Order of the Golden Fleece

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Collane of a knight from the Order of the Golden Fleece, Treasury (Vienna)
Order chain, treasury of the Munich residence
The Potence (coat of arms) for the Herald of the Order of the Golden Fleece
The Oath Cross of the Order in the Vienna Treasury
Collane of a knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece
Coat of arms of Count Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld with the Order of the Golden Fleece , painted for him around 1546, St. Bavo Cathedral (Gent)

The Order of the Golden Fleece is a Burgundian knightly order founded in 1430 . Based on the example of the knightly religious order , an admission also became a privilege granted by the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire , the House of Habsburg or the Spanish House of Bourbon , as a reward for merit.

Religious badges, one at a Collane pendant golden ram's fleece , received independent significance and became the prototype of the modern Order of Merit . In this respect, the Order of the Golden Fleece represents the link between the two meanings of the word " Order " today.

Today there is both the order branch of the House of Habsburg and the Spanish branch of the Bourbons with their respective Grand Masters Karl Habsburg-Lothringen and King Felipe VI. from Spain. The Order of the Golden Fleece is one of the oldest and most important orders of knights.

history

Duke Philip the Good - Philip wears the Collane (necklace) of the Order of the Golden Fleece.

The Order of the Golden Fleece was founded on January 10, 1430 by Philip the Good , Duke of Burgundy , on the occasion of his marriage to Isabella of Portugal in Bruges (January 7, 1430) to the most respected noblemen of his countries. The ideas of knightly virtues, the cruise idea and the common existence of dangerous adventures, as well as clever power-political considerations were the main motives for the foundation. In particular, the duke wanted his empire between France, the Holy Roman Empire and England, after he had refused membership in the Order of the Garter, to bind loyal allies to himself. 24 of the most important Burgundian nobles were accepted into the order, which gave the order considerable political weight. The statutes were issued a few days before the first meeting of the Order on November 27, 1431 by Philip the Good in Ryssel ( Lille ), then Flemish , and read to the members present on December 3, 1431 in Ryssel at the first meeting by the Greffier (secretary). Culturally, the Burgundian court was the leader in Europe at this time and so the new order with its festivals, ceremonies, rituals and constitution was for many as a model in the sense of a princely order based on the ideals of Christian chivalry. Aid for the Byzantine Empire and the pushing back of the Ottomans from Constantinople was also repeatedly promoted by the Burgundian dukes in connection with their order, the Burgundian fleet actually crossed off Rhodes and in the Black Sea, but any ideas did not get beyond an extended planning stage.

The order was also called Ordre de la toison d'or , el Toyson de oro , el Tusan , in the earliest times also the knightly order of the golden lamb of Burgundy or the Belgian shepherd .

After the death of Charles the Bold while trying to conquer the Duchy of Lorraine and the extinction of the Burgundian dukes in 1477, the order passed to the Habsburgs . A few months after his marriage to the heiress Maria of Burgundy , Maximilian von Habsburg was knighted in Bruges on April 30, 1478 and then appointed sovereign (grand master) of the order. All of the renegade or disloyal knights of the order in the course of the subsequent War of the Burgundian Succession were then expelled from the order by Maximilian by 1490, the memory of the dead erased and their coats of arms broken. From Emperor Charles V and Philip II onwards, the sovereign of the order was on the one hand the head of the Spanish line of the Habsburgs and on the other hand also King of Spain. When Charles II from this line of the Casa de Austria died childless in 1700 , both the Habsburgs from the Habsburg hereditary lands and the Bourbons claimed sovereignty over the order. Both aristocratic houses basically invoked their claims with regard to the Spanish crown, whereby in particular only the House of Habsburg could invoke Article 65 of the statutes of the order in force at the time, after formal sovereignty fell to them. Emperor Charles VI. was able to claim possession of the Netherlands (- the Burgundian heartland) in the War of the Spanish Succession and thus celebrate the Renewal Festival of the Order in Vienna in 1713. As with Maximilian I or Charles V , the order was closely linked to the Roman-German Empire .

