List of ancient Roman emperors
The list of Roman emperors of antiquity includes all the emperors of the Roman Empire from Augustus , who died in 27 BC. Founded the principate until Herakleios , whose reign 610–641 (from 613 together with Constantine III. ) Is the latest epoch boundary that can be considered for the end of antiquity . Some researchers set earlier endpoints for the ancient imperial era, for example after Theodosius I (395), Romulus Augustulus (476), Justinian I (565) or Maurikios (602).
The Roman Empire is traditionally divided into two periods: the time of the principality , including the Empire crisis of the third century , and in the late antiquity from about 284, formerly called Dominat was called. The list has overlapped with the list of Byzantine emperors for about three centuries since the sole rule of Constantine I 324–337 .
In terms of constitutional law, there is no difference between the Roman and the Byzantine Empire , because modern research only describes the Greek-influenced great power as Byzantine, which emerged from the Eastern Roman Empire in the course of late antiquity and the beginning of the early Middle Ages .
The German word Kaiser and the Russian Tsar derive from Gaius Iulius Caesar , who rose to dictator in the final phase of the Roman Republic and whose cognomen Caesar was taken over by his heir Augustus and his successors.
Explanations
The following list shows the emperors with their portraits (primarily contemporary busts or coins ), their names commonly used in the German-speaking world , their full names and titulatures (if known or accessible), their periods of reign and, under notes, any special features. In the case of Eastern Roman emperors, preference is given to the Latin version of the name, even if the names are originally Greek (examples: Anastasius instead of Anastasios , Zeno instead of Zenon ). The Greek name is only used if the corresponding Latin version is not in use in German (example: Maurikios instead of Mauricius ).
The legitimately ruling emperors ( Augusti ; example: AUGUSTUS ) are highlighted in white , in CAPSAL and in bold letters , in small caps only nominally (not de facto ) co-rulers of equal rank (since Verus ).
Greasing is not required in the following cases:
- Emperors and their co-rulers who are not universally or not nationwide recognized (examples: MAXENTIUS , MAGNUS MAXIMUS and Victor )
- Emperor of the Imperium Galliarum
- after the division of the empire in 395 in the west without the consent of the Eastern Roman senior Augustus (example: JOHANNES )
- Counter-emperors who temporarily ousted the legitimate ruler, provided they came from the ruling dynasty and their rule was recognized by the Roman or Byzantine Senate (example: BASILISCUS )
In the column Full name and title are listed:
- the name before adoption or assumption of power (italic)
- possibly the title of Caesar or heir to the throne
- the title (nomen imperatoris) used as Augustus (last )
Elements of the official "core title" are in small caps ( bold only for main emperors and here only the consistently traditional components of the title; italics : not universally or not recognized throughout the empire). Elements of filiation , republican functional titles and triumphant titles are set in small capitals (the triumphant titles were often not all carried at the same time, the order also varies in the sources; in brackets: possibly only unofficial or cataloged). Are listed i. d. Usually only terms of the self-designation of the emperor in the most extensive known titulature. If there is no documented self-designation, the titulature on the coins is used. In individual cases, numismatically or epigraphically documented epithets are added in brackets (example: in late antiquity perpetuus appears regularly on imperial coins instead of the semper customary in documents ). The form of address dominus noster is not included , as it was not part of the official self-designation.
The reign is valid for the term of office as Augustus or (for main emperors) for the time of sole rule , for usurpers and pretenders to the period of the claim to power.
In the Comments column , sub- emperors or designated heirs to the throne (Caesares) , if they did not later rule independently, are assigned to the respective emperors, stating the years of their co-regent or dignity (year in italics : only nominal) (example: Maximus ). The bold type does not apply to presumptive heirs to the throne ( principes iuventutis , nobilissimi ) who were no longer officially proclaimed Caesar or Augustus as a result of their own death or as a result of the death or disempowerment of the emperor (examples: Marcellus , Romulus ).
Listed as (co-) regents in the comment column are:
- bold: holder of the tribunicia potestas (principal; example: Agrippa )
- Praetorian prefects acting as imperial guardians or imperial administrators (example: Timesitheus )
- in late antiquity, bearer of the title of Patricius in connection with the office of army master and attachment to the imperial family (example: Stilicho )
So-called “Kaisermacher” are marked with the preposition “through” (example: “through Ricimer ”).
