Second Lateran Council

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2nd Council in Lateran
4. – 30. April 1139
Accepted by

Roman Catholic Church

Convened by Pope Innocent II
Bureau

Pope Innocent II

Attendees about 500 to 1000 clerics
subjects

Ending the schism of Anaclet II , excommunication of Arnold of Brescia and Rogers II of Sicily , celibacy , simony , interest , penance

Documents

30 canons

The Second Lateran Council (also called Second Lateran Synod ) met in April 1139 under the chairmanship of Pope Innocent II in the Lateran in Rome . The number of participants is estimated to be at least 500, rather larger. Contemporaries referred to the synod as a “concilium generale”, Pope Innocent himself called it a “plenarium concilium”, but later Roman tradition counts the council as the 10th  ecumenical council , although only one representative from the East, the Patriarch of Antioch Ralf von Domfront was present, who as a Latin patriarch also belonged to the Western Church .

The second Lateran Synod ended the schism of 1130. After the antipope Anaklet II died in 1138 and Bernhard von Clairvaux was able to persuade his successor Viktor IV to resign, their supporters were accepted back into the church community, but contrary to their previous promises of office relieved. The council condemned the teachings of Arnold of Brescia and excommunicated King Roger II of Sicily , who had supported Anaclet II and was unable to come to an agreement with Innocent II.

According to Ordericus Vitalis , the decrees of this council were not particularly powerful.

decisions

The council passed 30 canons :

  • Canon 1 removes anyone who has received ordination through simony from office.
  • Canon 2 withdraws this honor from everyone who has bought a benefice or an ecclesiastical honorary office, sacraments or sacramentals for money.
  • Canon 3 prohibits bishops from granting church fellowship to those who have been excommunicated elsewhere .
  • Canon 4 requires bishops and clergy not to offend believers by luxury in fashion and hairstyle.
  • Canon 5 confirms the ruling of the Council of Chalcedon that the property of deceased bishops must remain with the Church. The prohibition of appropriation also applies to the possession of priests and other clerics.
  • Canon 6 excludes consecrated sub-deacons and clerics of higher degrees who marry or have a concubine from church service and deprives them of their income.
  • Canon 7 forbids listening to masses of married or concubinaries. Clerics who have taken a wife against the norm should be separated, since such a union, which was entered into against the church rule, is not recognized as marriage. The participants are separated from each other and are then supposed to repent appropriately.
  • Canon 8 also stipulates the latter for nuns or consecrated virgins if they intend to marry, which God may forbid.
  • Canon 9 prohibits clerics from studying medicine and law, and above all from exercising profitable legal work.
  • Canon 10 prohibits the transfer of the church tithe to lay people . Only deacons and priests may be appointed archdeacons and deans .
  • Canon 11 demands safety for traveling clergy, pilgrims, merchants and farmers on the way to their fields and their cattle.
  • Canon 12 orders the observance of God's peace every Wednesday after sunset until sunrise on Monday and from the beginning of Advent until the octave of the Feast of the Epiphany and from Quinquagesima on Sunday to White Sunday .
  • Canon 13 prohibits archbishops, bishops and abbots of any order from collecting interest .
  • Canon 14 prohibits tournaments by knights.
  • Canon 15 applies the anathema to anyone who practices violence against clerics or monks , from which only the Pope can absolve him except in danger of death . At the same time, under threat of  excommunication, everyone is prohibited from laying hands on those who have fled to a church or cemetery.
  • Canon 16 states that churches and ecclesiastical offices and dignities cannot be inherited or claimed on the basis of an inheritance, since they are bestowed on the basis of spiritual merit, not on the basis of consanguinity.
  • Canon 17 prohibits relationships between blood relatives. Children from incestuous connections are ruthless to be and remain excluded from the inheritance.
  • Canon 18 prohibits all arson . Arsonists are not allowed to be buried in church . Absolution is only granted to those who have compensated for the damage caused as far as possible and who swear not to start a fire in the future. As a penance, he is told to serve God for a whole year in Jerusalem or in Spain.
  • Canon 19 orders that archbishops or bishops who fail to do so must compensate for the damage incurred and waive their office for a year.
  • Canon 20 states that princes and kings are not denied jurisdiction after hearing the archbishops and bishops.
  • Canon 21 stipulates that the sons of priests are to be excluded from the altar service, unless they lived as religious in monasteries or canons.
  • Canon 22 urges bishops and priests not to admit false penances by the laity. This applies when many sins are put on hold, but penance is only imposed for one sin or in such a way that the confessor cannot renounce another sin. Occasions on which repentance is considered wrong include persistence in jobs that cannot be practiced without sinning or hating, hatred in the heart when the offender does not forgive the offender, or when someone is without good Basic weapons carry.
  • Canon 23 condemns those as heretics who, under the pretense of faith, condemn the sacrament of the altar and the sacraments of the baptism of a child, ordination to a priest or other holy ordination and valid marriage, excludes them from the church and hands them over to secular power for punishment. Whoever protects such heretics should be treated in the same way.
  • Canon 24 prohibits charging for chrism and other sacred oils and church funerals.
  • Canon 25 forbids receiving income from administrative offices, benefices or other church functions that have been given by laypeople.
  • Canon 26 orders that nuns of the religious rule either of St. Benedict or St. Basil or Augustine have to follow, and forbids them to build their own rooms in addition to the common refectories and dormitories and the choir , in which they could receive cosmopolitan people under the pretext of hospitality and violate sacred rules and good morals.
  • Canon 27 also prohibits the chanting of the divine office of nuns and consecrated virgins with canons or monks.
  • Canon 28 prohibits canons from delaying an episcopal election for more than three months by excluding religious from the election. Without their advice, consent and consent, elections are null and void.
  • Canon 29 forbids the use of the "deadly and god-hated art of crossbow and archers" against Christians and [especially] Catholics, under penalty of anathema.
  • Canon 30 also declares all appointments carried out by Petrus Leonis and other schismatics and heretics null and void.

environment

During the council, Pope Innocent officially canonized the first abbot of Fulda, Sturmi .

literature

  • Conciliorum oecumenicorum Decreta. Edited by Giuseppe Alberigo et alii, Bologna 1973³, 195-203.
  • Carl Joseph Hefele: Conciliengeschichte. Volume 5, Freiburg 1863, p. 388 ff. ( Online ).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ See Edeltraud Klueting: Monasteria semper reformanda. Monastery and order reforms in the Middle Ages. Münster 2005, p. 57.
  2. ↑ Cf. Petra Kehl: Adoration of saints in the imperial abbey of Fulda.

See also