The treasure of the order, which also includes the "Ainkhürn sword" of the last Duke of Burgundy, was kept in Brussels until 1794 and has been in the Vienna treasury since 1797. Regardless of this, the order was divided into two lines. The Habsburg order owns the archive and the old insignia and adheres to the original statutes. The Spanish order, which according to some sources was founded at the time, is adopting new regulations, has also allowed Protestants since the reign of Josef Bonaparte (Napoleon's older brother) and is no longer a spiritual order, but only an order of merit. Both the Spanish branch of the order of the Bourbons , as well as the Austrian branch of the Habsburgs, which was uninterrupted by Emperor Charles VI. until Emperor Karl I existed, or even after the collapse of Austria-Hungary, still exists today.

King Ludwig XI tried unsuccessfully. of France after the death of Mary of Burgundy, Napoleon Bonaparte with the Ordre des Trois-Toisons d'Or (Order of the Three-Golden Fleeces) and King Albert I of Belgium after the 1st World War to gain supremacy over the order and thus To take over prestige and the treasure of the order. At the peace negotiations in St. Germain, the international organs decided, in line with the Austrian line of argument, that the order or its property was neither Belgian nor Austrian-Republican, but a knightly order of the Habsburg dynasty. While the Nazi state then classified the order as hostile to the state and confiscated the treasure of the order under the proviso of the leader, on July 23, 1953, the Republic of Austria confirmed the right to award the order to the family head of the House of Habsburg, in particular the order has its own permanent legal personality. The Order of the Golden Fleece was designated the highest ranking order in Christianity until 1918. The Habsburg branch in particular is one of the few living knightly orders that have existed continuously since the Middle Ages.

Grand Master of the Habsburg line of the order has been Karl Habsburg-Lothringen since November 30, 2000 . Knights of the order include Christoph Cardinal von Schönborn, Archbishop of Vienna, Franz Prince of Bavaria, head of the Wittelsbach family, Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Maria Emanuel Margrave of Meissen, Albert II, King of the Belgians, Carl Duke of Württemberg, Hans Adam II ., Prince of Liechtenstein, Karl zu Schwarzenberg, Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza and head of the Portuguese royal family as well as numerous other members of the European nobility. In 2018 King Felipe VI. of Spain awarded his daughter Crown Princess Leonor the order, the highest honor that the Spanish King can bestow.

Religious principles and privileges

Illumination in a manuscript by Guillaume Filastre's Histoire de la Toison d'Or . The picture shows a session of the Chapter of the Order of the Golden Fleece. In front left Guillaume Fillastre in the bishop's robe, in the middle seated Duke Charles the Bold. Vienna, Austrian National Library , Cod. 2541, fol. 4r (late 15th century)

The order holds all its members together like an inseparable bond. All members of the order have equal rights and should behave in a fraternal manner. The number of knights was originally limited to 30. Besides the Order of the Golden Fleece, the knights were not allowed to belong to any other order. However, these rules have been relaxed over time.

The knights of the order were exempt from all taxes and were only subject to one jurisdiction, that of the order itself. This was composed of the 30 knights of the order and the sovereign of the order or his deputy. At all court ceremonies they had priority and precedence with the exception of crowned heads. The Spanish knights of the order received from King Philip the right to enter the rooms of the palace without prior notice and to keep their heads covered in front of the king.

The aim of the order was the preservation of the Catholic faith, the protection of the Church and the preservation of the immaculate honor of chivalry. It was dedicated to the Virgin Mary and had the apostle and martyr Andrew as its patron saint. In addition, the head of the order could not start a war without the consent of the other knights.

November 30th is the day of the order , on which new members are admitted to the order in a solemn holy mass.

To this day, the new knights and officers take the oath in front of the so-called "oath cross", which is kept in the treasury in Vienna. It is a simply designed golden cross that is set with precious stones (sapphires, rubies and pearls). In the central part of the cross it hides a splinter of the Holy Cross, which makes it a reliquary cross. In addition to loyalty to the Archduke and knightly virtues, religious values ​​are of fundamental importance; so the members of the order of the Catholic Church must swear allegiance and stand up for the faith.

Mythological background

There are two sources that link the order and its origins with the biblical or ancient world and its gods:

  • One of the derivatives comes from Gideon's divine commission.
  • The other comes from Greek mythology, from the legend of the Golden Fleece .

In antiquity and later, the golden fleece was not only used as a prize for the heroic saga of the Argonauts , but especially as a symbol of the beginnings of the culture of Hellenism with its connections to the Olympic Games, ancient art and, according to the legend of the Argonauts in honor of Zeus the unification of Greece.