Empresses ( Augustae ) are called regents if they were nominally equal to the emperor and exercised the power of government for him (example: Agrippina ) or after the death of the emperor (temporarily) took over the rule (example: Etruscilla ).
Not listed are appointed by the emperor and the Roman citizenship equipped clientele princes who in de jure located outside the imperial borders vassal states (regna) have ruled (examples: Prasutagus , Abgar ) and late antique Foederatenkönige on imperial territory (example: Wallia ).
Italicized in the comment column:
- Heir to the throne whose co-emperor or Caesarism has not been proven (examples: Arcadius II , Candidianus )
- De facto rulers (imperial administrators) who were not dynastically linked to the emperor in question (example: Arbogast under Valentinian II.)
- Candidates for the throne who, through their own resignation ( recusatio imperii ), indirectly became "emperor-makers" when the throne was vacant (example Macrinus Kaiser "after resignation by Adventus ")
Opposing emperors and usurpers are highlighted in gray . "Counter-emperors" are usurpers or pretenders to the throne in the narrower sense, who have acquired the imperial title themselves or who have been acclaimed by their troops or supporters (VERSAL or in small caps : Augustus title evidenced by coins or inscriptions). This also applies to counter-emperors who temporarily held the throne, provided that the legitimate ruler on imperial territory continued to develop his own government activities and refused recognition to the rival (example: ROMULUS AUGUSTULUS against Iulius Nepos). Subsequently legitimized counter-emperors who were unable to assert their claim to power during their lifetime are also greased by the Senate (example: GORDIAN I and Gordian II ).
"Usurper" are designated in the list as characters,
- for whom the formal act of elevation to the emperor has not been passed down with certainty, but who have de facto appropriated imperial powers or behaved disloyally and held a not insignificant territorial power base or dynastic position,
- or where the outrage was geographically so limited (at most one province ) and so briefly (at most a few days) that de facto there was no endangerment of the legitimate emperor.
Usurpers and pretenders to the throne who only have a regional / local or peripheral power base or who have only ruled for a short time or have made a claim to power are set in small caps .
Also listed are non-Roman rulers who claimed a position similar to an emperor in late antiquity on former imperial territory or in territories under nominal Roman sovereignty ( imitatio imperii ; example: Theudebert ). If the regent position was officially legitimized by receiving Roman honorary titles, the figures are listed with the respective emperor (example: Clovis under Anastasius I).
Italicized are:
- Rebels , conspirators or separatists , for whom it is unlikely or at least uncertain whether they claimed the imperial dignity, but who were stylized as usurpers ( tyranni ) in the tradition (example: Clodius Macer )
- Late antique Jewish - Samaritan "kings" in Palestine, whose messianic claim called the legitimacy of (Christian) imperial rule into question (example: Patricius )
Lowercase are most likely non-historical or fictional characters in the era of imperial crisis of the third century (example: Trebellianus ).
With regard to the opposing emperors, the list does not claim to be complete, especially since nothing or almost nothing is known about some of them apart from their names.
