List of Popes

The list of popes includes all the bishops of Rome . These have been bearing the honorary title of papa since the 5th century, following the example of their brothers in office from Alexandria .
introduction
The question of the Monepiscopate
It is not documented whether - according to the question of the formation of the monepiscopate - the congregation in Rome in the first 200 years was led by a single bishop or by a council of presbyters (Greek πρεσβύτεροι, council of elders), but this is traditionally the Catholic side taught. It is stated that Clemens I (probably around 88 to 97) showed that a single bishop could hold special leadership functions. In addition, to secure the apostolic succession , it is sufficient to simply record one's name (Irenaeus). The specific, historically uncertain source situation must therefore be taken into account with regard to potential bishops for at least the first 200 years.
An early testimony comes from Eusebius of Caesarea (around 260 - around 340). He describes Hippolytus as bishop, but without specifying the place. At the same time he calls him a contemporary of Zephyrin († 217), which is why he is listed here as an antipope. Apollinaris of Laodicea (around 315 - around 390), however, also confirms the title of bishop, but Hippolytus also expressly calls it “Bishop of Rome”, which indicates several Christian communities in the city.
The origin of the title "Pope"
The Roman title Papa , which was officially used later in the Middle Ages, is borrowed from the Greek Πάππα (childlike address of the father). In the Greek culture, this familiar, familiar form of address for older dignitaries (presbyters) was also used in the established Christian communities of the first centuries. (To this day, παπάς is the name for the simple pastor of a Greek community, while παππού corresponds to the German form of address Grandpa .) Patriarch Heraclas (r. 232–248) is the first bishop to have this honorary title (Πάππας). His successors, the Popes of the Egyptian Church (currently Tawadros II since November 2012 ) still bear this title today. It was not until 70 years after Heraclas that a Roman official was given this title for the first time. Marcellinus , who died in 304, is the first Roman bishop for whom the designation Papa is attested by a contemporary inscription ; Siricius , Pope from 384 to 399, the first to use it as a personal name. Since Leo the Great from 440 to 461 it has established itself as a common name for the Bishop of Rome. Only since Gregory VII from 1073 to 1085 did the Roman Church claim the title as the exclusive privilege of the Roman bishop. The German term Papst , derived from this, appears in different spellings from the late Middle Ages. Nonetheless, the early bishops of Rome are traditionally referred to as popes in German historical literature today.
Christianity as an institution of public law
In the Milan Agreement , in 313, Emperor Constantine and Licinius , co-emperor in the Greek East, granted equality between Christianity and the western religions in the empire. In 324 Constantine assumed sole rule and one year later moved his main imperial residence to Greek Byzantium. With some financial outlay, he organized a first Ecumenical Synod in nearby Nicaea . His invitation was sent to the Επίσκοποι (bishops) of all Christian communities and covered all travel expenses for about 2000 guests. At the synod he obtained a resignation of the internal Christian directional struggles and a common creed . In Nicaea, Constantine proclaimed his claim to preside over the Church as “Bishop of Bishops” and not just as Augustus . Since at that time all bishops had equal rights as representatives of their communities, Constantine thus excluded an independent church hierarchy within the jurisdiction of the Roman Empire.
Legitimacy of the Bishop of Rome
The question of the legality of individual Roman bishops (see antipopes), which has been much discussed since the Middle Ages, only became significant long after the “nationalization” of the Roman episcopate. Today's Roman Catholic Church instead leads New Year's Eve I as the legitimate Pope under Constantine, whose episcopate is said to have lasted unusually long at 22 years old, the longest in history until the 19th century. Little is known about his work. Famous are the historical forgeries of the 6th and 10th centuries, which in retrospect propagated the papal claim “Bishop of all bishops”. In all of these cases the forgeries were initiated by Ostrogothic and East Franconian kings.
Until the Council of Constance from 1414 to 1418 there were repeated disputes about who was the rightful Pope and who was not (so-called antipopes ). The respective situation has not always been clarified to this day and can often no longer be clarified. Angelo Roncalli , for example, did not call himself John XXIV (compare Pope's name ) because he answered the question of the legitimacy of the antipope John XXIII - which had been open since the Council of Constance . - with secular name Baldassare Cossa, died 1419 - did not want to decide in favor of the antipope afterwards by counting his name. That too should be taken into account when looking at this list.
Remarks
- In the following, counter-popes are highlighted in light gray and written in italics.
- Canonized or beatified Popes are marked with (St.) or (Bl.) .
- The so-called Popess Johanna (Johannes Anglicus) is not included, as her existence is not historically proven and she is considered a legendary figure.
- There were no popes named Martin II or Martin III. , because Marinus I and Marinus II were erroneously listed under these names in the late Middle Ages . Likewise, there is no John XX. that was mistakenly skipped.
- There is no legitimate Pope by the name of John XVI. , but probably an antipope. Similarly, no legitimate exist Benedict X. Even Alexander V. , Anacletus II. , Felix V. , Constantine II. , Pascal III. , New Year III. and New Year's Eve IV so far only appear as antipopes.
- There were two popes with the name Stephan II: see Stephan (II.) And Stephan II. The first of the two only had a four-day term of office and is now regarded as illegitimate and not counted due to the lack of episcopal ordination. There are also two counter-popes named Viktor IV.
- Extraordinarily long Sedis vacancies are marked with (Sedis vacancies) and have a purple background.
- Problematic are the pontificate of the two Popes Alexander V and John XXIII, elected at Pisa by a fraction of the Roman College of Cardinals . who have only been regarded as anti-popes by the Catholic Church since the 20th century.
- The only antipope venerated as a saint is Hippolytus of Rome , presumed author of the Traditio Apostolica .
statistics
- To date there have been a total of 307 church-historically relevant popes, regardless of legitimacy.
- Of these, 31 were anti-popes in Rome, two in Pisa and five in Avignon .
- With four popes, legitimacy is unclear.
- Of the remaining 266 popes, 259 officiated in Rome and 7 in Avignon, but from there they remained bishops of Rome.
- Three popes ( Stephen II , Celestine IV and Hadrian V ) died before the ceremonial inauguration into their papal office. Celestine IV was after all cardinal bishop (of Sabina), Stephan was only a priest (without episcopal ordination), Hadrian was even only a deacon (he had received neither priestly nor episcopal ordination).
- Two popes ( Celestine V and Benedict XVI ) resigned from their office of their own free will because they no longer felt up to their tasks. Other popes (including Pontianus , Silverius and Gregory XII ) resigned their office under external pressure.
- 82 popes and an antipope are venerated as saints. Nine popes were beatified, and a beatification process was opened for three popes.
- The most frequently chosen name is with 25 times Johannes to Pope Johannes XXIII., Whereby Johannes VIII. And XXIII. were awarded for the rightful and an antipope, XVI. only for an antipope, XX. was not awarded and the name after Pope John XXIII. also occurs twice in the double name Johannes Paul.
- Two popes received the title of Doctor of the Church : Gregory I and Leo the Great .
- There are 1,980 years between the year 33, the beginning of the pontificate of Peter, and the year 2013, the end of the pontificate of Benedict XVI. The Pontifical Yearbook recognized 265 popes during this period. All seven longer Sedis vacancies lasted about 16.5 years together. This results in an average pontificate duration of 7 years and 5 months: (1,980 - 16.5) / 265 = 7.41 .
- The pope with the longest tenure was Pius IX. (1846–1878) at 31 years and 8 months. This is followed by John Paul II (1978–2005) at the age of 26 years and 5 months and Leo XIII. (1878–1903) at the age of 25 years and 5 months.
