Burgundian Netherlands

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Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor with haloes (1400-1806) .svg
Territory in the Holy Roman Empire
Burgundian Netherlands
coat of arms
Coat of Arms of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, svg
map
Map Burgundian Netherlands 1477-fr.svg
Burgundian Netherlands under Charles the Bold 1477
Location in the Reichskreis
Burgundian Circle-2005-10-14-de.png


Arose from Various sovereign principalities in the 14./15. Century
Form of rule Province ( Lieutenancy )
Ruler / government Duke of Burgundy
Archduke of Austria (in personal union from 1477)
Regent: Governor
Today's region / s BE / DE / NL / LU / F


Reichskreis Burgundian Empire
Capitals / residences Brussels (Lieutenancy)
Dynasties Valois-Burgundy , Habsburg



Incorporated into Spanish Netherlands 1522


The Burgundian Netherlands is the area of ​​today's Netherlands , Belgium and Luxembourg and part of northern France at the time of the Burgundian and at the beginning of the Habsburg rule.

House of Valois-Burgundy (until 1477)

In the 14th century the house of the Burgundian Valois began to unite the Dutch provinces by marriage and treaties under his scepter: first in 1384 by marrying the heiress of the Count of Flanders, this large county along with Artois and Mechelen , 1427 Namur , 1428 Holland , Friesland , Zeeland and Hainaut , 1430 Brabant and Limburg , 1443 Luxembourg . In possession of these eleven provinces, Philip the Good (1419–1467) tried to give them a uniform constitution. In 1437 he called the first States General , an assembly of representatives of the provincial parliaments (states). This is gradually becoming more common, most recently appointed almost every year and usually in Brussels or Mechelen sitting, approved the Beden for the whole of the Netherlands and distributed the money to the provinces. The southern provinces, especially Brabant, were predominant. In Brussels the dukes held their splendid court; They ruled Brabant themselves, the other provinces governors. As rulers of the Netherlands, however, they did not yet have a special title, and the latter were so little fused into a unitary state that each province regarded the other as foreign and did not tolerate any official from the same.

The last Burgundian Duke from the House of Burgundy-Valois, Charles the Bold , acquired the Duchy of Geldern and the County of Zutphen . After he died on January 5, 1477 at the Battle of Nancy without leaving a male heir, his heiress Maria married the Habsburg Maximilian of Austria . Through this marriage, Maximilian iure uxoris became Duke of Burgundy and the duchy became part of the Habsburg household, after it had already been partially under the feudal rule of the Holy Roman Empire .

Brabant

In 1415, Duke Anton von Brabant and Limburg was killed in the Battle of Azincourt , where the French army was destroyed by the English army. He left a minor son, the twelve-year-old Johann IV of Brabant . They hurriedly looked for a bride for the boy. In 1417 the choice fell on his 16-year-old niece, the widow Jakobäa von Bayern , daughter of Count William VI of Holland, Zealand and Hainaut . They married a year later. He died in 1427. His brother Philipp, Count of St. Pol, succeeded him in office. He died childless three years later. As a result, his nephew Philip the Good of Burgundy came to rule in 1430 . In the same year he was recognized as a duke by Brabant and Limburg.

Holland, Zealand and Hainaut

In 1417, Wilhelm VI died unexpectedly . He left a daughter, 15-year-old Jakobäa von Bayern . At the age of five Jacobea was married to Jan von Touraine , son of the King of France , the second in line to succeed. But the marriage was never consummated. Jan's eldest brother died unexpectedly and shortly afterwards he himself. Jacobea returned to Holland. Her father then arranged her marriage to her nephew John IV of Brabant . The marriage was a total failure. In 1421 Jacobea left her husband and began a relationship with Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester , a brother of the English king. Her uncle, Johann von Bayern , who administered Jacobäa's area of ​​influence, succeeded in undermining her rule in the county. However, in 1425 he died, probably being poisoned. Jacobea returned from England that year and asked her nephew Philip the Good to protect her. But he had her brought as prisoners to the count's residence in Ghent . She escaped and came to Holland. There she found so little support that she was reconciled with Philip in Delft in 1428 and appointed him regent. In 1433 she completely ceded her rights over Hainaut, Holland and Zealand. By Philip she was forced to do this, because he only agreed to a marriage with the Zeeland nobleman Frank II von Borsselen . She died childless three years later.

House of Habsburg 1477 to 1522

The provinces used this change of rulers to increase their rights. Maria had to buy her help through large concessions, for example through the Privilegium Maius to the States of Holland, and after her death (1482) riots broke out against Maximilian's guardianship for his son Philip the Fair : the party rose in Holland the Hoeks again, the citizens of Bruges even captured Maximilian in 1488 and forced him to renounce guardianship in favor of the States of Flanders. Meanwhile, Maximilian managed, with the help of Duke Albrechts of Saxony , who was appointed heir of Friesland in 1491, to control the indignation and also to assert Artois that the French King Louis XI. had tried to withdraw as a finished fief. In 1493 Philip took over the government of the Netherlands himself; under him, Gelderland broke loose again under Duke Karl (1499).

After Philip's early death (1506), his sister Margarete led the government for the six-year-old Karl, who later became Emperor Charles V , and, after he had come of age and became ruler in 1515, remained governor in the Netherlands until her death (1530). whereupon Karl's sister, the widowed Queen Maria of Hungary , succeeded her in the governorship.

Through the treaties of Worms (1521) and Brussels (1522), the Habsburg family's claim to ownership was divided into an Austrian and a Spanish line. The Netherlands eventually fell to the Spanish Habsburgs as the Spanish Netherlands and remained in the Holy Roman Empire; the administration was still organized in a governorship .

See also

literature

  • Walter Prevenier, Wim Blockmans: The Burgundian Netherlands. Acta Humaniora, VCH, Weinheim 1986, ISBN 3-527-17557-1 .
  • Wim Blockmans, Walter Prevenier: The Promised Lands. The Low Countries Under Burgundian Rule, 1369-1530. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia 1999.
  • Harm von Seggern: History of the Burgundian Netherlands. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2018.

Remarks

  1. ^ Karl Vocelka : The Europeanization of the Habsburg domestic power policy. In: Klaus Herbers , Florian Schuller (ed.): Europe in the 15th century. Autumn of the Middle Ages - Spring of the Modern Age? Regensburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-7917-2412-6 , pp. 207 f.
  2. Horst Lademacher : History of the Netherlands. Politics - Constitution - Economy . Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1983, ISBN 3-534-07082-8 , p. 76.
  3. De Bosatlas van de geschiedenis van Nederland . Noordhoff, Groningen 2011, ISBN 978-90-01-12094-8 , p. 148.
  4. ^ Ferdinand Seibt : Karl V. The Emperor and the Reformation . Siedler, Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-88680-338-4 , p. 82.