Appearance of the Order

The sign of the order is the image of a ram's skin with a blue enameled flint and the words: Pretium laborum non vile (No small price for labor). The chain consists symbolically of the 31 links, one link for each knight, whereby the sovereign of the order is represented by two links. Just as a chain only lasts when every link holds, the order should also gain cohesion through every single link. The limbs are made of flint iron and flint and have a fleece hanging on them .

Chapter Chapter

The order was founded for 30 knights (plus the duke as the first grandmaster , who was known as Chieff et Souverain ), but only 24 new members were appointed - unless the order was expanded - as replacements for deceased or excluded members and Until 1559 on chapters of the Order ( Feste et Chapittre ) by election, then by appointment by the Grand Master without convening a religious assembly. The number of knights was completed in 1431 on the 3rd chapter. On the 18th chapter (1516) the number of knights was increased to 41, on the 19th chapter (1519) to 51 (plus grandmasters).

Initially it was planned to hold annual chapters on St. Andrea's Day (November 30th), but already after the 3rd chapter the next one planned for 1434 was canceled, “because the duke was prevented”. The same happened to the seven chapters planned for 1437 to 1439 and 1441 to 1444. The 7th chapter (1445) then stipulated a three-year cycle and May 2nd as the date, but this resolution was obviously not implemented with regard to the cycle and was abandoned with regard to the date after the Habsburgs took over the order (1478).

The 24 religious assemblies held between 1430 and 1559 (foundation and 23 chapters) took place mainly in the (then) Netherlands, in Bruges (4), Lille (2), Brussels (3), Saint-Omer (2), Ghent (2) , Mons, The Hague, Valenciennes, 's-Hertogenbosch, Mecheln, Middelburg, Tournai, Utrecht and Antwerp, only twice outside (in Dijon and Barcelona), in suitable churches (only at the founding meeting the exact location is not known) .

After the regular rotation of the order meetings had been abandoned, the order was generally only called together when the number of knights had dropped too much - even the change of grandmasters was no longer a reason for this: Philip the Fair was already 9 years old, Charles V was a grandmaster for 10 years and Philip II for almost 4 years before a chapter of the order was convened.

chapter Place and church date Number of members
(including grandmasters) have
died
since the last chapter

locked out
 

New admissions
(diplomas)

at the end of
the chapter

Remarks
 
founding Bruges (exact location not known) January 10, 1430     25 (= Duke + 1-24) 25th
I / 1 Lille , Saint-Pierre November 30, 1431 1 1 2 (= 25-26) 25th
II / 2 Bruges, Sint-Donaaskerk November 30, 1432 2   2 (= 27-28) 25th
III / 3 Dijon , Sainte-Chapelle November 30, 1433 2   8 (= 29-36) 31
V / 4 Brussels , St. Gudula Cathedral November 30, 1435       31
VI / 5 Lille, Saint-Pierre November 30, 1436       31
X / 6 Saint-Omer , Saint-Bertin November 30, 1440 5   4 (= 37-40) 30th
XV / 7 Ghent , Sint-Baafskathedraal 11-13 December 1445 6th   6 (= 41-46) 30th
XVI / 8 Mons , Sainte-Waudru 1st - 3rd May 1451 5   6 (= 47-52) 31
XVII / 9 The Hague , Grote Kerk 1st - 14th May 1456 5   4 (= 53-56) 30th
XVIII / 10 Saint-Omer, Saint-Bertin April 30 - May 11, 1461 5   6 (= 57-62) 31
XIX / 11 Bruges, Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekerk April 28 - May 28, 1468 7th 1 8 (= 63-70) 31
XX / 12 Valenciennes , Saint-Paul 1st - 14th May 1473 7th   7 (= 71-77) 31
13 Bruges, Sint-Salvatorskerk from April 30, 1478 13   9 (= Ehzg + 78-85) 27
14th 's-Hertogenbosch , Sint-Janskathedraal May 6, 1481 1 5 8 (= 86-93) 29
15th Mechelen , Sint Romboutskathedraal May 24, 1491 12   14 (= 94-107) 31
16 Brussels, Carmelite Convention January 17, 1501 13   8 (= 108-114) 26th
17th Middelburg , ( Onze-Lieve-Vrouwe Abdij ?) December 17, 1505 5   10 (= 115-124) 31
18th Brussels, St. Gudula Cathedral October 1516 14th   25 (= 125-149) 42
19th Barcelona , La Catedral de la Santa Eulalia 5th-8th March 1519 4th   14 (= 150-163) 52
20th Tournai , Cathédrale Notre-Dame from December 3, 1531 24   24 (= 164-187) 52
21st Utrecht , Dom Sint-Martinus from January 2, 1546 22nd   22 (= 188-209) 52
22nd Antwerp , Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekathedraal from January 26, 1555 16   19 (= 210-228) 55
23 Ghent, Sint-Baafskathedraal from July 29, 1559 17th   9 (= 229-237) 47
Assembly of the Order of the Golden Fleece, based on a manuscript commissioned by Gilles Gobet, which was given to Charles the Bold and the members of the order in 1473 (The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Ms 76 E 10, fol. 5v).