- The Pope with the shortest term of office was Stephan (II.) With 4 days. This is followed by Urban VII with 12 days and Bonifatius VI. with 15 days.
Bishops of Rome and Popes
(hl.) = canonized • (blessed) = canonized • Graphic representation of the terms of office
image | Pope | worldly name | origin | Term of office | Term of office | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peter (St.) | Simon Petrus (Aramaic Keifa, כיפא) | Roman Empire , Galilee | 33 (?) - 67 (?) | Disciple of Jesus and apostle , according to ancient church tradition, was the first bishop of Rome . | ||
Linus (St.) | Roman Empire, Tuscia | 67 (?) - 79 (?) | Its historicity is not certain. | |||
Anaklet (hl.) | Roman Empire, Rome | 79 (?) - 88 (?) | Its historicity is not certain, allegedly he introduced the ordination provisions for episcopal and priestly ordinations . | |||
Clemens I (St.) | Roman Empire, Rome | 88 (?) - 97 (?) | He is historically tangible, as is his stay in Rome, where he was born. Whether he was bishop of Rome is uncertain. He is the author of at least one letter . | |||
Evaristus (hl.) | Roman Empire; probably of Greek and Jewish origin | 97 (?) - 105 (?) | Data not backed up | |||
Alexander I. (hl.) | Roman Empire, Rome | 105 (?) - 115 (?) | Data not backed up | |||
Xistus I. , (hl.) (Lat.) Sixtus I. | Roman Empire, probably of Greek origin | 115 (?) - 125 (?) | Biographical data not handed down. Its Latin name in use today points to a later name as the 6th Pope after Peter. | |||
Telesphorus (St.) | Roman Empire; Greek origin | 125 (?) - 136 (?) | Data insecure. He is said to have introduced important traditions such as Passion Time , Christmas Mass at midnight and the celebration of Easter on a Sunday. | |||
Hyginus (hl.) | Roman Empire, possibly from Athens ; Greek origin | 138–140 (?) | Biographical data not saved | |||
Pius I (St.) | Roman Empire, Aquileia | 140 (?) - 155 (?) | The biographical data about him are not secured. There is evidence that he was the first Episkopos (bishop) to be uniformly elected by the presbyters of the Roman community (s). He fought the Gnostics . | |||
Anicetus (hl.) | Roman Empire, Syria , Homs | 155 (?) - 166 (?) | The surviving biographical data about him are z. T. implausible. He condemned Montanism as heresy and fought against Gnosticism and Marcionism . The rule that priests are not allowed to wear long hair is attributed to him. | |||
Soterus (hl.) | Roman Empire, Fondi | 166 (?) - 175 (?) | Biographical data not secured. T. implausible. He determined that marriages without a priestly blessing were not valid. | |||
Eleutherus (St.) | Roman Empire, Nicopolis ; Greek origin | 175 (?) - 189 (?) | Biographical data not secured. T. implausible | |||
Viktor I. (hl.) | Roman Empire, probably from Africa | 189 (?) - 199 (?) | He tried in vain to push back its Greek origins within the Roman episcopate. Viktor excommunicated entire communities in Asia Minor, which celebrated Easter as usual on Nisan 14 ( Passover ) of the Jewish calendar, while in distant Rome it was celebrated on the Sunday after. In order to avoid the danger of a schism , however, he withdrew this again. He also fought against monarchianism and excluded its leading members from the church. | |||
Zephyrinus (St.) | Roman Empire, Rome | 199 (?) - 217 (?) | The first dogmatic declaration that has been handed down literally comes from him: “I know one God, Jesus Christ, and besides him no other who was born and suffered.” Otherwise little is known about him. | |||
Natalis | 200 | Evidenced by Eusebius of Caesarea . | ||||
Calixt I (hl.) | Roman Empire, Rome | 217 (?) - 222 (?) | The contemporary Hippolytus, who detested him because of the indulgence introduced during his episcopate , reports that Calixt was a slave and was arrested several times for criminal financial transactions and even used as a miner. He pursued modalist monarchianism and excommunicated its leader Sabellius . | |||
Hippolytus (St.) | Roman Empire, presumably from the eastern part of the Roman Empire | 217 (?) - 235 (?) | He wrote numerous sacred works such as the Traditio Apostolica , Refutatio omnium haeresium , a pamphlet against heretics, a world chronicle and aids for calculating the Easter date . Whether he was an antipope has not been clearly proven, nor has the schism that it should have triggered. If so, he would be the first and only holy antipope . | |||
Urban I. (hl.) | Roman Empire, Rome | 222 (?) - 230 (?) | Some unproven deeds like the decree to make vasa sacra only out of silver and the fake decree in pseudoisidor are the only notable things about him. | |||
Pontianus (St.) | Roman Empire, Rome | 230 (?) - 235 | After Maximinus Thrax sent him to Sardinia as a miner, he became the first Roman bishop to resign from his office. Due to his death in the mines, he is considered the first Pope whose martyrdom can be historically proven. | |||
Anterus (hl.) | Roman Empire, Rome; Greek origin | 235-236 | 1 month 13 days | He is the first historically clearly established bishop of Rome. However, there is no information about his short term of office. | ||
Fabianus (St.) | Roman Empire, Rome | 236-250 |
10 days |
14 years Very likely, but not clearly proven, is his reorganization of the church and its expansion into today's France. He kept in close contact with his contemporary Origen and divided Rome into seven diaconal districts. | ||
Cornelius (St.) | Roman Empire, Civitavecchia | 251-253 | He advocated the resumption of apostate believers, which triggered the first schism in church history. He worked closely with his contemporary Cyprian of Carthage , but was exiled to Centumcellae by Emperor Trebonianus Gallus in 253 , where he died. | |||
Novatian | Roman Empire; Origin uncertain | 251-258 | He is the first historically tangible antipope . In contrast to his opponent Cornelius, he took the view that apostate Christians and serious sinners should never return to the church. The reasoned through him sect of Novatians was still partly to the 5th century. | |||
Lucius I. (hl.) | Roman Empire, Rome | 253-254 |
8 days |
8 months He continued the mild practice of Cornelius and, like him , was banished by Trebonianus Gallus , but was able to return after his death. | ||
Stephan I. (hl.) | Roman Empire, Rome; Greek origin | 254-257 | He too was in conflict with Novatian during his comparatively peaceful pontificate, but also fell out in the heresy dispute with theologians from North Africa. He also campaigned for the indissolubility of marriage and invented the engagement ring . | |||
Sixtus II. (St.) | Roman Empire; Greek origin | 257-258 |
7 days |
11 months He settled the heretic controversy and was killed on the orders of Emperor Valerian . He was the first Roman bishop to bear a name that one of his predecessors had already borne. | ||
Dionysius (St.) | Roman Empire, Magna Graecia | 260-268 | He rearranged the church and made a peace with Emperor Gallienus . He condemned Subordinatianism and Sabellianism . He also corresponded with Dionysius of Alexandria . | |||
Felix I. (hl.) | Roman Empire, Rome | 269-274 |
11 months 25 days |
5 years He is said to have passed the law for the consecration of churches and allowed masses to be held at the graves of the deceased. | ||
Eutychianus (St.) | Roman Empire, Dalmatia , Salona | 275-283 |
11 months 3 days |
8 years Possible data about him are unsecured, not even the length of his term of office is unquestioned. | ||
Cajus (hl.) | Roman Empire, Dalmatia | 283-296 |
4 months 5 days |
12 years Despite persecution, Christianity experienced a quiet period under his episcopate in which numerous new churches could be built. He decreed that a future bishop must have previously been a lecturer , exorcist , acolyte , subdeacon , deacon and priest . | ||
