Charles III Philipp (Palatinate)

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Charles III Philipp von der Pfalz in armor, J. Ph. Van der Schlichten, around 1733, Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen , Mannheim
Karl Philipp at a young age, painting probably after Pieter van der Werff.
Baroque chasuble , made from a secular pompous robe donated by Elector Karl Philipp; Reiss-Engelhorn-Museums Mannheim. The gold braids joined together to form a cross were originally the opposite button or buttonhole strips on the electoral skirt.

Charles III Philipp of the Palatinate , and Carl Philipp , (* 4. November 1661 in Neuburg , † 31 December 1742 in Mannheim ) was initially 1705-1717 governor of the Habsburgs in the top and front Austrian lands and then from 1716 ruling to 1742 Pfalzgraf and Elector of the Palatinate and Duke of Jülich and Berg and Palatinate-Neuburg . He moved the residence to Mannheim. Through reciprocal inheritance and union contracts with the other regents of the Wittelsbach family , Karl Philipp succeeded in strengthening the entire house. With him, the Palatinate-Neuburg line died out in the male line, but the kings of Bavaria descended from him through one of his granddaughters.

Life

Early years

Karl Philipp was the seventh of 17 children of his parents Philipp Wilhelm von Pfalz-Neuburg and Elisabeth Amalia Magdalena von Hessen-Darmstadt . Karl Philipp thus belonged to a Palatinate line of the Wittelsbach family . The last Habsburg emperors Joseph I and Karl VI. were his nephews as the sons of his sister Eleonore Magdalene von Pfalz-Neuburg . He was also a brother-in-law of the kings of Spain and Portugal.

As a younger brother he was actually destined for the clergy. Without religious consecration, he became canon in Cologne at the age of 14, in Salzburg in 1677 , in Mainz in 1679, and in the same year as a Knight of Malta . However, he also received military training. In 1684 he ended his spiritual career and entered the imperial service.

He took part in the Turkish Wars from 1691 to 1694 and made it to the position of General Field Marshal . In 1694 he was accepted as a knight in the Order of the Golden Fleece .

In 1705 he was appointed governor of the Upper and Upper Austrian provinces in Innsbruck by his nephew Joseph I , after the office had been vacant since the death of Charles of Lorraine in 1690. Karl Philipp subsequently developed a rich organizational activity in Innsbruck to strengthen national defense during the War of the Spanish Succession . After the end of his activity, the business was then transferred to the state administration.

Elector Palatinate

After the death of his older brother Johann Wilhelm in 1716, he succeeded him as Elector Palatinate and Duke of Palatinate-Neuburg as well as of Jülich and Berg , but remained in Innsbruck until 1717. He then settled in Heidelberg in 1718 , having previously resided in Neuburg an der Donau for a year . He disdained Düsseldorf , the residence of his predecessor, because the estates there refused to approve the funds required of him. Since his inheritance was heavily in debt, Karl Philipp introduced austerity measures at the beginning of his reign. When he took over the rule, the new elector was confronted with numerous political conflicts, which he was able to resolve over time, albeit with sacrifices.

Mannheim Castle around 1725

The dispute between the Electoral Palatinate and Hanover over the honorary title of arch-treasurer blocked the Reichstag between 1717 and 1719. The final contractual agreement did not take place until 1741.

The elector, who was shaped by his Catholic faith, also came into conflict with the Reformed Council of Churches, which he wanted to turn into an authority under the Palatinate government in the spirit of absolutism . He also tried to forbid the Heidelberg Catechism and to move in the Heidelberg Church of the Holy Spirit as a Catholic church and Wittelsbach burial church by abolishing the existing Simultaneum by tearing down the dividing wall. After he had to give in to pressure from Protestant states and the emperor and return the nave to the Protestants, he quickly moved the residence of the Electoral Palatinate from Heidelberg to Mannheim in 1720. In the same year the foundation stone for the Mannheim Palace was laid and the construction of the Jesuit college attached to the palace began. The opera house, which was destroyed by Bibiena in 1797, was also built . In 1733 the foundation stone was laid for the Mannheim Jesuit Church , which is considered one of the most important Counter-Reformation church buildings in Germany and one of the largest baroque churches in southern Germany. The elector, who was otherwise intent on tolerance, did not continue the re-Catholicization policy of his predecessor.

At first, Karl Philipp, like his brother and predecessor, was in a declared opposition to the Bavarian cousins, since in the Peace of Rastatt and Baden the Palatinate were obliged to restitute to Bavaria the Upper Palatinate and the fourth electoral dignity with the office of archetypal food and initially refused to do that. With the Wittelsbach house union of 1724, the internal family dispute, in particular between the ruling lines in the Electoral Palatinate and Bavarian Bavaria , was settled. This also included the clerical Wittelsbach princes. As part of the Wittelsbach House Union, finally, to a comparison in the long controversial question of the vicariate, which stipulated that Bavaria and the Palatinate wanted to jointly exercise the Rhenish vicariate in the future .

From about 1725 onwards, Karl Philipp's government was dominated by the Jülich-Bergische inheritance question , in which Karl Philipp was able to enforce the Wittelsbach succession against Brandenburg-Prussia with the help of the emperor . When Emperor Charles VI. but in 1726 approached Prussia, Karl Philipp concluded an alliance with France , against which he had previously stood because of a dispute over various old Alsatian legal titles of the Palatinate. Just as with the agreement with Bavaria, Karl Philipp was also prepared to compromise with France. The treaty then proved itself in 1734 in the renewed War of the Polish Succession , in which Karl Philipp was benevolently neutral towards France, which therefore consciously spared its countries. In 1741 the Jülich-Bergische inheritance dispute was ended by a treaty with Prussia and Saxony. Allies in the battle for Silesia had become more important to the King of Prussia, Friedrich II , than the old claims on the Lower Rhine.