The canceled or extraordinary religious assemblies were:

  • IV. (1434 Dijon): The religious assembly is canceled due to the hostile invasion of the Mâconnais; the services, however, take place. On December 29th, the Duke meets with 11 Knights of the Order who are present for deliberations
  • VII. (1437 Arras): The chapter of the order is canceled due to an impending attack by the English
  • VIII. (1438 Arras): The festival is canceled due to the danger of an invasion by the Armagnaks
  • IX. (1439) Canceled u. a. because of the Armagnaks
  • XI. (1441): Will be postponed to the next year (again because of the Armagnaks)
  • XII. (1442): Postponed because the Duke cannot leave Burgundy
  • XIII. (1443): Postponed because of the war in Luxembourg
  • XIV. (1444): Postponed again, now without justification
  • September 15, 1473 Luxembourg, special meeting of the Order to succeed the late Chancellor Guillaume Fillastre.
  • 1476 Maastricht, canceled because of the defeat at Grandson , postponed to 1477
  • 1477: canceled due to the death of Charles the Bold, postponed to 1478

Grand Master of the Order

  • 1. Philip the Good ; Duke of Burgundy January 10, 1430 to June 15, 1467
  • 2. Charles the Bold ; Duke of Burgundy June 15, 1467 to January 5, 1477
  • 3. Maximilian I .; Roman-German King and Emperor April 30, 1478 to March 27, 1482
  • 4. Philip I the Handsome ; King of Castile, Duke of Burgundy March 27, 1482 to September 25, 1506
  • 5. Charles V ; Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain September 25, 1506 to October 22, 1555
  • 6. Philip II ; King of Spain, Portugal and England October 22, 1555 to September 13, 1598
  • 7. Philip III. ; King of Spain and Portugal September 13, 1598 to March 31, 1621
  • 8. Philip IV ; King of Spain and Portugal March 31, 1621 to September 17, 1665
  • 9. Charles II ; King of Spain September 17, 1665 to November 1, 1700

Grand Master of the Order (Spain)

King Ferdinand VII of Spain in royal robe with the collar of the golden fleece, portrait by Goya

Grand Master of the Order (Austria)

Ceremonial coat of the Grand Master of the Order, Vienna Treasury
Emperor Charles VI. in regalia as the Grand Master of the Golden Fleece, painting by Johann Gottfried Auerbach
Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria with the neck decoration made of fleece
  • 10. Charles VI. ; Holy Roman Emperor , King of Spain November 1, 1700 to October 20, 1740
  • 11. Franz I ; Holy Roman Emperor, Duke of Lorraine October 20, 1740 to August 18, 1765
  • 12. Joseph II ; Holy Roman Emperor August 18, 1765 to February 20, 1790
  • 13. Leopold II ; Holy Roman Emperor February 20, 1790 to March 1, 1792
  • 14. Franz II / I. ; Holy Roman Emperor, Emperor of Austria March 1, 1792 to March 2, 1835
  • 15. Ferdinand I .; Emperor of Austria March 2, 1835 to December 2, 1848
  • 16. Franz Joseph I .; Emperor of Austria December 2, 1848 to November 21, 1916
  • 17. Charles I ; Emperor of Austria November 21, 1916 to April 1, 1922
  • 18. Otto von Habsburg ; Head of the House of Habsburg-Lothringen April 1, 1922 to November 30, 2000
  • 19. Karl Habsburg-Lothringen ; Head of the House of Habsburg-Lothringen since November 30, 2000

