John XXI.

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Coat of arms of John XXI., Modern tracing

John XXI. (originally Petrus Juliani , Petrus Hispanus , Pedro Julião or Peter Rebuli-Giuliani ; * around 1205 in Lisbon , †  May 20, 1277 in Viterbo ) was a Portuguese doctor , author of medical writings, deacon and archdeacon. He was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from September 15 of the year of the Fourth Pope in 1276 until his death on May 20, 1277 . The count of John XXI. as the twenty-first Pope of this name goes back to a medieval mistake, see John XX. To this day he was the only Portuguese in the papal office.

education

He was the son of a wealthy Portuguese doctor and pharmacist named Julianus, hence the form of the name Petrus Juliani ( Pedro Julião ).

He received his first training at schools in Lisbon and León . Then he moved to the University of Paris ( Sorbonne ), where he studied general logic, dialectics and natural history with Albertus Magnus , among others . In 1245 he earned a master's degree in philosophy and medicine. He then went to southern Italy, where he deepened his medical knowledge in Salerno and Palermo and was appointed professor artis medicinae due to good contacts with the court of Frederick II . From 1247 he taught as a physicus at the newly founded Studium Generale von Siena . Most of his medical writings were probably made during this period.

Name side of the bull John XXI., 1276
Thesaurus pauperum

His economic situation in Siena is said to have been unfavorable. His apartment was in the poor district, where he was inspired to write his most famous work Thesaurus pauperum (Treasury of the Poor). This involved a comprehensive collection of prescriptions (“medicine treasure”), tailored to the possibilities of the less fortunate. Among other things, he wrote about ophthalmology and surgery, about the theory of the soul and the function of the heart, about abortion and contraception . He also mentions representatives of the upper class such as Pope Eugene III as a reference for a urinary stone dissolving powder . The Thesaurus pauperum was used, among others, in the 14th century by the Flemish doctor Jan Yperman as a source of his internistic and surgical works.

He is also often credited with writings on philosophy and logic, especially the Summulae logicales , the most popular medieval introduction to logic . This attribution is problematic because the identification of John XXI. with the logician Petrus Hispanus is not secured and controversial.

The further career

From 1250 he worked as a deacon of Lisbon, archdeacon of Vermoim and prior of Santa Maria zu Guimarães, mainly in Portugal. Around 1260, Ottobuono Fieschi, Conte di Lavagna, who later became Pope Hadrian V , appointed the medical professor as his personal physician . Pope Gregory X recruited him from him in 1271 as archiatrist (court and personal physician).

Peter became Archbishop of Braga and Cardinal Bishop of Tusculum in 1273 . He was 1274 participant in the Second Council of Lyon . On September 8, 1276, the now about 60-year-old became Pope with the name Johannes XXI in the conclave in Viterbo after heated discussions. elected. In the conclave, the influence of Cardinal Giovanni Gaetano Orsini tipped the balance in favor of his election.

His projects as Pope

John XXI. resided exclusively in Viterbo. His pontificate did not even last nine months and yet he began great projects. He sought peace between Philip III. of France and Alfonso X of Castile . He tried to maintain the union with the Orthodox Church from 1274. He also tried unsuccessfully to initiate a crusade . In addition, he made suggestions for study reform at the universities and sponsored scholarships for particularly talented students and resumed his own studies. To this end, he had a private library built at the back of the Papal Palace in Viterbo.

Even during Johannes' term of office, who as a doctor himself had also written scientific and medical texts, in particular on optics and ophthalmology, important philosophers, scientists and physicians worked at the papal curia - as was the case under Urban IV and Clement IV .

On May 14, 1277, Johannes was buried by falling walls in his library and died six days later of his serious injuries. The tomb of John XXI. is located in the Cathedral of San Lorenzo in Viterbo.

Fonts

  • Tractatus duodecim Petri Hispani von Breda, Deventer 1528 ( digitized edition of the University and State Library Düsseldorf ).
  • Maria Helena da Rocha Pereira (ed.): Obras médicas de Pedro Hispano. Coimbra 1973 (= Acta universitatis conimbrigensis. )
  • Luís de Pina, Maria Helena da Rocha Pereira (ed.): Thesaurus pauperum atribudo a Pedro Hispano: Texto latino com traducao et notas. Porto 1954–1958 (= Studium Generale. Boletim do Centro de Estudos Humanisticos, anexo a universidade do Porto , Volume I, pp. III – XXIX and 161–299; Volume II, pp. 182–247; Volume III, p. 68 -173 and 310-349; Volume IV, pp. 54-119 and 120-139; Volume V, pp. 255-283).
    • Thesaurus Pauperum di messer Pietro Hispano. New edition Venice 1533.
  • Liber de oculo. (Around 1250).
  • Karl Sudhoff (ed.): Brief dietetics for the wounded. In: Karl Sudhoff: Contributions to the history of surgery in the Middle Ages. 2 volumes. Leipzig 1914–1918 (= Studies on the History of Medicine. Volume 10–11 / 12), Volume 2, pp. 395–398 (written by Petrus Hispanus around 1250)

