Philip I (Castile)

Juan de Flandes : Philip the Handsome , around 1500, Kunsthistorisches Museum , Vienna

Philip I of Austria from the House of Habsburg , called the Beautiful , Spanish : Felipe I de Austria el Hermoso (born July 22, 1478 in Bruges ; †  September 25, 1506 in Burgos ) was Duke of Burgundy since 1482 . From July 12, 1506 until his death, he was King of Castile and León as the husband of Joanna of Castile . Through his early death he was the crown of the Holy Roman Empire not by his father I. Maximilian take. Through his sons Karl and Ferdinand , he is the progenitor of the Spanish kings and the subsequent Roman-German and Austrian emperors.

Life

Philipp with his wife Johanna I, the madwoman

Philip was the oldest and only surviving son from the marriage of the later king and emperor Maximilian I to Maria von Burgund , the heiress of the country complex of the House of Burgundy .

After his birth, agents of the French King Louis XI. Rumors that he was really a girl. His godmother Margaret of York invalidated this by baring him in front of a crowd in the market square of Bruges. When Philip was three years old, his mother died on March 27, 1482 of the consequences of a riding accident. She had previously appointed Philipp and his sister Margarete as heirs in their will and appointed Maximilian as their guardian until the two children came of age.

While Margarete was planned as future French queen due to the Peace of Arras and was brought to France for education in the following year , Philip stayed in the Burgundian Netherlands . From 1480 Olivier de la Marche (1425–1502) was the prince's tutor. As early as September 1494, at the age of 16, he was declared of the age of majority and released from Maximilian I's guardianship. On October 20, 1496, Philip was officially married in Lier by Prince-Bishop Heinrich von Glymes and Berghes to the Infanta Joan of Castile , six months before his sister Margarete 's marriage to Joan's brother, the Spanish heir to the throne Johann ( Juan ), son of Isabella von Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon . This double wedding was - unlike Maximilian's Burgundian marriage - not a priori because of the succession to the throne. Rather, the policy of the Habsburgs was aimed at strengthening relations with Spain through marriage and thus further isolating their arch-rival France . Due to the sudden death of the heir to the throne John of Aragón and Castile in 1497, however, the question of succession in the Castilian royal dignity arose.

Isabella of Castile died on November 26th, 1504 . In her will of October 12, 1504, she bequeathed the kingdoms of the Crown of Castile to her daughter Johanna and appointed her husband Ferdinand of Aragón as regent in the event that Joan could not perform her duties as queen. Already in a document dated January 18, 1505 from Brussels, Philip described himself as the queen's consort " Philippe par la grace de Dieu roy de Castille, de Leon, de Grenade, archiduc d'Autriche etc. " (Philip, by God's grace, King of Castile, Leon and Granada, Archduke of Austria etc.). Open enmity now broke out between him and his father-in-law Ferdinand. After Philipp and Johanna arrived in Spain in April 1506, Philipp was able to prevail against Ferdinand, as a large part of the grandees of Castile favored him as regent. In the Concordia de Villafáfila , an agreement between Philip and Ferdinand, Ferdinand renounced the right to act as regent for his daughter, so that the queen's consort under the title of Philip I of Castile became the first Habsburg to rule in June of that year one of the states on the Iberian Peninsula.

In the same year, Philip died suddenly on September 25, 1506 after a brief fever in the Casa del Cordón in Burgos . His remains lie next to his wife and her parents in the Capilla Real of Granada Cathedral . Johanna survived Philipp by 48 years and never married again; However, she was considered insane even before his death, which is why her father Ferdinand first returned to Castile as regent and after his death, Philip's son was next to his mother as Charles I King of Castile and Aragon.

coat of arms

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  Coat of arms as Philip IV, Duke of Burgundy

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  Coat of arms as Philip I of Castile

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  royal coat of arms as Philip I of Castile

outlook

Philipp left behind six underage children, including two sons, Karl and Ferdinand . While Ferdinand grew up with his grandfather Ferdinand II of Aragón in Spain, Karl was raised by Philip's sister Margarete, who was twice widowed, in the Burgundian Netherlands. After Philip's death, his wife Johanna, while she remained Queen of Castile in her own right and could have ruled alone for decades , was placed under house arrest by her father in the Royal Convent of Santa Clara in Tordesillas due to her growing madness . Ferdinand was able to return to Castile as regent in 1507 after Philip had replaced him there a few months earlier.

After Ferdinand's death in 1516, Philip's son Charles I, who left his homeland Flanders only on the condition that he not only acted as regent, became the first king of all of Spain alongside his mother Johanna, who was never deposed. He left his mother under house arrest. In 1519, thanks to financial help from Jakob Fugger , the Habsburg was also elected Roman-German king . At his coronation in October 1520 he assumed the title of "Elected Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire ". After his brother Ferdinand had become the reigning Archduke of Austria's ancestral lands as early as 1521, the House of Habsburg divided into two lines under Charles's rule, which became final when he renounced the throne as Roman-German Emperor and King of Spain: his son Philip followed him in the Spanish rulers, his brother Ferdinand received next to the Austrian ancestral lands now also the imperial title in the empire.