Officers of the Order (Austria)

Term of office Surname Born Office
since 2005 Alexander Pachta-Reyhofen 1954 Order Chancellor
since 1992 Cardinal Christoph Schönborn , Archbishop of Vienna 1945 Grand Chaplain, Archbishop since 1995
since 2000 Gregor Henckel-Donnersmarck 1943 Chaplain Vicar
since 1992 Wulf Gordian Hauser 1952 Treasurer
since 1997 Karl-Albrecht Waldstein-Wartenberg 1958 Herald
since 2007 Carl Philip Clam-Martinic 1975 Greffier

Knight of the Order

heraldry

The golden fleece can appear in two different forms in heraldry . On the one hand it is a heraldic figure and on the other hand it is a so-called gem . In the heraldic shield , the sheep or just its fur is shown hanging. The preferred color is gold. If it is hung around the shield, it is a gem of heraldry. The decoration of the Knight Order of the Golden Fleece from 1430 is then shown. Here, too, gold is dominant.

  • In the escutcheon

  • Hanging on the order chain around the coat of arms as a splendid piece

swell

literature

  • Christian Ortner , Georg Ludwigstorff: Austria's medals and decorations. Part I: The imperial-royal orders until 1918 , Verlag Militaria , Vienna 2017, ISBN 978-3-902526-81-6
  • Martin Wrede : Without fear and blame - For king and fatherland. Early modern high nobility between family honor, knight ideal and prince service. Thorbecke, Ostfildern 2012, Chapter VI.3.2: The ideal: Le noble ordre de la Toison d'or - Abundance, beautiful appearance and concrete benefits of the most brilliant order in Christendom , pp. 248–278.
  • Mathias F. Müller : The Order of the Golden Fleece and the House of Habsburg in the Holy Roman Empire - A (cultural) historical review (with a preface by Karl Habsburg-Lothringen). In: Communications from the Society for Comparative Art Research in Vienna. Vol. 61, 2009, No. 3, pp. 1-21.
  • Ordenskanzlei (Ed.): The House of Austria and the Order of the Golden Fleece. Stocker, Graz / Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-7020-1172-7 .
  • Austrian State Archives : Ephemeral splendor ...: Old Austria's Order. Fassbaender, Vienna 2005, ISBN 3-900538-84-0 .
  • Sonja Dünnebeil (Hrsg.): The order festival 1468 in Bruges under Duke Charles the Bold. Jan Thorbecke Verlag, 2003, ISBN 978-3-7995-7912-4 .
  • Raphael de Smedt (ed.): Les chevaliers de l'ordre de la Toison d'or au XVe siècle. Notices bio-bibliographiques (= Kiel work pieces. D 3). 2nd, improved edition, Frankfurt 2000, ISBN 3-631-36017-7 (biographies of the members accepted between 1430 and 1491 in French, with extensive references).
  • Wulf Gordian Hauser: The Order of the Golden Fleece. In: Deutsches Adelsblatt . Vol. 38, 1999, pp. 122–128 (contains statutes of the order with archive information).
  • Hermann Fillitz : The treasure of the order of the Golden Fleece. Residence, Salzburg / Vienna 1988, ISBN 3-7017-0541-0
  • Gert Oswald : Lexicon of Heraldry . Bibliographical Institute, Mannheim / Vienna / Zurich / Leipzig 1984, ISBN 3-411-02149-7 , p. 292.
  • Hans Gerstinger: The statutes book of the order of the Golden Fleece. 2nd vol. (1934).

