Cologne Cathedral Chapter
| The Cologne Cathedral Chapter |
|---|
General view of the west facade of Cologne Cathedral (2013)
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| Members |
| Provost |
| appointed: Guido Assmann |
| Cathedral dean |
| Robert Kleine (2012/2012) |
| Cathedral capitals: |
| Günter Assenmacher (2004) |
| Auxiliary Bishop Dominikus Schwaderlapp (2004) |
| Josef Sauerborn (2004) |
| Hans-Josef Radermacher (2006) |
| Vicar General Markus Hofmann (2012) |
| Auxiliary Bishop Ansgar Puff (2013) |
| Dominik Meiering (2015) |
| Vice-Official Msgr. Thomas Weitz (2015) |
| Auxiliary Bishop Rolf Steinhäuser (2015) |
| Markus Bosbach (2018) |
| Non-resident cathedral capitals: |
| City Dean Heinz-Peter Teller (2013) |
| District Dean Guido Assmann (2017) |
| Canons of Honor: |
| Prelate Paul Knopp (2018)
Bishop Peter Kohlgraf (2018), Bishop of Mainz Archbishop Heiner Koch (2015), Archbishop of Berlin Archbishop Stefan Heße (2015), Archbishop of Hamburg Bishop Friedhelm Hofmann (2004), Bishop em. from Würzburg Bishop Norbert Trelle (2005), Bishop em. from Hildesheim Karl Bruno Fritzen (2010), Vice Official |
The High Cathedral, Cathedral and Metropolitan Chapter of Cologne is a community of diocesan clergy that advises the Archbishop of Cologne on the management of the Archdiocese.
He is responsible for pastoral care at the High Cathedral in Cologne, especially the celebration of the liturgy in the cathedral . It also has the task of electing the Archbishop of Cologne in accordance with the Prussian Concordat of 1929. In addition to the provost and dean, the cathedral chapter consists of ten resident and four non-resident cathedral chapters.
history
The origins of the Cologne Cathedral Chapter are largely in the dark. It must have existed as a permanent body before 816, as it had an Institutio clericorum made that year . Accordingly, the clerics of the cathedral chapter lived according to the canon rule of the Chrodegang of Metz .
The monastic community had a common dormitory ( Dormitorium ), a refectory (dining) and a common library . Within the cathedral immunity , the living space of the canons, there was also a hospital, a cemetery and numerous chapels.
In the middle of the 9th century, over 100 people belonged to the operation of the "Domkloster", not counting the craftsmen. There were 23 employees for the cathedral alone; In the monastery there were also two cellar masters, a kitchen master, four cooks, a baker, two servants for the clothes closet, two dormitory attendants who made the beds for the young canons, four doormen and numerous others. Even in the 15th century there were still 15 lay people benefiting , although the budget was greatly reduced.
In 1244/46 there were still beginnings of a common life: In this year the table order was regulated, and the 72 canons were arranged according to rank. Among them there were 24 Praelati in ecclesia and 20 simple benefices . From them later the 24 canons and the 20 domicellaries developed . There were no promotions; one moved up with the death of an elder. One canonical each was reserved for the Pope and the Emperor .
Eight canons of priests were established in 1212/18; later their number was reduced to seven. They are the so-called cardinal priests, who since 1049/52 had the sole right to celebrate mass at the two high altars of the cathedral church with dalmatic , sandals and miter .
As early as the year 1000, the canons of Cologne Cathedral were reserved for the higher nobility of the empire. Only the canon of priests could be filled with "commoners".
The definitive constitution of the Cologne cathedral chapter was finalized by 1450 at the latest. It now consisted of 24 capitulars and 20 (later 24) candidates. 16 of the capitulars had to belong to the high nobility of the empire, which is why they were also called cathedral counts . The eight other canonicals were to be given to priests with academic degrees. The domicellars, i.e. candidates, also belonged to the high nobility. The domgraves had to have at least the ordination as subdeacon. Higher ordinations were not prescribed for them.