Philipp commissioned several important works by the painter Hieronymus Bosch .

progeny

From the marriage of Philip the Fair (1478–1506) to Johanna der Wahnsinnigen (1479–1555), from the Trastámara house, there were six children.

1. Eleonore / Leonor (1498–1558), Queen of Portugal and Queen of France by marriage
   1. ⚭ 1519 Manuel I (1469–1521), King of Portugal from the House of Avis
   2. ⚭ 1530 Francis I (1494–1547), King of France from the House of Valois
2. Charles V / Carlos I (1500–1558), as Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (V), as King of Spain (I) - was the founder of the Spanish line of the "House of Austria", the "Casa de Austria" "

   ⚭ Isabella of Portugal (1503–1539) from the house of Avis

3. Isabella (Elisabeth) / Isabel (1501–1526)

   ⚭ Christian II (1481–1559), King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, from the House of Oldenburg

4. Ferdinand / Ferdinando I. (1503–1564), Archduke of Austria etc., Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, King of Bohemia and Hungary - founder of the Austrian line of the House of Austria, the "Casa de Austria"

   ⚭ Anna (1503–1547) from the house of the Jagiellonians , daughter of Vladislav II , King of Bohemia and Hungary

5. Mary (1505–1558)

   ⚭ Ludwig II. (1506–1526), ​​King of Bohemia and Hungary, from the house of the Jagiellonians

6. Katharina / Catalina (1507–1578)

   ⚭ Johann III. (1502–1557), King of Portugal from the House of Avis

ancestors

Ernst the Iron (1377-1424)

Friedrich III. (HRR) (1415-1493)

Cimburgis of Mazovia (1394–1429)

Maximilian I (HRR) (1459-1519)

Eduard (Portugal) (1391–1438)

Eleonore Helena of Portugal (1436–1467)

Eleanor of Aragon (1402–1445)

Philip I (Castile) (1478–1506)

Philip III (Burgundy) (1396–1467)

Charles the Bold (1433–1477)

Isabella of Portugal (1397–1471)

Mary of Burgundy (1457–1482)

Charles I. de Bourbon (1401-1456)

Isabelle de Bourbon (1437-1465)

Agnes of Burgundy (1407–1476)

literature

• Jean Marie Cauchies: L'archiduc Philippe d'Autriche, dit le Beau (1478-1506) , in: Raphael de Smedt (ed.): De orde van het Gulden Vlies te Mechelen in 1491 , (Handelingen van de koninklijke kring voor oudheidkunde , letteren en kunst von Mechelen 95, 2), Mecheln 1992, pp. 45–54.
• Raphael de Smedt (ed.): Les chevaliers de l'ordre de la Toison d'or au XVe siècle. Notices bio-bibliographiques. (Kieler Werkstücke, D 3) 2nd, improved edition, Verlag Peter Lang, Frankfurt 2000, ISBN 3-631-36017-7 , pp. 204–206, no. 86 (with numerous references).
• Jean Marie Cauchies: Philippe le Beau: le dernier duc de Bourgogne. (Burgundica, 6) Turnhout 2003.

Web links

Commons : Philip I (Castile)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Literature about Philip I in the catalog of the German National Library
• Illustration by Francesco Terzio from 1569: Philip I. Hisp. Rex ( digitized version )

Individual evidence

1. ↑ 1478: Waiting crowd shown the newborn prince and his testicles  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
2. ^ Hermann Wiesflecker: Maximilian I. Publishing House for History and Politics, Vienna / Munich 1991; ISBN 3-7028-0308-4 , as well as ISBN 3-486-55875-7 , p. 51.
3. ^ Hermann Wiesflecker: Maximilian I. Publishing House for History and Politics, Vienna / Munich 1991; ISBN 3-7028-0308-4 , as well as ISBN 3-486-55875-7 , p. 392.
4. ^ Date according to Hermann Wiesflecker: Maximilian I. Verlag für Geschichte und Politik, Vienna / Munich 1991; ISBN 3-7028-0308-4 , as well as ISBN 3-486-55875-7 , p. 393.
5. ^ Luis Suárez Fernández: Análisis del Testamento de Isabel la Católica. Historiadores Histéricos, November 19, 2008, accessed October 11, 2015 (Spanish). 
6. ^ Reprinted by Joseph Rübsam, Johann Baptista von Taxis , Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 1889, pp. 188ff.
7. ↑ Elías Rodríguez Rodríguez: La Concordia de Villafáfila - 27 de junio de 1506 . In: Studia Zamorensia . No. 5 , 1999, p. 125 (Spanish, online [accessed January 20, 2016]).

predecessor	Office	successor
Isabella I. and Ferdinand V.	King of Castile and León (with his wife Johanna) 1504–1506	Johanna
Maximilian I.	Grand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece 1482–1506	Charles V