The county of Megen in the Netherlands, which had fallen to his brother Johann Wilhelm in 1697, was sold by Karl Philipp to the Schall von Bell family in 1728 while he retained the rule of Ravenstein .

When after the surprising death of his nephew Emperor Charles VI. In October 1740 the Electors Karl Albrecht of Bavaria and Karl Philipp announced the assumption of the imperial vicariate on October 30, 1740, which led to the protest of the evangelical imperial estates . The Wittelsbach house contract of 1724 was neither recognized by the emperor nor by the imperial estates. Only when Karl Albrecht and Karl Philipp came to an agreement on January 18, 1741 with the Saxon Elector Friedrich August II , who insisted on his securitized participation in the imperial vicariate as their vicar, the disputes could be ended. The unity of the two Wittelsbach electors is expressed through vicariate coins depicting their two half-length portraits.

Through reciprocal inheritance and union agreements with the other regents of the Wittelsbach rulers, Karl Philipp tried to maintain and strengthen the entire Wittelsbach region. The high point of this policy was the double wedding of his granddaughter Elisabeth Auguste with his designated successor Karl Theodor von Pfalz-Sulzbach and her sister Maria Anna with Duke Klemens of Bavaria on January 17, 1742 . The wedding was performed by the Archbishop of Cologne, Clemens August von Bayern. Also present were the Bavarian Elector and future Emperor Charles VII. Albrecht of Bavaria and Johann Theodor of Bavaria, Prince-Bishop of Regensburg and Freising . Shortly afterwards, Karl Philipp supported Karl Albrecht's election as emperor with his electoral vote. Karl Philipp, who as a close relative of the Habsburgs had been an important ally of Vienna at the beginning of his career, was firmly anchored in the anti-Austrian camp of the Bavarian Wittelsbachers at the end of his life. His youngest granddaughter Maria Franziska Dorothea was supposed to marry Friedrich Michael von Pfalz-Birkenfeld in 1746 , from this connection the kings of Bavaria emerged until 1918.

On the last day of the year 1742 Karl Philipp died and was inherited by Karl Theodor in all his countries as he wished. Like Karl Philipp, he also descended from Philipp Ludwig von Pfalz-Neuburg , and was therefore the next in the line of succession. Because of his far-sighted politics, Karl Philipp is considered the most important political head of the Wittelsbach family in the first half of the 18th century.

progeny

Charles III Philipp married Princess Luise Charlotte Radziwill on August 10, 1688 in Berlin (born February 27, 1667 in Königsberg , † March 25, 1695 in Brieg ), daughter of Prince Bogusław Radziwiłł and widow of Margrave Ludwig von Brandenburg . The marriage had four children:

In his second marriage, he married Princess Theresa Katharina Lubomirska , daughter of Prince Joseph Karl Lubomirski, in Cracow on December 15, 1701 . The marriage had two children:

  • Theophile Elisabeth Franziska (1703–1705)
  • Anna Elisabeth Theophile (1709–1712)

Most recently he was morganatically married to Countess Violante Maria Theresa von Thurn und Taxis from 1729 . Both are buried in the crypt of the castle church.

With him ended the line Pfalz-Neuburg of the Wittelsbacher.

ancestors

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Philipp Ludwig (Pfalz-Neuburg) (1547-1614)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wolfgang Wilhelm (Pfalz-Neuburg) (1578–1653)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Anna von Jülich-Kleve-Berg (1552–1632)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Philipp Wilhelm (Palatinate) (1615–1690)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wilhelm V (Bavaria) (1548–1626)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Magdalene of Bavaria (1587–1628)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Renata of Lorraine (1544–1602)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Charles III Philipp Elector Palatinate
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ludwig V (Hessen-Darmstadt) (1577–1626)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 George II (Hessen-Darmstadt) (1605–1661)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Magdalena of Brandenburg (1582–1616)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Elisabeth Amalia of Hessen-Darmstadt (1635–1709)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Johann Georg I (Saxony) (1585–1656)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sophie Eleonore of Saxony (1609–1671)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Magdalena Sibylle of Prussia (1586–1659)
 
 
 
 
 
 

Appreciations

After Charles III. Philipp is the name of the Karlshalle saltworks that he built in Bad Kreuznach in 1729 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ JF Wilhelmi: Panorama of Düsseldorf and surroundings . JHC Schreiner'sche Buchhandlung, Düsseldorf 1828, p. 34
  2. ^ The Vicariate Comparison. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on August 5, 2017 ; accessed on August 4, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.regionalgeschichte.net
  3. ^ Fritz Rudolf Künker: Bavaria and the House of Wittelsbach, an important special collection. Osnabrück 2006, p. 66.

literature

Web links

Commons : Charles III. Philipp von der Pfalz  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
predecessor Office successor
Johann Wilhelm Elector Palatinate
1716–1742 		Charles IV
Johann Wilhelm Duke of Jülich and Berg
1716–1742 		Charles IV
Johann Wilhelm Duke of Pfalz-Neuburg
1716–1742 		Charles IV
Johann Wilhelm Count of Megen
1716–1728 		Maximilian Damian
Johann Wilhelm Lord of Ravenstein
1716–1742 		Karl Theodor (IV.)
personal data
SURNAME Charles III Philip
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Palatinate, Karl III. Philipp von der (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Elector Palatinate, Duke of Jülich and Berg
DATE OF BIRTH November 4, 1661
PLACE OF BIRTH Neuburg on the Danube
DATE OF DEATH December 31, 1742
Place of death Mannheim