Since there was a dispute between "cathedral counts" and priests in 1346, in which the cathedral counts wanted to deny the priestly full canon existence, there has been no such dispute within the chapter, and the priests were recognized as full canons.
As in many canons' monasteries, the emancipation of canons from prelates began in the High Middle Ages . In two steps, namely 1284 and 1373, the property was divided between the provost and the cathedral chapter. If in the High Middle Ages the chapter was able to defend the free election of the provost against the pope, it lost two canons to the University of Cologne . If the chapter regulated its succession in general itself, the "university benefices", which belonged to the eight canonicals of priests, were awarded by the university, which received them in 1394 and 1437.
The disintegration of the Vita communis (common life) often led to an inadequate residence of the canons, who were often tried out at different churches (see e.g. Oswald von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen ). In 1323 15 canons (8 cathedral counts and 7 priests) were still present, but by 1381 their number fell to five cathedral counts and seven priests. The latter usually formed the more stable element of the chapter in the following centuries. The particularly representative choir stalls made for the cathedral from 1308 to 1311 are nevertheless the most extensively preserved in Germany with 104 seats.
As a result of papal reservations (a medieval legal term), the chapter lost its bishop's right to vote from 1298/1304, which it was only able to secure again through the Vienna Concordat (1448/49). Nevertheless, it was able to agree on an election surrender for the first time in the coadjutor contract of 1366 . This contained 15 points, of which nine contained privileges for the chapter and the clergy, six related to the politics of the archbishopric . With each election, a new election surrender was drawn up, but all had only one goal: to strengthen the supremacy of the cathedral chapter in the country and to bind the archbishop to himself. This was not just about self-interest, but also about securing the Kur-Erzstifts.
After the death of Archbishop Dietrich II von Moers (1463), the chapter with the estates enforced the Hereditary Land Association , which was supposed to prevent further pledging of Electorate of Cologne territories and an increasing debt of the archbishopric. At the same time it undertook to obtain the vote of the estates before the election .
When Dietrich's successor, Archbishop Ruprecht of the Palatinate , increasingly turned against his own estates (he occupied, among other things, the city of Zons , which had been pledged to the cathedral chapter ), the cathedral chapter allied itself with them and tried to obtain its removal. In doing so, it openly turned away from its archbishop and elected the future Archbishop Hermann IV of Hesse as administrator. This (also armed) conflict went down in history as the Kölner Stiftsfehde .
In the age of the Reformation , the cathedral chapter, together with the University of Cologne, formed the anchor of stability for Catholicism . It energetically opposed the Protestantization and reform attempts of the Archbishops Hermann V von Wied and Gebhard Truchseß von Waldburg . Especially John Gropper made himself a name here.
Shortly before the death of Archbishop Maximilian Heinrich von Bayern (1688), the cathedral chapter elected the cathedral dean and bishop of Strasbourg, Cardinal Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg , as coadjutor of the archbishop. However, since the archbishop died before the election was confirmed, it was now time to elect a bishop. Fürstenberg was a close ally of the King of France and was generally considered a "traitor to the empire". Although the Emperor and Pope Joseph Clemens of Bavaria preferred as a candidate and the Emperor announced the refusal of the Regalia when Fürstenberg was elected , large parts of the chapter succumbed to French bribes and pressure (many were also funded in Strasbourg, France). There was a split in the chapter and the cardinal's supporters locked themselves up with him in Bonn. When the city was taken militarily, Fürstenberg fled to Strasbourg with the priests Eschenbrender and Quentel. The other canons had already joined the imperial candidate. The unity of the chapter was restored.
In its final phase, the old cathedral chapter was considered extremely conservative and very tight-lipped towards the Enlightenment . So it was often the target of "enlightened" circles.
In contrast to many other chapters, the Cologne Cathedral Chapter was not repealed at the end of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. In 1795, before the French moved into Cologne, a large part of the chapter went to Arnsberg . However, some canons were left in Cologne, where they were supposed to uphold the rights of the chapters. This led to disputes in which a leverage was used. Although the “Cologne” capitulars had stayed in Cologne on behalf of the chapter, this was counted as a lack of residence and they were denied beneficiary payments. Because, according to the statement, one can only hold residence in Arnsberg. After some quarrels, the dispute was settled.