List of Roman emperors
Early and High Imperial Era (Principal)
portrait | Surname | Full name and title | Reign | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
Julian-Claudian dynasty | ||||
AUGUSTUS |
Gaius Octavius Gaius Iulius Gai / Divi (Iuli) filius Caesar IIIvir rei publicae constituendae, augur , consul, imperator III Imperator Caesar Divi filius IIIvir rei publicae constituendae II, augur, XVvir sacris faciundis , consulari potestate / consul VII, imperatus senatus VII Imperator Caesar Divi filius Augustus pontifex maximus , consul XIII , tribunicia potestate XXXVII, imperator XXI, pater patriae |
27 BC -14 AD | Adoptive son Caesar since 44 ( Emperor from 43 / 40 ), with Marcellus (. 25-23 BC.) And Agrippa (23 / 18-12 BC..); Emperor: Drusus (10–9 BC); Caesares: Gaius (17 BC – 4 AD, Emperor from 3), Lucius (17 BC – 2 AD), Agrippa Postumus (4–6 / 7) | |
TIBERIUS |
Tiberius Claudius Nero Tiberius Julius Augusti filius Divi nepos Caesar augur, XVvir sacris faciundis, VIIvir epulonum , tribunicia potestate XVI, consul II, Emperor VII, ( princeps iuventutis ) (Emperor) Tiberius Caesar divi Augusti filius (Divi [July] nepos ) Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XXXVIII, consul V, imperator VIII, (pater patriae) |
14-37 | Co-regent 6–1 BC . Chr and from 4/13 ( Emperor .. For 10/9 BC), Caesar since 4, 22-23 with Drusus ( Caesar since 4 /19); Emperor: Blaesus (22); Caesares: Germanicus ( 4 / 14-19, Imperator from 9/13), Nero ( 6 / 23-27 / 29), Drusus ( 7 / 23-30 / 31); Regent: Sejan (26 / 30–31) | |
Clement | unknown | 16 | Usurper (?, As "Agrippa Postumus") in Italy | |
CALIGULA | Gaius Iulius Caesar (Germanicus) pontifex , augur Gaius Caesar Germanici Caesaris filius Tiberii Augusti nepos divi Augusti pronepos divi Iuli Abnepos Augustus Germanicus (Britannicus), pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate IV, imperator (VIII), consul IV, pater |
37-41 | Caesar since 12 /35, 38 (?) Lepidus ; Caesar: Tiberius Gemellus ( 19/35 −37/38) | |
CLAUDIUS |
Tiberius Claudius Drusus Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus Tiberius Claudius Drusi filius Caesar Augustus Germanicus pontifex maximus, ( proconsul ), tribunicia potestate XIV, imperator XXVII, pater patriae, censor , consul V |
41-54 | Caesar: Britannicus (from 43) | |
Scribonianus | Lucius Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus | 42 | Usurper in Dalmatia | |
Silius | Gaius Silius | 48 | Usurper (?) In Rome (through Messalina ) | |
NERO |
Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus Nero Claudius Augusti filius Caesar Drusus Germanicus Pontifex, augur, XVvir sacris faciundis, VIIvir epulonum, consul designatus, princeps iuventutis Emperor Nero Claudius divi Claudi filius Germanici Caesaris nepos Tiberii Caesaris Augusti pronepos divi Augusti abnepos Caesar Augustus Germanicus Pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XIV, imperator XIII, consul V, pater patriae |
54-68 | Caesar since 50; Regents: Agrippina (up to 55), Burrus (55–59, with Seneca ) | |
Four emperor year | ||||
GALBA |
(Lucius Livius Ocella) Servius Sulpicius Galba Servius Galba Imperator Caesar Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, consul II, (pater patriae) |
68-69 | against Nero (by Vindex , after renunciation by Verginius Rufus ); Caesar: Piso (69) | |
Clodius Macer | Lucius Clodius Macer | 68 | Usurper in Africa (and Sicily?) | |
Nymphidius | Gaius Nymphidius Sabinus | 68 | Usurper in Rome | |
Capito | (Gaius?) Fonteius Capito | 68 | Usurper (?) In Lower Germany | |
OTHO |
Marcus Salvius Otho Imperator Marcus Otho (Nero) Caesar Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, consul |
69 | against Galba | |
VITELLIUS |
Aulus Vitellius Aulus Vitellius Germanicus Imperator tribunicia potestate Aulus Vitellius Germanicus Imperator (Caesar) Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, imperator III, consul (perpetuus?), (Pater patriae?) |
69 | against Galba and Otho, with Vitellius Junior | |
Albinus | Lucceius Albinus | 69 | Usurper (?) In Mauritania | |
Flavian dynasty | ||||
VESPASIAN |
