Philip III (Burgundy)
Philip the Good , Dutch Filips de Goede , French Philippe le Bon (born July 31, 1396 in Dijon , † June 15, 1467 in Bruges ), was Duke of Burgundy from the Burgundian sidelines of the house from September 10, 1419 until his death Valois , son of Duke Johann Ohnefurcht ( Jean sans peur ) and Margaret of Bavaria . Its historical significance lies primarily in the fact that under his rule he united various counties and duchies, from which the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg later emerged.
Life
Philipp grew up mainly in Ghent . The first title he received from his father in 1405 was the title of Count of Charolais as an apanage . Philip became Duke of Burgundy and Count of Flanders , Artois and Count Palatine of Burgundy in 1419 when his father John was murdered by the people of the Dauphin (see Civil War of the Armagnacs and Bourguignons ).
Out of hatred for the Dauphin, later Charles VII of France , he allied himself in the Treaty of Troyes of May 21, 1420 with Henry V of England against France in order to get revenge. When the Treaty of Arras was finally concluded on September 21, 1435 , Philip had Charles VII guarantee his complete independence from the French crown, as well as the counties of Auxerre , Mâcon , the Castellanei Bar-sur-Seine and all conquests in Picardy ( County Boulogne , County Ponthieu , southern part of County Vermandois and the Somme cities in the vicinity of Amiens ). In this way he achieved the possibility of an independent great power policy between France and the German Empire for his young state of Burgundy. By inheritance from Philip of Brabant from the Burgundy-Brabant sidelines, Philip the Good had already become Duke of Brabant and Limburg in 1430.
In 1421 he bought the county of Namur . In 1433 in the Hague Treaty he wrested the counties of Holland , Zeeland , Friesland and Hainaut from his cousin Jakobäa von Bayern , whose heir he had already become in 1428 in the Delft Treaty of Reconciliation . He proceeded similarly with Elisabeth von Görlitz , who held the Duchy of Luxembourg as pledge . In 1442 she was forced to appoint Philip as her sole heir due to lack of money, who occupied the duchy the following year and asserted it against the competing claims of the heirs from the House of Luxembourg. With that he penetrated deep into the territory of the Holy Roman Empire , which triggered the violent and helpless protest of Emperor Sigismund . Together with the Duchy of Burgundy , the Free County of Burgundy and the County of Flanders , which he had inherited, Philip formed a territory of areas on both sides of the border between Germany and France, which belonged to the kingdom of the eldest son of Emperor Louis the Pious, Lothar I. , remembered. He also succeeded in bringing the principalities of Cambrai and Utrecht under his indirect control by enforcing the election of bishops from his family.
Philip favored the arts and sciences and promoted trade and commerce, especially carpet weaving in Flanders . His reign marked a period of unprecedented cultural prosperity, so he employed the painter Jan van Eyck as court painter and also sent him on a diplomatic mission to Portugal. He used many works of art - such as paintings and tapestries - as political propaganda instruments and traveled with them to old age in order to consolidate his rule and to show himself.
On 10 January 1430 he founded along the lines of the English Order of the Garter , the adoption of which he had refused the Order of the Golden Fleece was, which was intended as a unifying bond for the elite of his very heterogeneous territory and defend Christian values worldwide. In his final years Philip left the government entirely to his ambitious son and future successor, Karl .
Philip's de facto independent country complex between France and Germany became in its northern part the forerunner of the Netherlands (from which the present-day states Netherlands , Belgium and Luxembourg later emerged). Philip's detachment from France and his withdrawal from French domestic politics did not happen without hesitation and hesitation, as he considered himself Prince du sang ( Prince of French royal blood ) throughout his life . Only his son Charles the Bold was to feel completely head of an independent empire, which he, however, endangered through his reckless policy and which was again divided between France and Habsburg when he died on the battlefield in 1477 .
family
Philip had been married to Michelle , daughter of the French King Charles VI, in his first marriage since 1409 . After the death of his first wife in 1422, Philip married Bonne d'Artois , daughter of Count Philip von Artois, in 1424 . She was also the widow of his uncle, Count Philip of Burgundy-Nevers . In 1430 Philip married Isabel de Portugal , a third marriage , with whom he finally got the desired successor, Charles the Bold . Philip had three legitimate children and nine known illegitimate children; his only surviving, legitimate, male descendant was Charles the Bold.
In addition to his three wives, Philip was associated with several other women, such as Jeanne de Presle de Lizy , Jeanne Chastellain , known as de Bosquiel, Lady of Quéry la Motte († 1462) and Marie de Belleval .
Legitimate offspring
only with Isabel de Portugal:
- Antoine
- Josse (both died shortly after birth)
- Charles (the Bold) , * 1433 in Dijon.
Illegitimate descendants
- Antoine (1421–1504), called Grand Bâtard de Bourgogne , lord of Tournehem , son of Jeanne de Presle de Lizy.
- Cornelius , Lord of Elverdinge , Vlamertinge , Neuve-Église and Pierrefort , Captain and Governor General of the Duchy of Luxembourg.
- Marie de Bourgogne (1426–1475), daughter of Jeanne Chastellain (according to other sources, however, Jeanne Presle de Lizy)
- ∞ Pierre de Bauffremont , Count of Charny, Chamberlain of Philip the Good ( House of Bauffremont )
- Marguerite († 1455).
- David (1427–1496), was bishop of Thérouanne in 1451 and also of Utrecht in 1456 , son of Jeanne Chastellain.
- Anne (1435–1508), was the governess of Mary of Burgundy
- ∞ Adrien de Brosse
- ∞ Adolf von Kleve-Ravenstein
- Raphaël de Mercatel (1437–1508), abbot of the Saint Bavo Abbey in Ghent and Saint-Pierre d'Oudenburg, son of Marie de Belleval.