In Arnsberg the chapter elected a new cathedral dean and celebrated this election extensively with receptions and concerts. The circumstances of the time were ignored. When Archbishop Maximilian Franz of Austria died in exile in Vienna in 1802 , his nephew Anton Viktor of Austria was elected as the new Archbishop. However, due to the political situation, he could no longer take office and the choice of a capitular vicar remained , who resided in Deutz (opposite Cologne Cathedral) until his death and administered the remainder of the archdiocese on the right bank of the Rhine. A union of the dioceses of Cologne and Münster, in which the Cologne cathedral chapter would have merged into the Münster cathedral chapter, was emphatically rejected.
Since not only the cathedral had been lost, but also the chapter's income, each canon sought his own fortune, and the chapter fell apart. Vacant positions were no longer filled, and in 1815 eight cathedral counts and four priests were still living scattered around the world. As early as 1798 the Dompropstei was no longer occupied due to a lack of income. When the chapter was reestablished in 1820 and the remaining capitulars were offered a position in the “new” cathedral chapter, each of them refused.
After the bull De salute animarum re-established the chapter in 1821, there were separate statutes in 1830. What was new was the fact that the cathedral was a parish church . The chapter had to appoint a pastor for its pastoral care, just as it had to provide the penitentiary or penitentiary canon.
As in the old days, the chapter and not the archbishop was the master of the cathedral. Also now, in addition to working in the diocese administration, the choir service in the cathedral church was the main task. In fact, however, it came to an almost complete standstill in the second half of the 20th century.
In the course of the Cologne turmoil , the cathedral chapter took over the de facto government of the archbishopric. This began with the arrest of Archbishop Clemens August von Droste zu Vischering in 1837 and ended with the appointment of Johannes von Geissel as coadjutor in 1841. However, the chapter had behaved extremely awkwardly, because the takeover was carried out on the instructions of the Prussian government, which called on the chapter to elect a vicar of the capitular after the archbishop's arrest. Although the ore chair was occupied, the chapter behaved as if there was a sedis vacancy. Without really wanting it, the canons now stood like allies of the Prussian state.
The chapter also found itself in an unfortunate position after the death of Cardinal Joseph Höffner (1987). As usual, the chapter sent the list of candidates to Rome, where customary law and the new norms of the CIC from 1983 now faced each other. Since the Pope only needed to appreciate this list according to the new law and the chapter assumed that he was bound to the names they had named, things now got complicated, because there was now one on the list of three, called Terna , that was sent back Name that was not on the chapter's list.
The chapter then refused to vote, and there was a wave of protests from German politicians and theologians. However, when Pope John Paul II insisted on his request and promised an occupation of the Cologne Erzstuhl without a vote of the chapter, the chapter gave way. For the election, however, the usual voting mode had to be changed so that an election with a relative majority could also be possible. Finally, the papal candidate, Cardinal Joachim Meisner , was elected with six votes in favor and ten abstentions.
For the World Youth Day in Cologne Cathedral Provost Norbert Feldhoff welcomed Pope Benedict XVI. in Cologne Cathedral, where he took a seat in the choir stalls reserved for the Pope.
Provost
The first prelate of the cathedral chapter was and is the cathedral provost . Originally entrusted with the administration of the property and the granting of the scholarship , in 1284 and 1373 the chapter property was divided . In future he had to stay out of asset management, for which the provost's office now had its own assets. At the same time as archdeacon responsible for the city of Cologne, the chapter could not persuade him into this task.
In general, the provost was not considered a canon, which is why he was not entitled to attend the chapter meetings and was only allowed to appear by invitation. However, this did not really work in Cologne, as the chapter held the election of the cathedral provost in its hands and always elected a canon as cathedral provost. He was able to keep most of the private churches and fiefdoms.