Marcellinus (St.) | Roman Empire, Rome | 296-304 | During his tenure, the persecution of Christians began under Diocletian . He was the first bishop of Rome to use the title papa , but not as a self-designation. | |||
Sedis vacancy , 4 years) | (304–308 (?) | During these four years, the Diocletian persecution of Christians reached its peak. | ||||
Marcellus I (hl.) | Roman Empire; Origin disputed | 308 (?) - 309 (?) | He reorganized the Church after the persecution, advocating the punishment of apostate Christians during the persecution . Due to the resulting violence within the community, he was banished from Rome by Emperor Maxentius , who did not approve of the unrest. | |||
Eusebius (hl.) | Roman Empire; Greek origin | 309 (?) | During his episcopate, the bloody arguments continued. In contrast to his predecessor, he pleaded for the return of Christians who had fallen away out of fear for their lives, but was also banished. Some sources date his term of office and his death to the year 310, which would eliminate the following vacancy. | |||
Heraclius | Roman Empire; Greek origin | 309 or 310 | Antipope; was probably also exiled to Sicily by Maxentius . Otherwise almost nothing is known about him. | |||
Sedis vacancy , 1 year) | (309 (?) - 310 (?) | |||||
Miltiades (St.) | Roman Empire, Rome; alleged origin from Africa unconfirmed | 310-314 | The battle of the Milvian Bridge , the end of the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire under Constantine I in the form of the Edict of Tolerance of Galerius and the Milan Agreement and the acquisition of the Lateran fall during his term of office . He fought montanism and donatism . | |||
New Year's Eve I. (hl.) | Roman Empire; Origin disputed | 314-335 |
10 months 29 days |
21 years The implementation of the Constantinian Turnaround , Emperor Constantine's claim of Christianity through his self-designation "Bishop of Bishops" as well as the First Council of Nicaea, convened under his leadership in 325 as the first ecumenical council , at which he enforced a uniform creed and did not appear on New Year's Eve, are to be named as important events of its episcopate. The Constantinian donation allegedly received by him turned out to be a historical forgery of the Franks right after Charles' coronation as emperor in 800. | ||
Marcus (St.) | Roman Empire, Rome | 336 |
19 days |
8 months He had to face a violent dispute with Arianism ( Arian controversy ) resulting from the Council of Nicaea , in which the emperor also intervened. | ||
Julius I (hl.) | Roman Empire, Rome | 337-352 |
2 months 6 days |
15 years He took up position for the bishop of Alexandria Athanasius, banished by the Arians, and granted him exile in Rome. | ||
Liberius | Roman Empire, Rome | 352-366 |
4 months 7 days |
14 years Originally took the position of his predecessor, but was forced to make concessions by Emperor Constantius II after he had banned him in the meantime. He is the first legitimate Pope not canonized. | ||
Felix II | Roman Empire, Rome, Portus Romae | 355-365 | As an Arian he was raised to the rank of Roman bishop by Constantius II after Liberius was driven out. After his return from exile he had to give way to him because of his unpopularity with the people. | |||
Damasus I (St.) | Roman Empire, Idanha-a-Velha, now part of Portugal | 366-384 |
2 months 10 days |
18 years Although he had to assert himself against the minority rival Ursinius, he successfully expanded his supremacy as the successor of Peter by exercising ecclesiastical jurisdiction in the West. He called for legal celibacy and commissioned the Latin Vulgate translation of the Bible. The settlement of the Arian dispute took place in 381 at the Council of Constantinople . | ||
Ursinus | Roman Empire, Rome | 366-367 | He was elected Roman bishop by minorities and tried to enforce his election by force and diplomacy, but failed and was expelled from the city. He and his followers continued to claim the bishopric until his death. | |||
Siricius (St.) | Roman Empire, Rome | 384-399 |
? Months ? Days |
14 years He used the title papa for the first time as a self-designation and issued decrees as letters of order. In addition, he stipulated that in future bishops could only be ordained by several colleagues and with papal consent. Penalties were softened, celibacy tightened and Christianity was declared de facto the state religion of the Roman Empire by Theodosius I. | ||
Anastasius I (hl.) | Roman Empire, Rome | 399-401 |
22 days |
3 years The only documents he has received are three letters in which he condemns the theologian Origen (185-254) in the Origenistic dispute that has broken out . | ||
Innocent I (hl.) | Roman Empire, Rome | 401-417 |
2 months 20 days |
14 years The loss of power of the Western Roman Empire became evident during his tenure through the sack of Rome (410) by the Visigoths . He continued to demand his supremacy as Pope and successor to Peter. Maybe he was his predecessor's son. | ||
Zosimus (St.) | Roman Empire, Mesoraca ; Greek origin | 417-418 |
8 days |
1 year 9 months Tried to expand his power to Gaul by establishing an archbishopric in Arles and was at odds with the North African Church over the handling of the teachings of Pelagius and Caelestius . | ||
Boniface I (hl.) | Roman Empire, Rome | 418-422 |
8 months 7 days |
3 years Was not elected as presbyter by the deacons, but was able to prevail with the help of Emperor Honorius . Was still in conflict with the North African Church and Pelagianism . | ||
Eulalius | Roman Empire, Rome | 418-419 |
7 days |
3 months Was elected antipope by a minority of the Roman clergy and had to leave Rome a little later. | ||
Celestine I. (St.) | Roman Empire, Rome | 422-432 |
10 months 17 days |
9 years Council of Ephesus , 431 | ||
Sixtus III. (St.) | Roman Empire, Rome | 432-440 |
1 month 19 days |
8 years |||
Leo I. (hl.) | Roman Empire, Rome (after the Liber Pontificalis ) or Tuscien | 440-461 |
1 month 12 days |
21 years Council of Chalcedon , 451. Elevated to Doctor of the Church in 1754 | ||
Hilary (hl.) | Roman Empire, Sardinia | 461-468 |
3 months 10 days |
6 years |||
Simplicius (St.) | Roman Empire, Lazio, Tivoli | 468-483 |
7 days |
15 years |||
Felix II. (III.) (Hl.) | Roman Empire, Rome | 483-492 |
11 months 17 days |
8 years |||
Gelasius I. (hl.) | Roman Empire ( Vandal Empire ), Sardinia | 492-496 |
8 months 20 days |
4 years |||
Anastasius II | Roman Empire ( Ostrogoth Empire ), Rome | 496-498 |
26 days |
1 year 11 months |||
Symmachus (hl.) | Roman Empire ( Vandal Empire ) | 498-514 |
7 months 27 days |
15 years |||
Laurentius | 498-506 | Antipope | ||||
Hormisdas (hl.) | Roman Empire ( Ostrogoth Empire ), Latium, Frosinone | 514-523 |
17 days |
9 years |||
John I (hl.) | Roman Empire ( Ostrogoth Empire ), Tuscia | 523-526 |
9 months 5 days |
2 years |||
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Felix III. (IV.) (Hl.) | Roman Empire ( Ostrogoth Empire ), Benevento / Samnium | 526-530 |
2 months 10 days |
4 years ||
Dioscure | Roman Empire, Alexandria | 530 | 22 days | Legitimacy unclear, more like an antipope | ||
Boniface II | Roman Empire ( Ostrogoth Empire ), Rome | 530-532 |
24 days |
2 years First Germanic Pope ( Ostrogoth ). | ||
John II | Mercury | Roman Empire ( Ostrogoth Empire ), Rome | 533-535 |
4 months 5 days |
2 years First Pope to take on a new name after his election. | |
Agapitus I. (hl.) | Roman Empire ( Ostrogoth Empire ), Rome | 535-536 |
9 days |
11 months |||
Silverius (hl.) | Roman Empire ( Ostrogoth Empire ), Latium, Frusino | 536-537 |
3 days |