Titus Flavius Vespasianus Imperator Titus Flavius Vespasianus Caesar Imperator Caesar Vespasianus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate X, imperator XX, pater patriae, censor, consul IX |
69 -79 | against Vitellius, 69 nominally Caesar | |
Iulius Sabinus | (Gaius?) Iulius Sabinus | 70 | Counter-Emperor in Northern Gaul, with Iulius Classicus | |
TITUS |
Titus Flavius Vespasianus Titus Caesar Vespasianus consul, princeps iuventutis Titus Caesar Augusti filius Vespasianus Imperator pontifex, tribunicia potestate VIII, imperator XIV, consul VII, censor, ( collegiorum omnasium sacerdos ) Imperator Titus Caesar divi , tribunicia vespasianus maximius XI, imperator XVII, pater patriae, censor, consul VIII |
79-81 | Co-regent since 71 ( imperator since 70 ), Caesar since 69 | |
Terentius Maximus | unknown | 79/80 | Usurper (as "Nero") in Asia Minor | |
DOMITIAN |
Titus Flavius Domitianus Caesar divi Augusti Vespasiani filius Domitianus consul VII, princeps iuventutis, collegiorum omnium sacerdos Imperator Caesar divi Vespasiani filius Domitianus Augustus Germanicus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XVI, censoria potestria XXII., Consulia potestria XVI |
81-96 | Caesar since 69 (until 70 regent with Mucianus ), 95 with Vespasian Junior and Domitian Junior ; Caesar: Flavius (until 82?) | |
Saturninus | Lucius Antonius Saturninus | 89 | Counter-emperor in Upper Germany | |
Adoptive Emperor and Antonine Dynasty | ||||
NERVA |
Marcus Cocceius Nerva Imperator Nerva Caesar Augustus Germanicus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate III, imperator II, consul IV, (proconsul?), Pater patriae |
96-98 | ||
Nigrinus | Marcus Cornelius Nigrinus Curiatius Maternus | 97 | Usurper (?) In Syria | |
TRAJAN |
Marcus Ulpius (Marci filius) Traianus Imperator Caesar Nerva Traianus Germanicus tribunicia potestate II, consul II Imperator Caesar divi Nervae filius Nerva Traianus optimus Augustus Germanicus Dacicus Parthicus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XXI, imperator XIII, proconsul, consul patria VI |
98-117 | Caesar and co-regent since 97 | |
HADRIAN |
Publius Aelius (Publii filius Sergia) Hadrianus Emperor Caesar divi (Nervae) Trajani (Augusti) Parthici filius divi Nervae nepos (Nerva) Traianus Hadrianus (Optimus) Augustus (Dacicus maximus Britannicus maximus Germanicus maximus Parthicus) Olympius panhellenius panionius , pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XXII, imperator II, consul III, pater patriae, proconsul |
117-138 | Caesar 117 (?), 136-138 with Lucius Aelius ( Caesar since 136) | |
ANTONINUS PIUS |
Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius (Arrius) Antoninus Emperor Titus Aelius Caesar (Hadrianus) Antoninus tribunicia potestate, consul (designatus II) Emperor Caesar divi Hadriani filius divi Trajani Parthici nepos divi Nervae pronepos Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius (Germanicus Dacicus), pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XXIV, imperator II, consul IV, pater patriae |
138-161 | 138 Caesar and co-regent | |
MARK AUREL |
(Marcus Annius?) Catilius Severus Marcus Annius Verus Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus (Marcus Aelius) Aurelius Caesar (imperatoris Caesaris Titi Aeli Hadriani Antonini) Augusti Pii filius, (Pontifex?) Tribunicia potestate XIV, consul III, princeps iuventutis Imperator Caesar divi Antonini filius divi Veri Parthici maximi frater divi Hadriani nepos divi Traiani Parthici pronepos divi Nervae Abnepos Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (Pius) Augustus (Armeniacus Medicus Parthicus maximus) Germanicus Sarmaticus , pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XXXIV, consule imperator III |
161-180 | Co-regent since 147, Caesar since 139; Caesar: Annius Verus (166-169) | |
Verus |
Lucius Ceionius Commodus Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus Imperator Caesar divi Antonini filius divi Hadriani nepos divi Traiani Parthici pronepos divi Nervae verkabos Lucius Aurelius Verus Augustus Armeniacus Medicus Parthicus maximus , pontifex, tribunicia potestate IX, imperator V, cons |
161-169 | Co-emperor Marcus Aurelius | |