Since the secularization severely impaired the income of the cathedral chapter, it no longer occupied the office since 1798 and rented the premises of the cathedral provost .
After the secularization, the provost again became the head of the chapter and the administrator of his property. Originally appointed by the King of Prussia, he has been elected by the cathedral chapter since 1918.
From 1847 to 1863 the post of Provost was not filled because the Archbishop resisted the royal candidate Nikolaus Munich .
Although Munich ultimately received the provost office, he had to pay a high price for it. His successor, Franz Carl Berlage, was completely isolated in the chapter because he was considered a staunch partisan and informant of the government in Berlin.
The last cathedral provost to be appointed by the government, Arnold Middendorf , did not belong to the Cologne clergy at all. He was a military pastor and applied for the position.
Cardinal Johannes von Geissel obtained the pontificals from the provost in 1851 .
Cathedral dean
The cathedral dean was and is the second prelate of Cologne Cathedral. Originally responsible for the breeding of canons, he was the actual superior of the monastery as early as the 10th century. The servants also had to answer before his court. After the provost of the cathedral left, he came to the head of the chapter.
His job was to lead the chapter meetings and he was the only one of the noble canons to be ordained a priest. At the same time, the cathedral dean was archdeacon for Neuss and the Cologne parish church of St. Maria Ablass . It was also he who awarded the 25 cathedral vicarages.
After the secularization, the archbishop was awarded the appointment of cathedral dean . He is responsible for the liturgy at Cologne Cathedral . Cardinal Johannes von Geissel obtained the cathedral dean's pontificals in 1851 .
Since 1821, the office of cathedral dean has often been given to an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Cologne .
More prelatures
After the provost's resignation, the order of 1244/46 recognized eight officia , which were reserved for the noble canons. These were the dean, the sub-dean, the choir bishop, the scholaster, the cellerarius , the cantor, as well as the portenarius maior and minor.
After 1450 the Cellerarius, the Cantor and both Portenarii were dropped and the Thesaurar and the Capellarius took their place .
The scholaster was originally the head of the collegiate school. The Propstei Hoegaarden -Hoxem in Brabant was incorporated into his office . From 1176/79 he took the first position after the dean. The resolutions of the chapter were announced by him, which is why he was also referred to as "the mouth" of the cathedral chapter.
The choir bishop is an office that only existed as a dignity in the Cologne church. He was originally the choir supervisor and singing master. It is not to be confused with the choir bishop , a country bishop without a permanent seat in the early church.
The thesaurary was responsible for the church treasury and the sacristy; their maintenance and the corresponding staff, from sacristan to bell-ringer , were under his control.
The later “prelatures” of the Diaconus major and the Diaconus minor were not awarded, but fell automatically to the oldest and youngest noble deacon.
Canons
Originally equipped with 72 canons , the number of canons fell to 24 in the High Middle Ages, with one canon each for Pope and Emperor. 16 of the canons had to belong to the high nobility of the empire, i.e. at least they had to be imperial counts from an imperial family . They often belonged to the same families and came from the 16th century, when the neighboring imperial princes had become predominantly Protestant, mostly from imperial and princely houses in Franconia and Swabia. The vernacular referred to them as cathedral counts . Since they were often affirmed at several cathedral churches, they were often not present, so that they were often inferior to the priestly lords in the chapter meetings.
Eight of the canons belonged to the lower nobility or the bourgeoisie . To be included in the chapter, they needed ordination and a degree. Mostly coming from Cologne or the Cologne area, they too often came from the same families, mostly the most respected bourgeois families of the free imperial city of Cologne, which was surrounded by the Archbishopric of Cologne and in which the cathedral church of the archbishopric was located. The chapter supplemented itself and awarded the canonicals that had become free by choice. The only exception were the two university canons of the priestly lords, which were occupied by the University of Cologne.