1 year 5 months Son of Hormisdas | ||
Vigilius | 537 |
|
10 monthsAntipope, later legitimate Pope | |||
Vigilius | Roman Empire ( Ostrogoth Empire ), Rome | 537-555 |
2 months 9 days |
18 years First, Second Council of Constantinople , 553 | ||
Pelagius I. | Roman Empire, Rome | 556-561 |
10 months 15 days |
4 years |||
John III | Catelinus | Roman Empire, Rome | 561-574 |
11 months 26 days |
12 years ||
Benedict I. | Roman Empire, Rome | 575-579 |
1 month 28 days |
4 years |||
Pelagius II | Roman Empire, Rome; Gothic descent | 579-590 |
2 months 12 days |
10 years |||
Gregory I (hl.) | Roman Empire ( Patrimonium Petri ), Rome | 590-604 |
6 months 9 days |
13 years Elevated to Doctor of the Church in 1298 | ||
Sabinianus | Roman Empire ( Patrimonium Petri ), Blera | 604-606 |
9 days |
1 year 2 months |||
Boniface III | Roman Empire ( Patrimonium Petri ), Rome | 607 |
24 days |
8 months |||
Boniface IV (hl.) | Longobard Empire, Valenia ( Abruzzo ) | 608-615 |
8 months 13 days |
6 years |||
Adeodatus I (hl.) | Roman Empire ( Patrimonium Petri ), Rome | 615-618 |
20 days |
3 years |||
Boniface V. | Roman Empire, Naples | 619-625 |
10 months 2 days |
5 years |||
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Honorius I. | Roman Empire ( Lombard ?), Campania | 625-638 |
11 months 15 days |
12 years At the 3rd Ecumenical Council in Constantinople 680–681, 43 years after his death, his letters to Constantinople were condemned as heresy for monotheletism . | |
Severinus | Roman Empire | 638-640 |
5 days |
2 months |||
John IV | Roman Empire, Dalmatia, Solin | 640-642 |
18 days |
1 year 3 months |||
Theodor I. | Roman Empire, Jerusalem , of Greek origin | 642-649 |
5 months 20 days |
6 years |||
Martin I. (hl.) | Roman Empire ( Patrimonium Petri ), Umbria, near Todi | 649-653 | ||||
Eugene I. (St.) | Roman Empire ( Patrimonium Petri ), Rome | 654-657 |
3 months 23 days |
2 years |||
Vitalian (St.) | Roman Empire ( Patrimonium Petri ), Latium, Segni | 657-672 |
5 months 28 days |
14 years |||
Adeodatus II. | Byzantine Empire ( Patrimonium Petri ), Rome | 672-676 |
2 months 6 days |
4 years |||
Donus | Byzantine Empire ( Patrimonium Petri ), Rome | 676-678 |
9 days |
1 year 5 months |||
Agatho (St.) | Byzantine Empire, Sicily | 678-681 |
6 months 14 days |
2 years Third Council of Constantinople , 680–681 | ||
Leo II (hl.) | Byzantine Empire, Sicily; Greek origin | 682-683 |
16 days |
10 months |||
Benedict II (hl.) | Byzantine Empire ( Patrimonium Petri ), Rome | 684-685 |
16 days |
1 year 9 months |||
John V. | Byzantine Empire, Syria , possibly Antioch | 685-686 | 1 year 10 days | |||
Konon | Byzantine Empire, Sicily | 686-687 |
|
11 months|||
Sergius I (hl.) | Byzantine Empire, Sicily, Palermo ; of Syrian descent | 687-701 |
8 months 24 days |
13 years |||
Theodore II | 687 | Antipope | ||||
Paschal I. | 687-692 | Antipope | ||||
John VI | Byzantine Empire, Ephesus | 701-705 |
2 months 12 days |
3 years |||
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John VII | Byzantine Empire, Calabria, Rossano ; Greek origin | 705-707 |
7 months 17 days |
2 years ||
Sisinnius | Caliphate , Syria | 708 | 20 days | |||
Constantine I. | Caliphate , Syria | 708-715 |
14 days |
7 years |||
Gregory II (hl.) | Byzantine Empire ( Patrimonium Petri ), Rome | 715-731 |
8 months 23 days |
15 years |||
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Gregory III. (St.) | Caliphate , Syria | 731-741 |
8 months 10 days |
10 years ||
Zacharias (St.) | Byzantine Empire, Calabria, Santa Severina ; Greek origin | 741-752 |
3 months 12 days |
10 years Coronation of the Carolingian Pippin as king of the Franks (751) | ||
Stephan (II.) | 752 | 4 days | Died before consecration and is therefore often not counted, shortest pontificate in history (4 days). | |||
Stephan II. (III.) | Byzantine Empire ( Patrimonium Petri ) | 752-757 |
1 month |
5 years |||
Paul I (hl.) | Papal States, Rome | 757-767 |
30 days |
10 years |||
Constantine II | Papal States , Latium, Nepi | 767-768 | Antipope | |||
Philip | 768 | Antipope | ||||
Stephan III. (IV.) | Byzantine Empire, Sicily | 768-772 |
5 months 17 days |
3 years |||
Hadrian I. | Papal States, Rome | 772-795 |
10 months 24 days |
23 years Second Council of Nicaea (787), fifth longest pontificate in history (8729 days) | ||
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Leo III. (St.) | Papal States , Rome | 795-816 |
5 months 17 days |
20 years Imperial coronation of Charlemagne (800), eleventh longest pontificate in history (7474 days) | |
Stephan IV. (V.) | Papal States, Rome | 816-817 |
2 days |
7 months |||
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Paschal I (hl.) | Papal States, Rome | 817-824 |
3 months 20 days |
7 years ||
Eugene II. | 824-827 |
22 days |
3 years ||||
Valentine | Papal States, Rome | 827 | ||||
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Gregory IV. | Papal States, Rome | 827-844 | |||
John VIII | 844 | Antipope | ||||
Sergius II | Papal States, Rome | 844-847 | ||||
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Leo IV (hl.) | Papal States, Rome | 847-855 |
3 months 7 days |
8 years ||
Benedict III | Papal States, Rome | 855-858 |
6 months 19 days |
2 years |||
Anastasius III. | 855 | 2 days | Antipope | |||
Nicholas I (hl.) | Papal States, Rome | 858-867 |
6 months 20 days |
9 years |||
Hadrian II | Papal States, Rome | 867-872 | Fourth Council of Constantinople , 869–870 | |||
John VIII | Papal States, Rome | 872-882 |
2 days |
10 years First Pope to be violently killed since the persecution of Christians | ||
Marinus I. | Papal States , Gallese | 882-884 |
29 days |
1 year 4 months falsely Martin II. | ||
Hadrian III. (St.) | Papal States, Rome | 884-885 |
|
1 year 4 months|||
Stephan V. (VI.) | Papal States, Rome | 885-891 | ||||
Formosus | Papal States, Ostia | 891-896 |
5 months 29 days |
4 years From Stephan VI. Condemned posthumously as a heretic at the synod of corpses in 897, buried again in St. Peter's Basilica after desecration, 904 by Sergius III. exhumed a second time, buried again after desecration in St. Peter's Basilica. | ||
Boniface VI. | Papal States, Rome | 896 | 15 days | |||
Stephan VI. (VII.) | 896-897 | Synod of the funerals in Rome | ||||
Romanus | Papal States, Gallese | 897 | ||||
Theodore II | Papal States, Rome | 897 | 20 days | |||
John IX | Papal States, Tivoli | 898-900 | ||||
Sergius III. | 898 | Antipope, later (904–911) regular Pope | ||||
Benedict IV | Papal States, Rome | 900-903 |
6 months |
3 years |||
Leo V. | 903 |
|
2 monthsWas overthrown by Christophorus . | |||
Christophorus | 903-904 |
|
5 monthsLegitimacy unclear, more like an antipope | |||
Sergius III. | Papal States, Rome | 904-911 |
2 months 16 days |
7 years |||
Anastasius III. | Papal States, Rome | 911-913 |
2 months |
2 years |||
Lando | Papal States, Sabina | 913-914 | ||||
John X. | Papal States , Tossignano near Imola | 914-928 |
2 months |
14 years |||
Leo VI | Papal States, Rome | 928 |
|
7 month|||
Stephen VII (VIII.) | Papal States, Rome | 928-931 |
2 months |
2 years |||
John XI. | Papal States, Rome | 931-935 | Probably the son of Sergius III. | |||
Leo VII | Papal States, Rome | 936-939 |
6 months 10 days |
3 years |||
Stephen VIII (IX) | Papal States, Rome | 939-942 |
3 months |
3 years |||
Marinus II. | Papal States, Rome | 942-946 |
7 months |
3 years Incorrectly Martin III. | ||
Agapitus II. | Papal States, Rome | 946-955 |
7 months |
9 years |||
John XII. | Octavian of Spoleto | Papal States, Rome | 955-963 |
4 months 28 days |
