguleus Hund was one of Albrecht's most important advisors . Albrecht was one of the founders of the Landsberger Bund . In 1557 he created a religious council to control the denominational unity of the country. In 1559 he founded a Jesuit college in Munich , today's Wilhelmsgymnasium . He had already expelled the Jews on December 23, 1551 by forbidding them to live in the duchy. To travel through his country, they needed a pass and were not allowed to stay overnight in any place more than once. In 1563 the religious dispute escalated again with the Ortenburg aristocratic conspiracy . Even if Duke Albrecht did not finally win this conflict with the imperial county of Ortenburg , he was a role model for other European states in the fight against the Reformation in their empire.

After the death of his uncle Ernst von Bayern in 1560, Albrecht also inherited the pledge for the Bohemian county of Glatz . Since he did not intend to keep them, he did not pursue the measures taken by his uncle to re-catholicize, so that even Lutheranism could spread during these years. In 1567 Albrecht campaigned for the privileges of free judges , but in the same year sold the county to the sovereign Emperor Maximilian II. In that year, on the other hand, the imperial county of Haag fell to Albrecht.

Albrecht's school regulations from 1569 clearly show their Jesuit origin and lay down strict rules for the admission of teachers and the selection of textbooks.

Albrecht made great efforts to enable his younger son Ernst to rule over Kurköln . As early as 1577, Ernst was supposed to be the successor of Cologne's Archbishop Salentin von Isenburg , supported by the Emperor and Pope , but he lost this election to Gebhard I von Waldburg .

Albrecht as an art collector

Albert V, 1556

Albrecht was a passionate collector and art lover and is considered the founder of Munich's development into a city of the arts. The construction of the Munich court library, from which today's Bayerische Staatsbibliothek developed, began in 1558 with the purchase of the library of more than 800 volumes from the estate of the humanist Johann Albrecht Widmannstetter . This collection was significantly expanded in 1560 by the estate of Albrecht's uncle Ernst and in 1571 by the purchase of the library from Hans Jakob Fugger . Between 1558 and 1570 Albrecht had a penitential psalms codex drawn up, which is one of the magnificent manuscripts of the Bavarian State Library today. It was illustrated by Hans Mielich , his court painter; the compositions for the penitential psalms were created by Orlando di Lasso , who worked for the Munich court orchestra.

In the years from 1563 to 1567, Albrecht had a new stables built, today's Alte Münze , on the upper floors of which the ducal art chamber was set up with more than 6000 exhibits. The museum concept was developed by the Flemish doctor and art advisor Samuel Quiccheberg .

From 1563 to 1568 the land tables by Philipp Apian were published on behalf of the duke . In 1566, Albrecht acquired a collection of antique sculptures from Hans Jakob Fugger from an inheritance. It formed the basis for the collection of antiquities . Through the art specialist and imperial antiquarian Jacopo Strada , Albrecht had more than 50 other ancient sculptures bought in Rome and numerous Roman busts in Venice. Two years later, after lengthy negotiations, Strada succeeded in purchasing the antique collection of the Venetian patrician Andrea Loredan for the Bavarian court. For the collection, which has grown to more than 600 exhibits, Albrecht had the Antiquarium built between 1568 and 1571, which was erected as a free-standing building outside the Neuveste for reasons of fire protection .

His important coin collection formed the basis for the State Coin Collection . He brought well-known painters and engravers as well as the composer Orlando di Lasso to his court. In his court, he set great store by splendor and luxury, heavily burdened his subjects with taxes and yet piled up enormous debts (½ million  florins ).

progeny

Duke Albrecht V married Archduchess Anna of Austria on July 4th, 1546 in Regensburg , a daughter of Emperor Ferdinand I and his wife Princess Anna of Bohemia and Hungary . They had 7 children together:

family tree

Albrecht III.
Duke of Bavaria-Munich
 
 Anna of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen
 
 Friedrich III.
Roman-German Emperor
 
 Eleonore Helena of Portugal
 
 Christoph I.
Margrave of Baden
 
 Ottilie von Katzenelnbogen
 
 Philipp
Elector Palatinate
 
 Margaret of Bavaria
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Albert the Wise
Duke of Bavaria
 
 
 
 
 
 Kunigunde of Austria
 
 
 
 
 
 Philip I
Margrave of Baden
 
 
 
 
 
 Elisabeth of the Palatinate
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wilhelm IV
Duke of Bavaria
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Maria Jakobäa of Baden
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Albrecht V.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

literature

Web links

Commons : Albrecht V. (Bavaria)  - Collection of images

Portrait gallery Bavaria of the House of Bavarian History:

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Reinhold Baumstark: Albrecht V. In: Alois Schmid and Katharina Weigand (eds.): The rulers of Bavaria . 25 historical portraits of Tassilo III. until Ludwig III. Beck, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-406-48230-9 , pp. 175 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  2. ^ August Kluckhohn: Contributions to the history of the school system in Bavaria. From the 16th to the 18th century. In: Treatises of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. Munich 1872, p. 10, entire article p. 1–71, PDF on ZOBODAT
  3. ↑ Otto Hartig: The establishment of the Munich court library by Albrecht V and Johann Jakob Fugger . In: Treatises of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences . tape XXVIII / 3 . Franz, Munich 1917, p. 9 ff . ( Digitized version [accessed October 24, 2013]).
  4. ^ [1] as well as event flyers of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences:
  5. ↑ Baumstark: Albrecht V . Munich 2001, p. 182 .
  6. ↑ Baumstark: Albrecht V . Munich 2001, p. 183 .
predecessor Office successor
William IV Duke of Bavaria
1550–1579 		Wilhelm V.
personal data
SURNAME Albrecht V.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Duke of Bavaria
DATE OF BIRTH February 29, 1528
PLACE OF BIRTH Munich
DATE OF DEATH October 24, 1579
Place of death Munich