The incomes of the individual canons varied. If they originally consisted of natural produce and money, later only money was paid. Absence from the cathedral was remunerated by a "salary deduction". Within the chapter, various services and fiefs were assigned, which could ultimately exceed the actual canonical income. So it was possible that the priest and auxiliary bishop Clemens August von Merle received much higher salaries than most of the cathedral counts. As senior of the chapter, Johann Arnold von Schönheim held the court at Rheydt , was holder of the Obedience Gladbach and participated in the Obedience Königshoven , owned the Ferculum on the Münz, was Bushlord and deputy ad fabricam , official of Worringen and Comissarius of the Chapel BMV
In his person, a capitular united a number of offices in addition to his canonical. These were not just pure titles, but also related to actual work. The absence of numerous canons increased not only the influence of those present but also their workload. In addition there were the services, which took up several hours of the day.
After secularization, the cathedral chapter was limited to twelve members. It was later increased to 16 members. A distinction is made between resident canons and non-resident canons. Although the latter wear the clothes of the canons and also take part in the election of bishops, they are not involved in the affairs of the chapter.
They are mostly deans and professors. Only cathedral provost Bernard Henrichs and Rolf Steinhäuser managed to switch from non-resident to resident canons.
There have also been canons of honor since the middle of the 20th century. In fact, these are only named after the canons of Cologne, even if they wear their costume and receive the chapter star. They have neither a say in the administration of property nor the right to vote for the bishop. They are nominated by the cathedral chapter and appointed by the archbishop. These are usually deserved personalities. They include the retired Archbishop of New Orleans , Philip Hannan , the Bishop of Würzburg , Friedhelm Hofmann and the Archbishop of Hamburg , Stefan Heße . Hannan was pastor at Cologne Cathedral during the American occupation, Hofmann was a long-time cathedral capitular and pastor before his appointment as bishop, Heße was also cathedral capitular and vicar general in Cologne prior to his appointment as bishop.
The canons of the new chapter are appointed by the Archbishop of Cologne. Originally, this required cooperation between the Archbishop and the King of Prussia. The archbishop was able to rule out unpleasant appointments by the king by refusing the appointment. However, this was at the expense of the chapter and sometimes resulted in vacancies for years.
Since the end of the sovereign church regiment in 1918, the archbishop appoints alone. Here, however, he is not free; rather, he appoints alternately, once himself (after hearing the chapter) and once at the suggestion of the chapter.
Domicellar
There were 24 Domizellarspräbenden at Cologne Cathedral. They did not belong to the capitulars themselves, but were candidates for the 16 noble cathedral canons. That is why the domicellaries, like the cathedral counts, had to belong to the high nobility. In contrast to the cathedral canons, the domicellars were not elected by the chapter. Rather, they were freely given in rotation by the individual noble canons.
The advancement of a domicellar into the chapter did not happen automatically. Rather, chose the chapter, so that there are certainly examples of domicellaries who never rose to the chapter and thus to canons. At the same time, the rotation of canons ensured the various noble families represented in the chapter a certain dynastic influence and the hope of preserving canonicals.
Canons of Honor
The appointment of canons of honor has become common practice since the 20th century. These are merited priests who receive the title as a special recognition. Their number is limited to twelve. Canons of honor are also the bishops who were ordained priests in Cologne Cathedral, such as Heiner Koch (Berlin), Stefan Heße (Hamburg) or Peter Kohlgraf (Mainz). The appointment is made by the Archbishop of Cologne, who must have previously belonged to the Metropolitan Chapter ..
dress
Anyone who watched the canons praying in the choir could easily distinguish the noble gentleman from the priestly gentleman. While the cathedral counts wore a red cassock and a red Mozetta, the priests wore a black cassock. Both had in common the chapter star, which reminds of the star of the three holy kings , whose bones rest as relics in the Epiphany shrine in Cologne Cathedral.
After secularization, the cathedral chapter received the black cassock and a white lace- trimmed Mozetta as well as the chapter star for all its capitulars as choir clothing , but now no longer on a cloth ribbon with coulant , but on a gold chain. In 1851, the Archbishop of Cologne, Johannes von Geissel , obtained the right to a violet cassock and a violet Mozetta for his chapter. In contrast to the bishops, there is a small hood on the canons' Mozetta.