8 years The only minor pope. During a conflict within Italy, he was put under pressure to call Otto I from East Franconia for help. He forced the minor to be crowned emperor of the Roman Empire without first obtaining legitimation from the Roman emperor in Constantinople. Johannes complied, but turned against him after his departure. Otto entered Rome militarily, set up a synod and forced it to depose the bishop for the first time in Roman history. | |
Leo VIII | Papal States, Rome | 963-964 | 2 months | Under military pressure from Otto I, Leo was elected Pope as a layperson, contrary to canon law, by a synod. Immediately after Otto's departure, the same synod demonstrated its independence, deposed Leo as illegitimate and confirmed the legitimacy of his predecessor John XII. as Bishop of Rome. | ||
John XII. | Octavian of Spoleto | Papal States, Rome | 964 | 4 months | In January 964 he was confirmed as the legitimate bishop of Rome. Just four months later, John XII died. | |
Benedict V. | Papal States, Rome | 964 | 1 month 1 day | |||
John XIII | Papal States, Rome | 965-972 |
11 months 5 days |
6 years |||
Benedict VI. | Papal States, Rome | 973-974 | ||||
Boniface VII | Franco Ferruci | Papal States, Rome | 974 | Antipope | ||
Benedict VII | Papal States, Rome | 974-983 | ||||
John XIV. | Petrus Canepanova | Holy Roman Empire , Italy , Pavia | 983-984 | |||
Boniface VII | Franco Ferruci | Papal States, Rome | 984-985 | Was already an antipope before | ||
John XV | Papal States, Rome | 985-996 | ||||
Gregory V. | Bruno of Carinthia | Holy Roman Empire, Stainach im Ennstal | 996 | 4 months | At the age of only 24, he was the first German-speaking Pope from today's Austria . First bishop not elected by the local clergy and people, instead illegally by his cousin, 14-year-old Otto III. , used. He was then crowned emperor by the Pope. Gregory was deposed by the Romans immediately after Otto's departure and their former Greek chancellor of Italy was elected bishop. | |
John XVI | John Philagathos | Byzantine Empire , Rossano ; Greek origin | 996-998 |
5 months |
1 year Antipope. To this day the last Greek bishop of Rome. A skilled theologian legitimately elected bishop by the Romans. Under Otto II he was Chancellor of Italy, Archbishop, Abbot and teacher of Otto III. and his cousin Bruno ( Gregory V. ). He was mutilated by his opponents and removed from office in an official act. | |
Gregory V. | Bruno of Carinthia | Holy Roman Empire, Stainach im Ennstal | 998-999 |
1 month |
1 year From Otto III. first German-speaking Pope appointed again without election of a bishop. | |
New Years Eve II. | Tanner of Aurillac | Western France , Aquitaine , Belliac | 999-1003 |
1 month 10 days |
4 years ||
John XVII | Giovanni Sicco | Papal States, Rome | 1003 | |||
John XVIII | Johannes Fasanus | Papal States , Rapagnano | 1004-1009 | |||
Sergius IV | Pietro da Albano | Papal States, Rome | 1009-1012 |
10 months 12 days |
2 years ||
Benedict VIII | Theophylact II of Tusculum | Papal States, Rome ( Tusculum ) | 1012-1024 |
11 months |
11 years ||
Gregory VI. | Papal States, Rome | 1012 | Antipope | |||
John XIX. | Romanus of Tusculum | Papal States, Rome (Tusculum) | 1024-1032 | |||
Benedict IX | Theophylact III. from Tusculum | Papal States, Rome (Tusculum) | 1032-1044 | 1st pontificate | ||
New Years Eve III. | Giovani di Sabina | Papal States, Rome | 1045 | 1 month (?) | Legitimacy unclear | |
Benedict IX | Theophylact III. from Tusculum | Papal States, Rome (Tusculum) | 1045 | 2nd pontificate | ||
Gregory VI. | Johannes Gratianus Pierleoni | Papal States, Rome | 1045-1046 |
19 days |
1 year 7 months ||
Clement II | Suitger, Count of Morsleben and Hornburg | Holy Roman Empire, Saxony , Hornburg | 1046-1047 |
15 days |
9 months Second “German” Pope | |
Benedict IX | Theophylact III. from Tusculum | Papal States, Rome (Tusculum) | 1047-1048 | 3. Pontificate, legitimacy unclear | ||
Damasus ii | Poppo from Brixen | Holy Roman Empire, Duchy of Bavaria, Pildenau | 1048 | 24 days | Third “German” Pope | |
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Leo IX (St.) | Bruno Count of Egisheim-Dagsburg | Holy Roman Empire, Duchy of Swabia , Eguisheim | 1049-1054 |
2 months 7 days |
5 years Fourth “German” Pope, initiated the schism of 1054 with his ban on the Ecumenical Patriarch , referred to as the Oriental Schism in the Roman Church . |
|
Viktor II | Gebhard von Eichstätt | Holy Roman Empire, Duchy of Bavaria | 1055-1057 |
3 months 15 days |
2 years Fifth “German” Pope |
Stephan IX. (X.) | Frederick of Lorraine | Holy Roman Empire, Lorraine | 1057-1058 |
26 days |
7 months Sixth “German Pope” from today's Lorraine , also known as the “French Pope” in France. | |
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Nicholas II | Gerhard of Burgundy | Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Burgundy , Savoy | 1058-1061 |
7 months 21 days |
2 years |
Benedict X. | Giovanni Mincio from Tusculum | Papal States, Rome (Tusculum) | 1058-1060 | Antipope | ||
Alexander II | Anselmo da Baggio | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Milan | 1061-1073 |
6 months 20 days |
12 years ||
Honorius II. | Pietro Cadalus of Parma | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Verona | 1061-1064 | Antipope | ||
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Gregory VII (hl.) | Hildebrand of Sovana | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Sovana | 1073-1085 |
1 month 3 days |
12 years Banished King Heinrich IV from the church ( walk to Canossa ); Canonization 1606 |
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Clement III. | Wibert of Ravenna | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Parma | 1084-1100 | was appointed antipope at the synod in Brixen in 1080 | |
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Viktor III (sel.) | Dauferius | Principality of Benevento , Benevento | 1086-1087 |
23 days |
1 year 3 months Confirmed as Seliger in 1887 |
Urban II. (Sel.) | Odo de Chatillon | France | 1088-1099 |
4 months 17 days |
11 years Called for the first crusade ; confirmed as Seliger in 1881 | |
Paschal II. | Raniero di Bieda | Papal States , Bleda di Santa Sofia | 1099-1118 |
4 months 8 days |
18 years ||
Theodoricus | Theodoric | 1100 | Antipope | |||
Albertus | Albert of Sabina | 1102 | Antipope | |||
New Year IV. | Maginulf | 1105-1111 | Antipope | |||
Gelasius II | Johannes Coniulo | Principality of Capua , Gaeta | 1118-1119 | |||
Gregory VIII | Mauritius Burdinus | 1118-1121 | Antipope | |||
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Calixt II. | Guido Count of Burgundy | Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Burgundy, Quingey | 1119-1124 |
10 months 11 days |
5 years First Lateran Council , 1123 |
Honorius II. | Lamberto | Papal States, Bologna | 1124-1130 |
1 month 29 days |
5 years ||
Celestine II. | Tebaldo Buccapecus | Papal States, Rome | 1124 | 1 day | Pope elect | |
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Innocent II | Gregorio Papareschi | Papal States, Rome | 1130-1143 |
7 months 10 days |
13 years Second Lateran Council , 1139 |
Anaclet II | Pietro Pierleoni | Papal States, Rome | 1130-1138 |
11 months 11 days |
7 years Antipope | |
Viktor IV | Gregorio Conti by Ceccano | 1138 | Antipope | |||
Celestine II. | Guido de Castello | Papal States, Città di Castello | 1143-1144 |
13 days |
5 months ||
Lucius II | Gerardo Caccianemici dal Orso | Papal States, Bologna | 1144-1145 |
3 days |
11 months ||
Eugene III. (sel.) | Bernhard | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Pisa | 1145-1153 |
4 months 23 days |
8 years Confirmed as Seliger in 1872 | |
Anastasius IV | Corrado Demetri della Suburra | Papal States, Rome | 1153-1154 |
21 days |
1 year 4 months ||
Hadrian IV | Nikolas Breakspear | Kingdom of England , Abbots Langley | 1154-1159 |