- Baudouin (1446–1508), Lord of Fallais, Peer, Baudour, Sainte-Anne, Lovendegem, Zomergem et Fromont.
- Philipp (1464–1524), from 1517 Bishop of Utrecht.
coat of arms
Since 1430 Philip had a four-quarter coat of arms, which shows the coat of arms of the Burgundian side line of the House of Valois as Count of Tours (blue, studded with gold (yellow) lilies and a border decorated with silver (white) and red) in the first and fourth quarters and on the other hand the coat of arms of the Duchy of Burgundy (diagonally divided by gold and blue with a red border), the Duchy of Limburg (in silver, the red " Limburg Lion " with a forked tail) and the Duchy of Brabant (in black, the golden " Brabant Lion " ) shows. The coat of arms of the County of Flanders is placed in the middle (in gold, the black " Flanders Lion ") - through his grandmother Margaret of Flanders , the Counties of Flanders, Artois, Rethel and Nevers and the Palatinate of Burgundy came to the House of Burgundy.
Philip III led as a badge flint and steel. The motto of his third wife, Aultre naray ('I don't want anyone else') can be found on several pages in the Book of Hours of Philip the Good .
title
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January 28, 1405 – January 1431, February 5, 1432 – April 1432, August 1432 – November 1432: Count of Charolais as Philip II.
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September 10, 1419-15. June 1467: Duke of Burgundy as Philip III.
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September 10, 1419-15. June 1467: Count of Artois as Philip V.
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September 10, 1419-15. June 1467: Count Palatine of Burgundy as Philip V.
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September 10, 1419-15. June 1467: Count of Flanders as Philip III.
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March 1, 1429-15. June 1467: Margrave of Namur as Philip IV.
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August 4, 1430-15. June 1467: Duke of Brabant and Duke of Lothier (Lower Lorraine) as Philip II.
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August 4, 1430-15. June 1467: Duke of Limburg as Philip II.
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1433-15. June 1467: Count of Hainaut as Philip I.
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1433-15. June 1467: Count of Holland and Friesland as Philip I.
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1433-15. June 1467: Count of Zealand as Philip I.
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September 20, 1435-15. June 1467 Count of Auxerre
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September 20, 1435-15. June 1467 Count of Mâcon
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September 20, 1435-15. June 1467 Count of Boulogne
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September 20, 1435-15. June 1467 Count of Ponthieu
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September 20, 1435-15. June 1467 Count of Vermandois
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1443-15. June 1467: Duke of Luxembourg as Philip I.
literature
- Paul Bonenfant: Philippe le Bon. Sa politique, son action . Études présentées par AM Bonenfant-Feytmans. De Boeckh, Brussels 1996 (Bibliothèque du Moyen âge, 9), ISBN 2-8041-2115-1 ( review ).
- Holger Kruse (ed.): The court orders of the dukes of Burgundy. Edited by Holger Kruse and Werner Paravicini . Vol. 1: Duke Philip the Good, 1407–1467. Thorbecke, Ostfildern 2005 (Instrumenta, Vol. 15), ISBN 3-7995-7915-X .
- Susan Marti et al. (Ed.): Karl der Kühne (1433–1477). Art, war and court culture. Publication for the exhibition from April 25 to August 24, 2008 in the Historical Museum in Bern. Belser, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-7630-2513-8 , chapter Burgundian court culture under Philip the Good (1419–1467). Pp. 170-211.
- Harm von Seggern: History of the Burgundian Netherlands. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2018.
- Raphael de Smedt (ed.): Les chevaliers de l'ordre de la Toison d'or au XVe siècle: notices bio-bibliographiques. 2nd, improved edition, Frankfurt 2000 (Kieler Werkstücke, D 3), ISBN 3-631-36017-7 , p. 1 f.
- Richard Vaughan: Philip the Good. The Apogee of Burgundy. London 1970; repeatedly reprinted, most recently (with updated introduction): Boydell, Woodbridge 2002, ISBN 978-0-85115-917-1 ( review ).
Individual evidence
- ^ Christoph Driessen: History of Belgium. The divided nation. Regensburg 2018, p. 40.
- ^ Christoph Driessen: History of Belgium. The divided nation. Regensburg 2018, p. 40.
- ^ Christoph Driessen: History of Belgium. The divided nation. Regensburg 2018, p. 39.
- ^ Richard Vaughan: Philip the Good. The Apogee of Burgundy . London 1970, p. 161.
Web links
- Literature about Philip the good in the catalog of the German National Library
- Illustration by Francesco Terzio from 1569: Philippus, Dux Burgundiae ( digitized )
| predecessor | Office | successor |
|---|---|---|
| Johann without fear |
Duke of Burgundy 1419–1467 |
Charles the Bold |
| Johann without fear |
Count of Charolais 1405–1433 |
Charles the Bold |
| Johann without fear |
Count of Flanders Count of Artois Count Palatine of Burgundy 1419–1467 |
Charles the Bold |
| Philip of Saint-Pol |
Duke of Brabant and Lothier Duke of Limburg Margrave of Antwerp 1430–1467 |
Charles the Bold |
| - |
Grand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece 1430–1467 |
Charles the Bold |
| Johann III. |
Margrave of Namur 1429–1467 |
Charles the Bold |
| Jakobäa of Bavaria |
Count of Holland Count of Zealand Count of Hainaut Count in Friesland 1433 / 36–1467 |
Charles the Bold |
| Elisabeth von Görlitz |
Duke of Luxembourg 1443–1467 |
Charles the Bold |
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Philip III |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Philippe le Bon; Philip the good |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Duke of Burgundy |
| DATE OF BIRTH | July 31, 1396 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Dijon |
| DATE OF DEATH | June 15, 1467 |
| Place of death | Bruges |