Outside the cathedral, the canons wear a black cassock with a purple hem and purple buttons. A purple cingulum and the chapter star are worn on it.
Episcopal suffrage
In Cologne, until the election of 1239 or 1261, the right to vote lay with the Priorenkolleg . This consisted of the highest provosts and abbots of the archdiocese; to them also belonged the provost and the cathedral dean. After the chapter was finally able to oust the prior college from the administration of the archbishopric and the election of bishops in 1274, it had to defend its right to vote against the pope's increasingly asserted right of appointment.
Even the unanimous election of Archbishop Wigbold von Holte in 1298 was cashed in by the Pope. He received his appointment only after he had renounced all rights to which he was entitled by the election. When the votes in the election of 1304 fell on three different candidates and no agreement could be reached, the appointment fell to the Apostolic See anyway.
In the next four archbishop appointments, however, the chapter no longer came into play. Walram von Jülich , Wilhelm von Gennep , Adolf II von der Mark and Engelbert III. from the mark were free papal appointments.
Only then could the chapter gradually regain its voting rights. When the Pope had reserved the occupation of the Cologne bishop's chair in 1370, one could meet with Friedrich III. von Saar will at least agree on one postulation , which was presented to the Pope as an appointment proposal and which he also implemented. When Dietrich II von Moers was elected archbishop in 1414 , the Pope bowed to the emperor's wish and appointed him.
It was not until the Vienna Concordat (1448/49) that the chapter regained its unrestricted right to vote.
Since the archbishop was also elector and ruled the important state of Kurköln , the election of bishops was a highly political act. Austria, France, the Spanish (later Austrian) Netherlands, Bavaria and Brandenburg-Prussia always tried to exert influence and push through a suitable candidate. To achieve this goal, they invested large sums of money as bribes for individual capitulars. Dominions and entire dioceses were also ruled out here.
After the secularization, the cathedral chapter was again granted the right to bishopric. Now it had to send a list of names to the King of Prussia, who with regi minus struck off the politically unpleasant people from the list. The remaining, regi plus , were now sent to the Apostolic See, which sent an electoral list of three people back to the chapter. Problems soon arose, however, as the king made such extensive use of his rights that hardly a name remained on the list. The chapter had to rely on the Pope's help here.
No sooner had the problem settled with the November Revolution of 1918 than the Apostolic See tried to eliminate the right to vote. Now the chapter was dependent on the help of the state, especially in 1919 after the death of Cardinal Felix von Hartmann . The chapter's vehement insistence on its right to vote and the support it received from the state made it possible to elect Karl Joseph Schulte , who was already favored by Rome, but also by Prussia and the cathedral chapter , thus securing the German cathedral chapters their voting rights in the Weimar Republic .
To date, the cathedral chapter has sent a list of ten names to the Apostolic See. However, this is not bound to the compilation of the list of three for election, but is only intended to honor it. For the first time in the 1987/89 election, a name appeared on the Terna that was not on the chapter list, and the Pope made it clear who he wished to have elected. The cathedral chapter initially refused to vote, but when Pope John Paul II threatened to fill the bishopric without a vote, the chapter gave way. Joachim Meisner was elected with six votes in favor but ten abstentions.
Before the election of the chosen one, the Apostolic See inquires of the state governments of North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate regarding political concerns.
Diocese administration
Many of the canons already belonged to the advisory committee of the archbishop and the emperor in the early Middle Ages. In this way the chapter could always exercise a certain influence on the diocese, which it systematically secured. As early as 1219 the cathedral chapter had the archbishop committed to a capellarius from the cathedral chapter. This obligation was followed by the archbishop's assurance in 1463 that the vicar general would only be removed from the cathedral chapter in future. In later years it was also possible to bind the offices of official and auxiliary bishop to the chapter. If the archbishop had no ordinations, he had to appoint a co-administrator in spiritualibus . This was the case under Archbishops Joseph Clemens of Bavaria and Clemens August I of Bavaria . Both took these from the cathedral chapter.