Avidius Cassius | Emperor Caesar Gaius Avidius Cassius Augustus | 175 | Counter-emperors in Syria and Egypt | |
COMMODUS | Lucius Aurelius Commodus Caesar Augusti filius, Germanicus Sarmaticus, pontifex, princeps iuventutis Imperator Caesar Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antonini Augusti filius divi Pii nepos divi Hadriani pronepos divi Traiani Parthici Abnepos divi Nervae adnepos, Germanicus, Germanicus adnepos, consul designatus, princeps iuventutis Emperor Caesar Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus Augustus Antonini Augusti filius divi Pii nepos divi Hadriani pronepos divi Trajani Parthici abnepos divi Nervae adnepos, Germanicus Sarmaticus, (pontifex) tribunicia potestate V, Emperor III, consul II, pater patriae Emperor Caesar divi Marci Antonini Pii Germanici Sarmatici filius divi Pii nepos divi Hadriani pronepos divi Trajani Parthici abnepos divi Nervae adnepos Lucius / Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus Pius Felix Augustus (armeniacus Medicus Parthicus maximus) Sarmaticus Germanicus (maximus) Britannicus , pater senatus , pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XVI, imperato r VIII, consul VI, pater patriae Emperor Caesar divi Marci Antonini Pii Germanici Sarmatici filius divi Pii nepos divi Hadriani pronepos divi Trajani Parthici abnepos divi Nervae adnepos Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus Augustus pius Felix Sarmaticus Germanicus maximus Britannicus, pacator Orbis , invictus Hercules Romanus ( exsuperatorius amazonius ), pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XVIII, imperator VIII, consul VII, pater patriae |
180-192 | Co- emperor since 177 , co-regent since 176, Caesar since 166; Regents: Perennis (182-185, Usurper 185), Cleander (188-189 / 90) | |
Priscus | Caerellius (Marcianus?) Priscus or Titus Caunius Priscus | 184? | Usurper (?) In Britain | |
Maternus | unknown | 185 / 86-187 | Usurper (?) In southern Gaul (and northern Italy?) | |
Alexander | Julius Alexander | 190/91? | Usurper (?) In Syria | |
Second year of the four emperors | ||||
PERTINAX |
Publius Helvius Pertinax Imperator Caesar Publius Helvius Pertinax Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, consul II, pater patriae, princeps senatus |
193 | by Laetus , after resignation by Glabrio and Pompeianus ; Caesar: Pertinax Junior | |
Maternus | Triarius Maternus Lascivius | 193 | Usurper (?) In Rome; Successor: Falco | |
DIDIUS IULIANUS |
Marcus Didius Severus Iulianus Imperator Caesar Marcus Didius Severus Iulianus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, (consul), pater patriae |
193 | surpassed Sulpicianus | |
PESCENNIUS NIGER |
Lucius Pescennius Niger Imperator Caesar Gaius Pescennius Niger Iustus Augustus consul II |
193-194 | Counter-emperor in the east | |
Severer | ||||
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS |
Lucius Septimius Severus Imperator Caesar divi Marci Antonini Pii Germanici Sarmatici filius divi Commodi frater divi Antonini Pii nepos divi Hadriani pronepos divi Traiani Parthici abnepos divi Nervae adnepos Lucius Septimius Severus Pius Pertinax Augustus Arabicus Adiabenicus Parthicus maximus Britannicus maximus, Pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XIX, imperator XIII, consul III, pater patriae, proconsul |
193-211 | against Didius Iulianus, sole ruler from 197 ; Regent: Plautian (202-205) | |
CLODIUS ALBINUS |
Decimus Clodius Albinus Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus Caesar consul II Imperator Caesar Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus Augustus consul II |
193- 197 | Caesar in Britain, from 195 anti-emperor in the west | |
Bulla | Bulla Felix | 205-207? | Usurper (?) In Italy | |
CARACALLA |