8 months 28 days |
4 years First English Pope | |
Alexander III | Rolando Bandinelli | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Siena | 1159-1181 |
11 months 23 days |
21 years Third Lateran Council , 1179, seventh longest pontificate in history (8029 days). | |
Viktor IV | Octaviano de Montecello | Papal States, Rome | 1159-1164 |
8 months 13 days |
4 years Antipope | |
Paschal III. | Guido from Crema | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Crema | 1164-1168 |
4 months 29 days |
4 years Antipope | |
Calixt III. | John of Struma | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Arezzo | 1168-1178 |
9 months 9 days |
9 years Antipope | |
Innocent III. | Lando from Sezze | Papal States, Sezze | 1179-1180 |
(?) |
4 months Antipope | |
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Lucius III. | Ubaldo | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Lucca | 1181-1185 |
2 months 24 days |
4 years |
Urban III. | Humbert Crivelli | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Milan | 1185-1187 |
25 days |
1 year 10 months ||
Gregory VIII | Albertus de Morra | Principality of Benevento | 1187 | 1 month 26 days | ||
Clement III. | Paolo Scolari | Papal States, Rome | 1187-1191 |
3 months 11 days |
3 years ||
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Celestine III. | Giacinto Bobone Orsini | Papal States, Rome | 1191-1198 |
9 months 9 days |
6 years |
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Innocent III. | Lothar Conti di Segni | Papal States, Gavignano Castle | 1198-1216 |
6 months 8 days |
18 years Fourth Lateran Council , 1215 |
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Honorius III. | Cencio | Papal States, Rome | 1216-1227 |
8 months |
10 years confirmed the rules of the order of the Dominicans , Franciscans and Carmelites |
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Gregory IX. | Ugolino Conti di Segni | Papal States , Anagni | 1227-1241 |
5 months 3 days |
14 years Nephew of Pope Innocent III. |
Celestine IV. | Goffredo Castiglione | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Milan | 1241 | 17 days | Fourth shortest pontificate in history (17 days), died before consecration | |
Sedis vacancy , 2 years) | (1241-1243 | |||||
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Innocent IV. | Sinibald Fieschi | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Genoa | 1243-1254 |
5 months 12 days |
11 years First Council of Lyon , 1245 |
Alexander IV | Rainald Count Segni | Papal States , Anagni | 1254-1261 |
5 months 13 days |
6 years Nephew of Pope Gregory IX. | |
Urban IV. | Jacques Pantaléon | France , Troyes | 1261-1264 |
1 month 3 days |
3 years ||
|
Clement IV | Gui Foucois | France , Saint-Gilles (Gard) | 1265-1268 |
9 months 24 days |
3 years |
Sedis vacancy , 3 years) | (1268-1271 | |||||
|
Gregor X. (blessed) | Tebaldo Visconti | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Piacenza | 1271-1276 |
4 months 9 days |
4 years Second Council of Lyons , 1274; confirmed as Seliger in 1713 |
Innocent V (blessed) | Pierre de Tarentaise | Holy Roman Empire, Savoy | 1276 |
1 day |
5 months Beatification 1898 | |
Hadrian V. | Ottobono Fieschi | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Genoa | 1276 | 38 days | Died before consecration | |
John XXI. | Petrus Juliani | Portugal | 1276-1277 |
12 days |
8 months ||
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Nicholas III | Giovanni Gaetano Orsini | Papal States, Rome | 1277-1280 |
8 months 28 days |
2 years |
Martin IV. | Simon de Brion | France | 1281-1285 |
1 month 6 days |
4 years ||
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Honorius IV. | Giacomo Savelli | Papal States, Rome | 1285-1287 |
1 day |
2 years Great-nephew of Honorius III. |
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Nicholas IV | Girolamo Masci | Papal States, Lisciano | 1288-1292 |
1 month 13 days |
4 years |
Sedis vacancy , 2 years) | (1292-1294 | |||||
Celestine V. (St.) | Pietro del Murrone | Kingdom of Sicily , Sant'Angelo Limosano | 1294 |
5 days |
5 months Resigned from office, overwhelmed, first hermit as Pope; Canonization 1313 | |
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Boniface VIII | Benedetto Caetani | Papal States, Rome | 1294-1303 |
9 months 17 days |
8 years Nephew of Pope Alexander IV |
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Benedict XI. (sel.) | Niccolo di Boccasio | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Treviso | 1303-1304 |
15 days |
8 months Confirmed as Seliger in 1736 |
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Clemens V. | Bertrand de Got | France | 1305-1314 |
10 months 15 days |
8 years Avignon , Council of Vienne , 1311–1312 | Since 1309 in
Sedis vacancy , 2½ years) | (1314-1316 | |||||
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John XXII. | Jacques Duèze | France | 1316-1334 |
3 months 29 days |
18 years Avignon | In
Nicholas V. | Pietro Rainalducci | Papal States , Corvaro | 1328-1330 |
3 months 13 days |
2 years Antipope in Avignon and Rome | |
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Benedict XII. | Jacques Fournier | France | 1334-1342 |
4 months 5 days |
7 years Avignon | In
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Clement VI. | Pierre Roger | France | 1342-1352 |
6 months 29 days |
10 years Avignon | In
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Innocent VI. | Étienne Aubert | France | 1352-1362 |
8 months 25 days |
9 years Avignon | In
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Urban V. (sel.) | Guillaume de Grimoald | France | 1362-1370 |
2 months 21 days |
8 years Avignon ; confirmed as Seliger in 1870 | In
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Gregory XI. | Pierre Roger de Beaufort | France | 1370-1378 |
2 months 27 days |
7 years Avignon , returned to Rome in 1377 | In
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Urban VI. | Bartolomeo Prignano | Kingdom of Naples | 1378-1389 |
6 months 8 days |
11 years Last Pope who did not belong to the College of Cardinals , beginning of the Western Schism |
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Clement VII | Robert Count of Geneva | Holy Roman Empire | 1378-1394 |
11 months 27 days |
15 years Antipope in Avignon |
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Boniface IX | Pietro Tomacelli | Kingdom of Naples | 1389-1404 |
10 months 29 days |
14 years Battle of Nicopolis (considered the last crusade ) |
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Benedict XIII. | Pedro Marinez de Luna y Gotor | Aragon | 1394-1423 |
9 months 28 days |
22 years Antipope in Avignon |
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Innocent VII | Cosimo dei Migliorati | Papal States, Rome | 1404-1406 |
19 days |
2 years |
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Gregory XII. | Angelo Correr | Republic of Venice | 1406-1415 |
11 months 18 days |
10 years Council of Constance (1414-1418) |
|
Alexander V. | Pietro Philargi | Republic of Venice, Crete | 1409-1410 |
7 days |
10 months Counted as an antipope since the 20th century, Pisa |
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John XXIII | Baldassare Cossa | Kingdom of Naples | 1410-1415 |
12 days |
5 years Counted as an antipope since the 20th century, Pisa |
Sedis vacancy , 2 years) | (1415-1417 | |||||
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Martin V. | Oddo di Colonna | Papal States , Genazzano | 1417-1431 |
3 months 9 days |
13 years His election ended the Western Schism |
|
Clement VIII | Gil Sánchez Muñoz y Carbón | Aragon | 1423-1429 |
1 month 16 days |
6 years Antipope in Avignon |
