Benedict XIII. (Antipope)
Benedict XIII. (* Either 1328 or 1342 / 43 in Illueca , Aragon , † 1422 or 1423 in Peñíscola ), actually Pedro Martínez de Luna y Gotor or Pedro de Luna , also Papa Luna called during was Western Schism anti-pope (Pope avignonesischer obedience ) of 1394 to 1423. He spent the last years of his tenure in Peñíscola in the Kingdom of Aragón .
Life
Pedro de Luna was a nephew of Cardinal Gil de Albornoz . He was Professor of Canon Law in Montpellier and was on December 20, 1375 by Gregory XI. elevated to cardinal deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin . In 1376 he accompanied Gregor XI. to Rome and participated after his death in the controversial papal election of Urban VI. (April 8, 1378). At first he stayed with Urban VI for a comparatively long time, but then switched to the apostate cardinals in the summer and, after he was convinced of the invalidity of the election, took part in the election of Clement VII on September 20, 1378 . Pope Urban could not be persuaded to resign because he too was convinced of the legitimacy of his election. But that was the end of the schism . Clement VII was unable to conquer Rome and the Vatican and fled to Avignon in 1379 after being expelled from Castel Sant'Angelo . As the legate of Clement VII, Luna made sure that he prevailed in Spain and won all four Hispanic kingdoms ( Castile , Portugal (until 1385), Aragon and Navarre ) for Avignon obedience .
After Clemens' death on September 16, 1394, Pedro de Luna was elected as his successor on September 28, 1394 without a dissenting vote and called himself Benedict XIII. The University of Paris sought since the death of Clement VII. In vain for the elimination of the schism. Therefore she did not recognize Benedict as the new Pope. "Papa Luna", as Benedict is often called, who remained in office until his death and also received a successor, became the longest ruling and one of the most important antipopes in church history.
Despite all the contradictions there was between Pope Benedict and Boniface IX. , the successor of Pope Urban, on the points of unity to call again for a crusade. The Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I had reached the Hungarian border with the conquest of Bulgaria . The last and largest crusade army under the leadership of King Sigismund of Hungary , the future German emperor, was sent to defeat the sultan and then to advance to Jerusalem . But it was defeated in 1396 in the battle of Nicopolis .
In 1380 the French King Charles V died . His son and successor, Charles VI. left his father's political line and gradually turned away from Pope Benedict. He even asked the German King Wenzel to help overcome the schism. The French king also reminded the German of Emperor Heinrich III. who had saved the papacy at the time. A French national council called for the resignation of both popes for the first time ( via cessionis ). Benedict XIII. had promised such a step before his election if Christian unity required it. Now the Pope argued that such a step would not restore church unity and that further regulations would first have to be made. That is why Pope Benedict was besieged by French troops for seven months in his palace in Avignon . There were only five cardinals left with him. It was only ended when Benedict's sovereign, Martin I of Aragón , intervened against the siege. But the Pope remained under the supervision of Duke Louis of Orleans in honorary custody. Five years later, on March 12, 1403, Benedict managed to escape. Besides France, in the meantime Sicily, Castile, Navarre and Provence fell away from Benedict. After his escape, he traveled through France for years. To a meeting with Popes Boniface IX. (1389-1404), Innocent VII. (1404-1406) or Gregory XII. (1406–1415) in Rome it never came. Benedict was spiritually far superior to Pope Innocent VII, and they probably shied away from the risk involved in meeting these unequal personalities. Pope Gregory XII. initially wanted to meet Benedikt in Savona , but even the decrepit Gregor would hardly have grown up Benedict. In the end, the Pope's nephews in Rome prevented him from attending a meeting. It can only be the subject of speculation as to how such a meeting might have turned out. But Pope Benedict seems to have been more credible than his opponent. Also, neither King Sigismund of Hungary nor Ladislaus of Naples , son of the murdered Charles III, were of Naples - Pope Boniface IX. had the crazy "politics" of his predecessor Urban VI. ended and reconciled with Ladislaus - for this meeting. Both feared that French influence over the papacy would be strengthened again.
On March 25, 1409, seven cardinals of Pope Gregory and seventeen of Pope Benedict met in Pisa for a council , deposed the Popes of Rome and Avignon and elected the Archbishop of Milan, Petros Philargis de Candia , as Pope. He called himself Alexander V. But since the other popes refused to resign, Christianity now had three popes. Pope Alexander's successor was Baldassare Cossa as John XXIII in 1410 .
In 1410 the Hungarian King Sigismund also became King of the Romans. He wanted to end the schism once and for all and hoped that it would also win the imperial crown. Sigismund met with Pope Johannes in Lodi and convinced him to convene a council in Constance . John was the only one of the three popes who claimed power to take part in this council. He fled Constance on March 20, 1415 and was declared deposed by the council on May 29, 1415. After his capture, he remained in jail for several years. Pope Gregory XII. abdicated on July 4, 1415.