Lucius Septimius Bassianus (Imperator destinatus) Marcus Aurel (l) ius (Luci filius) Antoninus Caesar pontifex, princeps iuventutis, particeps imperii Imperator Caesar Luci Septimi Severi Pii Pertinacis Augusti Arabici Adiabenici Parthici maximi Divi Britannici Germani maximi filius divi Antonini Parmi Antonini Pii pronepos divi Hadriani enthepos divi Traiani Parthici et divi Nervae adnepos Marcus Aurel (l) ius Antoninus pius felix Augustus Britannicus maximus, pontifex, tribunicia potestate XIV, imperator II (I), consul III, pater patriae, proconsuli Imperatorim Caesar Severii Pertinacis Augusti Arabici Adiabenici Parthici maximi Britannici maximi filius divi Marci Antonini Pii Germanici Sarmatici nepos divi Antonini Pii pronepos divi Hadriani abnepos divi Trajani Parthici et divi Nervae adnepos Marcus Aurel (l) ius Severus Antoninus (magnus) pius Felix invictus Augustus Parthicus maximus Britannicus maximus Germanicus maximus arabicus (maximus) adiabenicus (maximus), pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XX, imperator III (IV), consul IV, pater patriae, proconsul |
211-217 | Co -emperor since 197/98 , Caesar since 196 | |
Geta |
Publius Septimius Geta Publius / Lucius Septimius (Luci filius) Geta nobilissimus Caesar pontifex, consul II, princeps iuventutis Imperator Caesar Luci / divi Septimi Severi Pii Pertinacis Augusti Arabici Adiabenici Parthosici maximi Britannici maximici pronus Piii German divi Antonini divatici Peposi divi Piii Antoni Hadriani entsepos divi Traiani Parthici et divi Nervae adnepos Publius Septimius Geta pius felix Augustus Britannicus maximus, pontifex, tribunicia potestate IV, consul II, pater patriae |
211 | Co -emperor since 209, Caesar since 197/98 | |
MACRINUS |
Marcus Opellius Macrinus Imperator Caesar Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus pius felix (invictus) Augustus (Parthicus maximus), pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate II, consul (II), pater patriae, proconsul |
217-218 | after renunciation by Adventus , not a member of the dynasty | |
Diadumenianus |
Marcus Opellius Diadumenianus Marcus Opellius (Severus) Antoninus Diadumenianus nobilissimus Caesar princeps iuventutis Imperator Caesar Marcus Opellius Antoninus Diadumenianus pius felix Augustus |
218 | Co-emperor of Macrinus, Caesar since 217 | |
ELAGABAL |
Varius Avitus Bassianus Imperator Caesar divi Antonini Magni Pii (Augusti) filius divi Severi Pii nepos Marcus Aurel (l) ius Antoninus pius felix invictus Augustus sacerdos amplissimus dei invicti Solis Elagabali pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate V, consulriae IV, pater |
218-222 | against Macrinus; "Caesar": Hierocles (221) | |
Gellius Maximus | unknown | 219 | Counter-emperor in Syria; Successor: Verus (219) | |
Seleucus | Iulius Antonius Seleucus or Marcus Flavius Vitellius Seleucus | 221/22 | Usurper in Lower Moesia (?) | |
SEVERUS ALEXANDER |
(Marcus Julius Gessius?) Bassianus Alexianus Imperatoris Caesaris Marci Aurel (l) ii Antonini Pii Felicis Augusti filius divi Antonini Magni Pii nepos divi Severi pronepos Marcus Aurel (l) ius Alexander nobilissimus Caesar imperi (i) et sacerdotis consul designatus, princeps iuventutis Emperor Caesar divi Antonini Magni Pii (Augusti) filius divi Severi Pii nepos Marcus Aurel (l) ius Severus Alexander (magnus) pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XIV, imperator X, consul III, pater patriae, proconsul |
222-235 | Caesar since 221; Regent: Iulia Mamaea (until 224 with Iulia Maesa ) | |
Seius Sallustius | (Lucius?) Seius (Herennius?) Sallustius Macrinus (?) | 227 | Usurper (?) In Rome ( Caesar since 225?); alleged predecessor: Ovinius Camillus | |
Taurinus | unknown | 230/31? | Counter-emperor in Syria or Mesopotamia |
Imperial crisis of the 3rd century
portrait | Surname | Full name and title | Reign | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
Early soldier emperors | ||||
MAXIMINUS THRAX |
Gaius Iulius Verus Maximinus Imperator Caesar Gaius Iulius Verus Maximinus pius felix invictus Augustus Germanicus maximus Dacicus maximus Sarmaticus maximus (Parthicus maximus?), Pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate IV, imperator VII, consul, proconsul, pater patriae |
235- 238 | against Severus Alexander; Caesar: Maximus (from 236) | |
Magnus | (Gaius Petronius?) Magnus | 235? | Usurper in Upper Germany; Successor: Quartinus (235?) | |
GORDIAN I. |