Benedict XIV. | Bernard Garnier | France | 1425-1430 | Antipope in Avignon | ||
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Eugene IV. | Gabriele Condulmer | Republic of Venice | 1431-1447 |
11 months 20 days |
15 years Council of Basel / Ferrara / Florence , 1431–1449 |
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Felix V. | Amadeus VIII Duke of Savoy | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Savoy | 1439-1449 |
5 months 2 days |
9 years Last antipope |
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Nicholas V. | Tommaso Parentucelli | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Sarzana | 1447-1455 |
19 days |
8 years Founded the Vatican Library |
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Calixt III. | Alfonso Borgia | Aragon | 1455-1458 |
3 months 29 days |
3 years |
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Pius ii | Enea Silvio Piccolomini | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Pienza | 1458-1464 |
11 months 27 days |
5 years |
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Paul II | Pietro Barbo | Republic of Venice | 1464-1471 |
10 months 26 days |
6 years Nephew of Pope Eugene IV. |
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Sixtus IV. | Francesco della Rovere | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Liguria | 1471-1484 |
3 days |
13 years Had the Sistine Chapel named after him built |
|
Innocent VIII. | Giovanni Battista Cibo | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Republic of Genoa | 1484-1492 |
10 months 26 days |
7 years |
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Alexander VI. | Rodrigo Borgia | Aragon | 1492-1503 |
8 days |
11 years Nephew of Calixt III. ; excommunicated the alleged prophet Girolamo Savonarola |
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Pius III | Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, City Republic of Siena | 1503 | 27 days | Nephew of Pope Pius II. |
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Julius II | Giuliano della Rovere | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Republic of Genoa | 1503-1513 |
3 months 19 days |
9 years Nephew of Pope Sixtus IV , Fifth Lateran Council , 1512–1517; he founded the papal bodyguard Swiss Guard in 1506. On April 18, 1506, he began building St. Peter's Basilica . |
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Leo X. | Giovanni de 'Medici | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Republic of Florence | 1513-1521 |
8 months 20 days |
8 years Died heavily in debt, excommunicated Martin Luther |
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Hadrian VI. | Adriaan Florisz Boeyens | Holy Roman Empire, Burgundy Netherlands , Utrecht | 1522-1523 |
5 days |
1 year 8 months Seventh “German” Pope; for 455 years until the election of John Paul II. the last non-Italian Pope |
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Clement VII | Giulio de 'Medici | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Republic of Florence | 1523-1534 |
10 months 6 days |
10 years Cousin of Pope Leo X , 1527 "Sacco di Roma" |
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Paul III | Alessandro Farnese | Papal States , Canino | 1534-1549 |
28 days |
15 years Beginning of the Tridentinum , 1st session (1545–1547) |
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Julius III. | Giovan Maria Giocci | Papal States, Rome | 1550-1555 |
1 month 18 days |
5 years Tridentinum , 2nd session (1551–1552) |
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Marcellus II. | Marcello Cervini | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Duchy of Urbino | 1555 | 22 days | Last Pope to rule under his birth name. |
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Paul IV | Gian Pietro Carafa | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Duchy of Savoy | 1555-1559 |
2 months 26 days |
4 years |
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Pius IV | Giovanni Angelo Medici | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Duchy of Milan | 1559-1565 |
11 months 13 days |
5 years End of Tridentinum , 3rd session (1561–1563) |
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Pius V (St.) | Antonio Michele Ghislieri | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Duchy of Savoy | 1566-1572 |
3 months 28 days |
6 years Canonization 1712 |
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Gregory XIII. | Ugo Buoncompagni | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, reign of Bologna | 1572-1585 |
10 months 28 days |
12 years Led in 1582 to the Gregorian calendar , a |
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Sixtus V. | Felice Peretti di Montalto | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Duchy of Urbino | 1585-1590 |
4 months 3 days |
5 years Drastic reforms: high penalties for adultery and various offenses, resulting in high income, in the end one of the richest rulers in Europe |
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Urban VII. | Giovanni Battista Castagna | Papal States | 1590 | 12 days | Died of malaria before the coronation |
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Gregory XIV. | Niccolò Sfondrati | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Duchy of Milan | 1590-1591 |
11 days |
10 months |
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Innocent IX. | Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti | Papal States | 1591 |
1 day |
2 months |
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Clement VIII | Ippolito Aldobrandini | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Duchy of Urbino | 1592-1605 |
1 month 5 days |
13 years In 1600 Giordano Bruno was executed |
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Leo XI. | Alessandro Ottaviano de 'Medici | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Republic of Florence | 1605 | 26 days | |
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Paul V. | Camillo Borghese | Papal States | 1605-1621 |
8 months 12 days |
15 years |
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Gregory XV. | Alessandro Ludovisi | Papal States | 1621-1623 |
4 months 29 days |
2 years |
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Urban VIII. | Maffeo Barberini | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Republic of Florence | 1623-1644 |
11 months 23 days |
20 years Galileo Galilei is convicted. |
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Innocent X. | Giovanni Battista Pamphilj | Papal States | 1644-1655 |
3 months 23 days |
10 years Peace of Westphalia 1648 |
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Alexander VII | Fabio Chigi | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Duchy of Tuscany | 1655-1667 |
1 month 15 days |
12 years |
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Clement IX | Giulio Rospigliosi | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Duchy of Tuscany | 1667-1669 |
5 months 19 days |
2 years |
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Clement X. | Emilio Altieri | Papal States | 1670-1676 |
2 months 23 days |
6 years |
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Innocent XI. (sel.) | Benedetto Odescalchi | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Duchy of Milan | 1676-1689 |
10 months 22 days |
12 years Beatification 1956 |
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Alexander VIII | Pietro Ottoboni | Republic of Venice | 1689-1691 |
26 days |
1 year 3 months |
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Innocent XII. | Antonio Pignatelli | Kingdom of Naples | 1691-1700 |
2 months 15 days |
9 years |