Pope Benedict opposed his removal by the council. Instead, he withdrew to the castle fortress Peñíscola , located at the northern end of the Gulf of Valencia . In Perpignan , King Sigismund tried in vain to persuade Benedict to abdicate. This considered himself the only legitimate Pope, as he was still before the schism of Pope Gregory XI. had been appointed cardinal. The other cardinals from this period are already dead and those appointed during the schism are all illegitimate. Finally, the council deposed Benedict on July 26, 1417. On November 11, 1417, Oddo di Colonna elected it as Martin V as the only legitimate Pope. This formally ended the Western Schism. However, Benedict continued to rule on the Iberian Peninsula and described his castle fortress in the Kingdom of Aragon as "Noah's Ark of the true Church". Its political importance had declined sharply since the election of Martin, but his protector Alfonso V of Aragon sided with the antipope in the year of his death and advocated the election of a successor instead of joining Martin.
Aftermath
Before his death, Benedict XIII appointed four more cardinals to choose his successor. But there was a rift among them: Three of them elected Gil Sánchez Muñoz ( Clement VIII (1423–1429)). The fourth, Jean Carrier , was imprisoned as the legate of Pope Benedict in the south of France, while his three ministerial brothers were already electing the new Pope. After his return, Carrier did not agree to this election and in 1425, in a one-man conclave, elevated his former colleague Bernard Garnier , a cathedral curator in Rodez , as " Benedict XIV. " To the secret antipope of the antipope. He did not reveal the existence of this “true Pope” until 1429 in a memorandum to Count John IV of Armagnac .
As the last offshoot of the occidental schism, Clement VIII was recognized by the Crown of Aragon as a legitimate Pope until 1429 . After an agreement between Rome and Aragon, Clement VIII renounced the office in favor of the recognition of Pope Martin V. He was appointed Bishop of Mallorca by this Pope . "Benedict XIV." Remained meaningless and worked underground in the county of Armagnac in the 1430s , before he returned to his position as a cleric in Rodez in 1437 and died after 1450.
swell
- Sources for the date of birth: Vat. Arch. Reg. Avinion. 147 (Innocent VI., Tom 27) fol. 280.
literature
- Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz : Benedict XIII. (Antipope). In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 1, Bautz, Hamm 1975. 2nd, unchanged edition Hamm 1990, ISBN 3-88309-013-1 , Sp. 488-489.
- Walter Brandmüller: Benedict XIII . In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages (LexMA). Volume 1, Artemis & Winkler, Munich / Zurich 1980, ISBN 3-7608-8901-8 , Sp. 1862–1864.
- Dieter Girgensohn: A schism cannot be ended without the consent of the competing popes. The legal argument of Benedict XIII. (Pedro de Luna). In: Archivum Historiae Pontificiae. 27, 1989, ISSN 0066-6785 , pp. 197-247.
- Dieter Girgensohn: Benedict XIII. In: Lexicon for Theology and Church. Volume 2: Barclay to Damodos. 3rd completely revised edition. Herder, Freiburg (Breisgau) a. a. 1994, ISBN 3-451-22002-4 , p. 208.
- Hans Kühner: Lexicon of the Popes. Church history, world history, contemporary history. From Peter to today. Updated license edition. Fourier, Wiesbaden 1991, ISBN 3-925037-59-4 .
- Barbara von Langen-Monheim: The information seriosa Pope Benedict XIII. Stages of a Church Political Memorandum from 1399 to the Council of Perpignan 1408. Dissertation, Aachen 2004, (PDF; 1.5 MB) .
- Christiane Laudage: Fight for the chair of Petri. The history of the anti-popes. Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 2012, ISBN 978-3-451-30402-6 , pp. 150-171.
- Britta Müller-Schauenburg: Benedict XIII. In: Karl-Heinz Braun, Mathias Herweg, Hans W. Hubert, Joachim Schneider, Thomas Zotz (eds.): The Council of Constance. Essays. 1414-1418. World event of the Middle Ages . Theiss Verlag, Darmstadt 2013, ISBN 978-3-8062-2849-6 , pp. 121-125.
- Michael Seidlmayer : Peter de Luna (Benedict XIII.) And the emergence of the Great Occidental Schism. In: Spanish research by the Görres Society. 1st row: Collected essays on the cultural history of Spain 4, 1933, ZDB -ID 503910-1 , pp. 206–247.
See also
Web links
- Literature by and about Benedict XIII. in the catalog of the German National Library
Individual evidence
- ↑ Dieter Girgensohn : A schism cannot be ended without the consent of the competing popes. The legal argument of Benedict XIII. (Pedro de Lunas). In: Pontifical Gregorian University (ed.): Archivium Historiae Pontificiae 27. Rome 1989, pp. 197–247.
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Benedict XIII. |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Luna y Gotor, Pedro Marinez de; Luna, Pedro de; Papa Luna |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Antipope (1394–1423) |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 1328 or 1342 or 1343 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Illueca , Crown of Aragon |
| DATE OF DEATH | 1422 or 1423 |
| Place of death | Peñíscola |