literature

  • José Francisco Meirinhos:  Giovanni XXI. In: Massimo Bray (ed.): Enciclopedia dei Papi. Volume 2:  Niccolò I, santo, Sisto IV. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2000 ( treccani.it ).
  • José Francisco Meirinhos:  Giovanni XXI, papa. In: Mario Caravale (ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 55:  Ginammi – Giovanni da Crema. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2000,  slightly modified from the Enciclopedia dei Papi .
  • Jean Claude Bologne: La Naissance Interdite; Stérilité, avortement, contraception au Moyen-Age . Orban, Paris 1988, ISBN 2-85565-434-3 .
  • Michael Hanst:  Johannes XXI. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 3, Bautz, Herzberg 1992, ISBN 3-88309-035-2 , Sp. 224-228.  ( Article / beginning of article in Internet archive )
  • Joachim Telle : Petrus Hispanus in the old German medical literature. Studies and texts with special consideration of the 'Thesaurus pauperum'. 2 volumes. Philosophical dissertation Heidelberg 1972.
  • Joachim Telle: Petrus Hispanus (Petrus Juliani, Pope Johannes XXI.). In: Author's Lexicon . 2nd Edition. Volume 7, 1989, col. 504-511.
  • Real Theological Encyclopedia . Volume 3, Col. 790; Volume 4, Col. 718; Volume 9, Col. 251; Volume 27, Col. 62; Volume 31, Col. 477.

Web links

Commons : Ioannes XXI  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Heinrich Schipperges †: Petrus Hispanus. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 1131.
  2. ^ Gundolf Keil : Thesaurus pauperum. In: Author's Lexicon . 2nd Edition. Volume 9, 1995.
  3. ↑ Gundolf Keil: "blutken - bloedekijn". Notes on the etiology of the hyposphagma genesis in the 'Pommersfeld Silesian Eye Booklet' (1st third of the 15th century). With an overview of the ophthalmological texts of the German Middle Ages. In: Specialized prose research - Crossing borders. Volume 8/9, 2012/2013, pp. 7–175, here: pp. 9 and 43.
  4. ↑ Chapter 31, $ 34, in: Maria Helena da Rocha Pereira (1973), p. 225.
  5. ↑ Gundolf Keil: "The best advice is the icker toe can against genomen vte platearise". References to Ypermans Medicine. In: Geneeskunde in nederlandstalige teksten tot 1600. Koninklijke Academie voor Geneeskunde van België, Brussels 2012 (2013), ISBN 978-90-75273-29-8 , pp. 93-137; here: pp. 127–136.
  6. ↑ Gundolf Keil (2012), p. 133 f.
  7. ^ Ángel d'Ors: Petrus Hispanus OP, Auctor Summularum (I). In: Vivarium. Volume 35, No. 1, 1997, pp. 21-71; Ángel d'Ors: Petrus Hispanus OP, Auctor Summularum (II): Further documents and problems. In: Vivarium. Volume 39, No. 2, 2001, pp. 209-254; Ángel d'Ors: Petrus Hispanus OP, Auctor Summularum (III). "Petrus Alfonsi" or "Petrus Ferrandi"? In: Vivarium. Volume 41, No. 2, 2004, pp. 249-303. The first of these contributions was also published in Spanish in Dicenda. No. 19, 2001, pp. 243-291 ( online version ).
  8. ↑ Friedrich v. Zglinicki : Uroscopy in the fine arts. An art and medical historical study of the urine examination. Ernst Giebeler, Darmstadt 1982, ISBN 3-921956-24-2 , p. 66.
  9. ^ Wolfgang Münchow: History of ophthalmology. In: Der Augenarzt , IX, Karl Velhagen (Ed.), 3rd edition, Stuttgart 1984, in particular p. 175 f.
  10. ^ Klaus Bergdolt : Scholastic medicine and natural science at the papal curia in the late 13th century. In: Würzburger medical historical reports 7, 1989, pp. 155–168
  11. ↑ Albrecht Maria Berger: The Ophthalmology of Petrus Hispanus (Liber de oculo), Petrus von Lisbon, later Pope Johannes XXI., Based on Munich, Florentine, Pariser, Roman Latin Codices for the first time published, translated and explained . Munich 1899.
  12. ↑ Gundolf Keil (2012/13), p. 9.
predecessor Office successor
Hadrian V. Pope
1276-1277 		Nicholas III
personal data
SURNAME John XXI.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Petrus Juliani; Petrus Hispanus; Pedro Julião; Peter Rebuli-Giuliani
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Pope (1276-1277)
DATE OF BIRTH around 1205
PLACE OF BIRTH Lisbon
DATE OF DEATH May 20, 1277
Place of death Viterbo