Stephan IX.
Stephan IX. (X.) , previously Friedrich von Montecassino OSB , originally Friedrich von Lothringen (* around 1020 in Lorraine , † March 29, 1058 in Florence ) served as Pope from August 1057 until his death . Because of his origins, he is considered the " German Pope ".
Life
Friedrich's father was Gozelo I , Duke of Lower Lorraine .
Frederick of Lorraine was from Leo IX. brought to Rome in 1050 and entrusted with important functions. He had held the offices of chancellor and librarian of the Roman Church (since March 9, 1051), a cardinal deacon of Santa Maria in Domnica (since 1049) and cardinal priest of San Crisogono (since June 14, 1057). At the beginning of the oriental schism , Friedrich was Abbot of Montecassino . He retained the abbatiate during his pontificate.
Even if his elevation to Pope - the enthronement took place on August 3, 1057 - initially took place without the consent of the secular rulers in the empire, Empress Agnes finally accepted the result of the election. Friedrich von Montecassino chose the Pope's name Stephan IX.
In his short pontificate, Stephan followed the example of his patron Leo IX. consequently for the internal church reform, in particular the celibacy of the clergy and the strictly interpreted prohibition of the simony .
He died in Florence in 1058 while planning a campaign against the Normans . He was buried in the local Cathedral of Santa Reparata , which was later overbuilt by today's Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore .
On the death bed he is said to have determined that the election of his successor should only begin when Hildebrand, who later became Pope Gregory VII , was back from his trip to Germany.
count
In an alternative count, the priest Stephen II , who was elected Pope but died before his episcopal ordination, is recognized as Pope. As a result, all other popes with this name are counted with a higher number, i.e. Stephen IX. as Stephan X. - in specialist literature, the spelling Stephan IX is often used to avoid misunderstandings . (X.) used.
literature
- Michel Parisse : Stefano IX In: Massimo Bray (ed.): Enciclopedia dei Papi , Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Volume 2 (Niccolò I, santo - Sisto IV), Rome 2000
- Stephan Freund: Stephan IX., Pope. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 10, Bautz, Herzberg 1995, ISBN 3-88309-062-X , Sp. 1357-1360.
- Theodor Lindner : Stephan IX., Pope . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 36, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1893, pp. 62-64.
- Dieter Hägermann : The papacy on the eve of the investiture dispute. Stephan IX., Benedict X. and Nicholas II. (= Popes and Papacy. Volume 136). Hiersemann, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-7772-0801-5 .
- Karl Mittermaier : The German Popes: Gregory V, Clemens II, Damasus II, Leo IX, Viktor II., Stephan IX., Hadrian VI. Styria, Graz 1991, ISBN 3-222-12068-4 .
Web links
- LORRAINE, OSBCas., Frédéric de. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website), accessed April 18, 2017.
- Stephan IX. in the repertory "Historical Sources of the German Middle Ages"
- Publications on Stephan IX. in the opac of the Regesta Imperii (the first entry is not relevant)
Remarks
- ↑ Georg Gresser : Pope Clemens II and the diocese of Bamberg. In: The Bamberg diocese in the world of the Middle Ages (= Bamberg interdisciplinary medieval studies. Lectures and lectures, volume 1). University of Bamberg Press, Bamberg 2007, pp. 87-102 (here: p. 88).
- ↑ Karl Mittermaier: The German popes: Gregory V, Clemens II, Damasus II, Leo IX, Viktor II, Stephan IX., Hadrian VI. Graz 1991, pp. 130-131.
- ↑ Karl Mittermaier: The German popes: Gregory V, Clemens II, Damasus II, Leo IX, Viktor II, Stephan IX., Hadrian VI. Graz 1991, p. 133.
predecessor | Office | successor |
---|---|---|
Viktor II |
Pope 1057-1058 |
Nicholas II |
personal data | |
---|---|
SURNAME | Stephan IX. |
ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Friedrich of Lorraine, Stephan X. |
BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Pope (1057-1058) |
DATE OF BIRTH | around 1020 |
PLACE OF BIRTH | Lorraine |
DATE OF DEATH | March 29, 1058 |
Place of death | Florence |