Web links

Commons : Order of the Golden Fleece  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
Commons : Golden Fleece in Heraldry  - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Dünnebeil, protocol books of the Order of the Golden Fleece, vol. 1, 146., quoted from Renate Holzschuh-Hofer, Feuereisen in the service of political propaganda from Burgundy to Habsburg
  2. ↑ Cf. u. a. Hermann Kamp “Burgundy - History and Culture” (2011), p. 82ff.
  3. ↑ Johannes Fried “The Middle Ages. History and Culture. "(2011), pp. 460, 512.
  4. ↑ Johannes Fried “The Middle Ages. History and Culture ”(2011), p. 524ff.
  5. ↑ Manfred Hollegger “Maximilian I” (2005), p. 59.
  6. ↑ See Leopold Auer “The transition of the order to the Austrian Habsburgs” in “The House of Habsburg and the Order of the Golden Fleece” (2007), p. 53ff.
  7. ↑ Cf. u. a. Manfred Leithe-Jasper, Rudolf Distelberger "Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien: The Treasury" (1998), Volume 1, p. 60.
  8. ↑ Cf. Yves Huguenin-Bergenat “Kulturgüter bei Staatensukzession” (2010), p. 162.
  9. ↑ Cf. u. a. Birgit Schwarz “Hitler's Special Mission Ostmark: Art Theft and Museum Policy under National Socialism” (2018), p. 129.
  10. ↑ Theodor Brückler (Ed.) “Art theft, art recovery and restitution in Austria 1938 to today.” (1999), p. 61.
  11. ↑ Cf. u. a. Peter Diem “The Symbols of Austria” (1995), p. 214ff.
  12. ↑ Philip the Good donates the Order of the Golden Fleece. In: The world . January 9, 2018, accessed November 1, 2019 .
  13. ↑ Cf. u. a. Felix Czeike "Historisches Lexikon Wien" (2004), Vol. 2, p. 565.
  14. ↑ http://www.wiener-schatzkammer.at/goldenes-vlies.html
  15. ↑ Hans-Christian Rößler: King Felipe honors his daughter. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . January 30, 2018, accessed November 1, 2019 .
  16. ↑ Cf. u. a. Heinrich von Freyburg "In memory of the high order of the Golden Fleece" (1840).
  17. ↑ Livre du toison d'or, fol. 4r
  18. ↑ "Le sainct Andrieu 1434 Monseigneur Le Duc Souuerain erstant en Bourgoingne fust empeche de tenir la Festivals et Chapittre pour autres ses occupations necessaires." (Livre du toison d'or fol. 11r)
  19. ^ Livre ... fol. 11r or 12v
  20. ↑ “En ce Chapittre tenue à Gand fust faicte la mutation du temps pour tenir la festivities de l'ordre de la enauant au secund Jour de May, Et de trois ans en trois Ans.” (Livre… fol. 13r)
  21. ↑ Roman numerals: fixed religious ceremonies, numbering according to the protocol book; Arabic numerals: religious ceremonies actually held
  22. ↑ See Livre du toison d'or, fol. 4r to 7r; in fol. 4r: "L'ordre de la Thoison d'or Fust Institue et Crée Par […] Le Duc Philippe Duc de Bourgoingne […] En la ville de Bruges le Xe Jour de Janvier l'an Mil quatrecents vingtnoeuf [10. January 1429, d. H. 1430 a. St.] [...] "
  23. ↑ For the religious festivals up to 1461 see Dünnebeil 1; Deceased: No. 17, Excluded: No. 24, see main article List of Knights of the Order of the Golden Fleece with corresponding numbering
  24. ↑ Deceased: 2 and 9
  25. ↑ Died: 10 and 27, the order was completed with eight new admissions
  26. ↑ Died: 1, 5, 14, 31, 29
  27. ↑ Since Duke Philip was held up in Holland, the festival did not begin on St. Andrea's Day, but only on December 11th; deceased: 4, 8, 13, 16, 35, 38
  28. ↑ Died: 3, 6, 11, 18, 25
  29. ↑ Died: 7, 21, 40, 49, 51
  30. ↑ Deceased: 30, 36, 41, 46, 56
  31. ↑ Dünnebeil 2; deceased: 1, 12, 32, 33, 37, 48, 62; 66 died during the feast, but is not counted until the next feast; excluded: 53
  32. ↑ Dünnebeil 3; deceased: 20, 22, 23, 42, 59, 66, 70; Adolf von Geldern (No. 58) was imprisoned in Burgundy and was therefore excluded from participation