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Clement XI. | Giovanni Francesco Albani | Papal States | 1700-1721 |
3 months 24 days |
20 years First Pope of Albanian descent |
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Innocent XIII. | Michelangelo dei Conti | Papal States | 1721-1724 |
9 months 25 days |
2 years |
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Benedict XIII. | Pietro Francesco Orsini | Kingdom of Naples | 1724-1730 |
8 months 23 days |
5 years Beatification proceedings opened, venerable servant of God since 1931 |
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Clement XII. | Lorenzo Corsini | Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Duchy of Tuscany | 1730-1740 |
6 months 24 days |
9 years |
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Benedict XIV. | Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini | Papal States | 1740-1758 |
8 months 16 days |
17 years first Pope to publish an encyclical |
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Clement XIII. | Carlo della Torre Rezzonico | Republic of Venice | 1758-1769 |
6 months 27 days |
10 years |
|
Clement XIV. | Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli | Papal States | 1769-1774 |
4 months 3 days |
5 years Prohibition of the Jesuit order 1773 |
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Pius VI | Giovanni Angelo Count Braschi | Papal States | 1775-1799 |
6 months 14 days |
24 years Exiled by the French occupiers in 1796 , then deported to France. Fourth longest pontificate in history (8962 days). |
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Pius VII | Luigi Barnaba Niccolò Maria Count Chiaramonti | Papal States | 1800-1823 |
5 months 6 days |
23 years Concordat of 1801 ; was held by Napoleon Bonaparte from 1808 to 1814 . Restoration of the Jesuit order in 1814. Sixth longest pontificate in history (8560 days). |
|
Leo XII. | Annibale Sermattei della Genga | Papal States | 1823-1829 |
4 months 13 days |
5 years |
|
Pius VIII | Francesco Saverio Castiglioni | Papal States | 1829-1830 |
30 days |
1 year 7 months |
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Gregory XVI. | Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari | Republic of Venice | 1831-1846 |
3 months 30 days |
15 years Last non-bishop elected Pope |
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Pius IX (sel.) | Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti | Papal States | 1846-1878 |
7 months 25 days |
31 years Longest verifiable pontificate in history (11560 days), First Vatican Council , 1869–1870; Beatification 2000 |
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Leo XIII. | Vincenzo Gioacchino Pecci | France, Rome Department , Carpineto Romano | 1878-1903 |
5 months |
25 years Third longest pontificate in history (9281 days). |
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Pius X. (St.) | Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto | Empire Austria , Lombardo-Veneto | 1903-1914 |
16 days |
11 years Canonization 1954 |
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Benedict XV | Giacomo della Chiesa | Kingdom of Sardinia | 1914-1922 |
4 months 19 days |
7 years |
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Pius XI. | Achille Ambrogio Damiano Ratti | Empire Austria, Lombardo-Veneto | 1922-1939 |
4 days |
17 years Lateran Treaties 1929 |
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Pius XII. | Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli | Italy | 1939-1958 |
7 months 7 days |
19 years Beatification process opened in 1965, Venerable Servant of God since 2009 . |
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John XXIII (St.) | Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli | Italy | 1958-1963 |
7 months 6 days |
4 years Beginning of the Second Vatican Council in 1962; Beatification 2000. The canonization took place on April 27, 2014. |
Paul VI (St.) | Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini | Italy | 1963-1978 |
1 month 21 days |
15 years End of the Second Vatican Council in 1965; Beatification 2014. The canonization took place on October 14, 2018. | |
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John Paul I. | Albino Luciani | Italy | 1978 | 33 days | Died 33 days after the election; first pope with a double name and the only one to include the ordinal number “I.” in his name; Beatification proceedings opened in 2003. |
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John Paul II (St.) | Karol Józef Wojtyła | Poland | 1978-2005 |
5 months 17 days |
26 years first Polish Pope, first non-Italian Pope since 1523; Beatification May 1, 2011. The canonization took place on April 27, 2014. Second longest pontificate in history (9666 days). |
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Benedict XVI. | Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger | Germany | 2005-2013 |
10 months 9 days |
7 years Eighth German Pope; resigned from office on February 28, 2013. |
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Francis | Jorge Mario Bergoglio | Argentina | since 2013 | 7 years and 166 days (continues) | First Latin American Pope; first pope who belongs to the order of the Jesuits . |
See also
|
literature
- Adolf von Harnack : About the origin of the 48 (47) first popes (1904). archive.org
- Horst Fuhrmann : The Popes. Beck, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-406-51097-3 .
- Josef Gelmi: The Popes - in life pictures. Augsburg 2003, ISBN 3-8289-0547-1 .
- Theodor Klauser : The beginnings of the Roman list of bishops. in: ders .: Collected works on liturgy history, church history and Christian archeology. Aschendorff, Münster 1974, pp. 121-138, ISBN 3-402-07053-7 .
- Michael Matheus, Lutz Klinkhammer (ed.): Self-image in conflict. Crisis situations in the papacy between Gregory VII and Benedict XV. WBG, Darmstadt 2009, ISBN 978-3-534-20936-1 .
- P. G. Maxwell-Stuart: Chronicle of the Popes. From St. Peter to Benedict XVI. Koehler & Amelang, Leipzig 2006, ISBN 978-3-7338-0342-1 .
- Roberto Monge : The great book of the Popes. Kösel, 2007, ISBN 3-466-36760-3 .
- Ludwig Pastor: History of the Popes since the end of the Middle Ages. 16 volumes. 1886–1933, reprinted Freiburg 1955–1961.
- Bernhard Schimmelpfennig : The Papacy. From antiquity to the renaissance. 6th, bibliographical updated edition. Darmstadt 2009, ISBN 978-3-534-23022-8 .
Individual evidence
- ^ Eusebius of Caesarea: Historia Ecclesiastica , VI 20: in: Sources Chrétiennes 41, Paris 1955; P. 119 f.
- ^ A. May: Scriptorum veterum nova collectio e vaticanis codicibus editio , Vol. I, 2; Rome 1825; P. 173.
- ↑ The honorary title, later the job title παπάς , was traditionally integrated as a prefix in the surname of the pastor and his children. Compare, for example, Παπανδρέου (Papandreou) or Παπαδήμος (Papademos).
- ↑ Επίσκοποι (bishops) were trained theologians in the early Christian communities, similar to today's pastors / priests. They were democratically elected by the community for mostly a short time as their representative (demos, δήμος = community). Later they were selected (professionally) by colleagues from the surrounding episcopates and then proposed to the community concerned for election.
- ^ Symmachian forgeries and Donations of Constantine
- ↑ Eusebius of Caesarea : Church History , V. 28, II.
- ↑ Miltiades. www.imperiumromanum.com, accessed August 20, 2010 .
- ↑ Creed of Nicaea in the original Greek and in German translation: "Πιστεύω ... Εις μίαν, αγίαν, καθολικήν και άποστολικήν Εκκλησίαν ... I believe ... in the one, holy, catholic, and apostolic (= all sent) Church. "
- ↑ The papal ban on the Patriarch of Constantinople ushers in the Oriental Schism