Marcus Antonius Gordianus Imperator Caesar Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus (Senior) pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, (consul II), pater patriae, (proconsul) |
238 | Counter-Emperor in Africa | |
Gordian II |
Marcus Antonius Gordianus Imperator Caesar Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus pius felix Augustus pontifex, tribunicia potestate, consul, pater patriae, (proconsul?) |
238 | Co-emperor Gordian I. | |
PUPIENUS |
Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus Imperator Caesar Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus pius felix Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, pater patriae, consul II, pater senatus, (proconsul) |
238 | against Maximinus Thrax, with Balbinus | |
BALBINUS |
Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus Imperator Caesar Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus pius felix Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, pater patriae, consul II, (pater senatus) |
238 | against Maximinus Thrax, with Pupienus | |
GORDIAN III. | Mark Antony Gordianus nobilissimus Caesar princeps iuventutis, nepos divorum Gordianorum Imperator Caesar divi Marci Antoni Gordiani nepos divi Antoni Gordiani sororis filius Mark Antony Gordianus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate VII, imperator VII, patule consule VII, imperator |
238- 244 | 238 Caesar under Pupienus and Balbinus; Regents: Gordiana (?, To 241), Timesitheus (241–243); Alleged successor: Marcus | |
Sabinianus | (Marcus Triarius Rufinus Asinius?) Sabinianus | 240 | Counter-Emperor in Africa | |
PHILIPPUS ARABS |
Marcus Iulius Philippus Imperator Caesar Marcus Iulius Philippus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, (Parthicus Adiabenicus) Persicus maximus Carpicus maximus (Germanicus maximus), tribunicia potestate VI, consul III, pater patriae, proconsul |
244-249 | Regent since 243 (with Priscus ) | |
Philip II | Marcus Iulius (Severus) Philippus nobilissimus Caesar princeps iuventutis Imperator Caesar Marcus Iulius (Severus) Philippus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, (Carpicus Germanicus), tribunicia potestate III, consul II, pater patriae, (princeps iuventutis) |
247-249 | Co-emperor of Philip Arab (and of Decius?), Caesar since 244 | |
Pacatianus | Imperator (Caesar?) Ti (Berius) Claudius Marinus Pacatianus pius felix Augustus | 248-248 / 49 | Counter-emperor in Moesia and Pannonia | |
Iotapianus | Emperor Caesar Marcus F (ulvius?) Ru (fus?) Iotapianus Augustus | 248 / 49-249 | Counter-emperors in Syria and Cappadocia | |
Sponsianus | unknown | ? | Counter-Emperor in Dacia (?) | |
DECIUS |
Gaius Messius Quintus Decius Valeri (a) nus Imperator Caesar Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius pius felix invictus Augustus (Dacicus maximus Germanicus maximus), pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate IV, (imperator II), consul III, pater patriae |
249- 251 | against Philip Arabs; Regent: Etruscilla (251) | |
Valens Licinianus | (Quintus?) Iulius Valens Licinianus | 250/51 | Counter-Emperor in Rome | |
Priscus | Lucius (?) Priscus or Titus Iulius Priscus | 250/51 | Counter-Emperor in Thrace (by Kniva ?) | |
Herennius Etruscus | Quintus Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius nobilissimus Caesar tribunicia potestate II, consul (designatus), princeps iuventutis Imperator Caesar Quintus Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius (pius felix) Augustus tribunicia potestate II, consul, (princeps iuventutis) |
251 | Co- emperor of Decius, Caesar and co-regent since 250 | |
Hostilian | Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus nobilissimus Caesar (tribunicia potestate?), Princeps iuventutis Imperator Caesar Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus (pius felix invictus) Augustus (tribunicia potestate ?, princeps iuventutis) |
251 | Co- emperor of Decius (and Trebonianus Gallus?), Caesar (and co-regent?) Since 250 | |
TREBONIANUS GALLUS |
Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus Imperator Caesar Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate IV, consul II, pater patriae, proconsul, (princeps iuventutis) |