  33. ↑ "Sauueur Le dernier Jour du Mois dapuril Mil quatrecentz soixantedixhuyt ... Et ce faict le lendemain et es Jours ensuyuans ..." (Livre ... fol. 25r); deceased: 15, 19, 26, 34, 39, 43, 44, 45, 58, 64, 73, 75, 76; see also: Aquilina, René et Maguy, 13e chapitre de l'ordre de la toison d'or tenu à Bruges le 30 avril 1478 à l'église Saint-Sauveur, Rosny-sous-Bois 1979
  34. ^ "Le vie Jour du mois de May l'an Mil iiiic quatrevingtz et vn" (Livre ... fol. 28r); deceased: 57, excluded: 51, 60, 65, 67, 69
  35. ↑ "le xxiiiie Jour de May Mil quatre cents IIIIXX et vnze" (Livre ... fol. 31v); deceased: 29, 48, 65, 76, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 90, 91
  36. ↑ “le XVIIe Jour de Januier 1500 [17. January 1501 AD] En Leglize des Carmes ”(Livre… fol. 36v); deceased: 50, 55, 61, 68, 72, 82, 85, 90, 92, 93, 94, 96, 99
  37. ↑ "le XVIIe Jour de Decembre l'an de grace 1505", whereby the usual celebrations were hardly held due to the hasty departure of Philip the Beautiful to Spain, the exact place of assembly is not mentioned (Livre ... fol. 39r); deceased: 54, 76, 89, 100, 114; see also: Aquilina, René et Maguy, Les sept chapitres de l'Ordre de la Toison d'Or sous les souverains espagnols de 1505 à 1559, in: Studia in honorem prof M. de Riquer, Volume 1, Barcelona 1986, p. 567-653
  38. ↑ "au Mois D'Octobre l'an de Grace 1516" without exact date (Livre ... fol. 41r); deceased: 71, 86, 95, 97, 98, 101, 103, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114, 118, 124; see also: Aquilina, René et Maguy, Les sept chapitres de l'Ordre de la Toison d'Or sous les souverains espagnols de 1505 à 1559, in: Studia in honorem prof M. de Riquer, Volume 1, Barcelona 1986, p. 567-653
  39. ↑ From March 2nd to 4th, 1519 ("Lan de grace Mil cinq cens dixhuyt Le deuxième, troisième, et quatrième de Mars" [ie March 2-4, 1519 AD]) a meeting took place the ten Spanish nobles were appointed (Livre… fol. 48r); the actual chapter took place from March 5th to 8th ("le Ve, VIe et VIIIe dudit Mois de Mars"), here four further (non-Spanish) members were elected (Livre ... fol. 50r); deceased: 77, 107, 116, 129; see also: Aquilina, René et Maguy, 19e chapitre de l'ordre de la toison d'or tenu à Barcelone en la cathédrale Sainte-Eulalie les 5/6/7 et 8 mars 1519, Rosny-sous-Bois 1980
  40. ↑ "le iiie iiiie de Decembre et Jours ensuyuants lan 1531" (Livre ... fol 53r.); deceased: 91, 102, 104, 105, 106, 117, 121, 123, 129, 131, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 146, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 159; Aquilina, René et Maguy, Les sept chapitres de l'Ordre de la Toison d'Or sous les souverains espagnols de 1505 à 1559, in: Studia in honorem prof M. de Riquer, Volume 1, Barcelona 1986, pp. 567-653
  41. ^ "Le second et tiers Jours de Januier et autres ensuyuans L'an 1545" [from January 2, 1546 AD] (Livre ... fol. 57r); deceased: 111, 119, 120, 122, 130, 133, 135, 137, 143, 147, 155, 156, 158, 162, 165, 169, 176, 181, 182, 183, 185, 187; Aquilina, René et Maguy, Les sept chapitres de l'Ordre de la Toison d'Or sous les souverains espagnols de 1505 à 1559, in: Studia in honorem prof M. de Riquer, Volume 1, Barcelona 1986, pp. 567-653
  42. ↑ "le XXVIe et aultres Jours ensuyuans de Janvier l'an 1556 Stil de Cambray" [d. H. from January 26, 1555] (Livre… fol. 59v); deceased: 115, 125, 132, 134, 144, 145, 148, 161, 166, 168, 175, 184, 186, 197, 202, 209
  43. ↑ "les XXIXe et aultres Jours ensuyuants de Juyllet L'an 1559" (Livre ... fol. 66r); deceased: 108, 127, 157, 160, 163, 164, 167, 173, 174, 179, 180, 195, 196, 199, 203, 204, 207; Aquilina, René et Maguy, 23e chapitre de l'ordre de la toison d'or tenu à Gand le 29 juillet 1559 en la collégiale Saint-Bavon, Rosny-sous-Bois 1978