The members of the new cathedral chapter are primarily active in diocese administration. In addition to the auxiliary bishops, the vicar general and the official, they provide the main department heads of the vicariate general and mostly also the rain of the Cologne seminary .
State administration
The Cologne Cathedral Chapter also took part in the rural activities that emerged in the 14th century. Since the middle of the 15th century, the archbishop could no longer exercise territorial rights without the consent of the cathedral chapter, which was now considered co-ruler. The influence on direct rule was even increased by the fact that from 1414 those still to be elected were allowed to sign an election surrender. Through this he was bound to the cathedral chapter. Only then was the actual choice made. One can speak of a sequence: pre-election-election surrender-election. In the meantime, the diocese and the land were administered by the vicar of the capitular chosen by the cathedral chapter.
The canons were often to be found in leading positions within the state administration. They provided various prime ministers , council and court presidents.
See also
Web links
- Statutes of the Metropolitan Chapter Cologne of January 1st, 2010
- Members of the Metropolitan Chapter Cologne
- "Cologne Cathedral Monastery" (GSN: 3503). In: Germania Sacra: Monastery database [1] .
literature
- Eduard Hegel (Hrsg.): History of the Archdiocese of Cologne. Revised by Friedrich Wilhelm Oediger. Volume 1: The Diocese of Cologne from the beginning to the end of the 12th century. 2nd Edition. Bachem, Cologne 1972, ISBN 3-7616-0158-1 .
- Eduard Hegel (Hrsg.): History of the Archdiocese of Cologne. Volume 2, Part 1: The Archdiocese of Cologne in the late Middle Ages. 1191-1515. Bachem, Cologne 1995, ISBN 3-7616-1149-8 .
- Eduard Hegel (Hrsg.): History of the Archdiocese of Cologne. Volume 4: The Archdiocese of Cologne between the Baroque and Enlightenment, from the Palatinate War to the end of the French era. 1688-1814. Bachem, Cologne 1979, ISBN 3-7616-0389-4 .
- Eduard Hegel (Hrsg.): History of the Archdiocese of Cologne. Volume 5: The Archdiocese of Cologne between the Restoration of the 19th Century and the Restoration of the 20th Century. 1815-1962. Bachem, Cologne 1987, ISBN 3-7616-0873-X .
- Johann Christian Nattermann: The end of the old Cologne cathedral monastery . Cologne History Association, Cologne 1953 ( publications of the Cologne History Association 17, ISSN 1430-0133 ).
- Norbert Trippen : Cathedral chapter and archbishop elections in Cologne. 1821-1929. Böhlau, Cologne et al. 1972, ISBN 3-412-91972-1 ( Bonn contributions to church history 1), (At the same time: Bonn, Univ., Diss., 1971).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Domradio.de of May 29, 2020: New Cologne Provost Assmann on his future role. Church must remain "systemically important" , accessed on May 29, 2020.
- ↑ a b Robert Kleine and Dr. Markus Hofmann appointed members of the Cologne Cathedral Chapter . Website of the Cologne Cathedral. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
- ↑ a b Cardinal Woelki appoints three new cathedral capitals. Domradio, April 14, 2015, accessed on April 14, 2015 .
- ↑ Guido Assmann becomes a non-resident cathedral chapter. (No longer available online.) Archdiocese of Cologne, March 22, 2017, archived from the original on March 23, 2017 ; accessed on March 23, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b Statutes of the Metropolitan Chapter of January 1st, 2010. Website of the Cologne Cathedral. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
- ^ Robert Boecker: First day of a new time. In: Church newspaper for the Archdiocese of Cologne. No. 10, 2015, pp. 9–11.
- ↑ Heße becomes Dome of Honor. March 14, 2015, accessed April 9, 2015 .
- ^ Prelate Paul Knopp becomes Dome of Honor in Cologne. December 12, 2018, accessed April 3, 2020 .