251-253 | against Hostilian (?) | |
Volusianus | (Imperator) Gaius Vibius Volusianus (nobilissimus) Caesar (tribunicia potestate?), Princeps iuventutis Imperator Caesar Gaius Vibius Afinius Gallus Veldumnianus Volusianus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate IV, consulria II, pince i |
251-253 | Co- emperor of Trebonianus Gallus, 251 Caesar (and co-regent?) | |
AEMILIANUS |
Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus Imperator Caesar Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, consul, pater patriae, proconsul |
253 | against Trebonianus Gallus | |
VALERIAN |
Publius Licinius Valerianus Imperator Caesar Publius Licinius Valerianus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus III (Parthicus), tribunicia potestate VIII, consul IV, restitutor orbis , pater patriae, proconsul |
253- 260 | against Aemilianus, with Gallienus; Caesar: Valerian II (256-258, Emperor from 257) | |
Silbannacus | Imperator (Caesar?) M (arcus?) A (u?) R (elius?) Silbannacus Augustus | 253? | Counter-Emperor in Rome (or Gaul?) | |
Uranius Antoninus |
Sampsigeramus (?) Imperator (Caesar?) Lucius Iulius Aurelius Sulpicius Severus Uranius Antoninus Augustus (tribunicia potestate II ?, consul) |
253-254 | Counter-emperor in Syria; Successor (?): Mareades (260 ?, by Shapur I. ) | |
GALLIENUS | Publius Licinius Gallienus nobilissimus Caesar ( Augustus ) princeps iuventutis Imperator Caesar Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus Germanicus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus V (Dacicus maximus) Parthicus / Persicus maximus, proculria, viii , (princeps iuventutis) |
253-268 | Co-emperor in the west, Caesar 253, 260 sole ruler, 268 with Marinianus (?); Imperator: Odaenathus (262–267, east, Rex Regum from 263, with Herodianus ) | |
Saloninus | Publius (Licinius) Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus / Gallienus nobilissimus Caesar pontifex, princeps iuventutis Imperator (Caesar) Saloninus Valerianus Augustus |
260 | Co-emperor of Gallienus (against Postumus), Caesar since 258 | |
Regalianus | Emperor Caesar Publius C (assius) Regalianus Augustus | 260 | Counter-emperor in Pannonia and Moesia; Predecessor: Ingenuus (260?) | |
MACRIANUS | Emperor Caesar Titus Fulvius Junius Macrianus pius felix Augustus consul II | 260-261 | Counter-emperor in the east (by Macrianus Senior and Ballista ); Successor: Mussius Aemilianus (261–262), Memor (?, 262, both Egypt) | |
Quietus | Emperor Caesar Titus Fulvius Junius Quietus pius felix Augustus consul II | 260-261 | Co-emperor of Macrianus | |
Valens | Valens Thessalonicus | 261 | Counter-emperor in Macedonia (or Greece?); Counter-Emperor: Piso (?) | |
Celsus | unknown | ? | alleged usurper in Africa | |
Trebellianus | unknown | ? | alleged usurper in Cilicia | |
Aureolus | Emperor Caesar Aureolus Augustus (?) | 268 | Usurper in Northern Italy | |
Emperor of the Imperium Galliarum | ||||
POSTUMUS | Imperator Caesar Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus (V?), Tribunicia potestate X, imperator X, consul V, pater patriae, proconsul | 260-269 | against Gallienus; alleged Caesar and co-emperor: Postumus II. | |
Laelianus | Emperor Caesar Ulpius Cor (nelius?) Laelianus pius felix Augustus | 269 | Counter-emperor in Upper Germany | |
MARIUS | Emperor Caesar Marcus Aurelius Marius pius felix Augustus | 269 | by Victoria (?) | |
VICTORINUS | Imperator Caesar Marcus Piavonius Victorinus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate III, consul II, proconsul, pater patriae | 269-271 | against Marius (?); Regent: Victoria (271); alleged Caesar: Victorinus II. | |
Domitianus | Emperor Caesar Domitianus pius felix Augustus | 271? | Counter-emperor in North or South Gaul | |
TETRICUS I. | Imperator Caesar Gaius Pius Esuvius Tetricus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate IV, consul III, pater patriae, proconsul | 271- 274 | against Domitianus (?, by Victoria), deposed by Aurelian; Caesar: Tetricus II. (From 272/73, co-emperor 274?) | |
Faustinus | unknown | 273/74 | Usurper in Northern Gaul | |
Late soldier emperors | ||||
CLAUDIUS GOTHICUS |
Marcus Aurelius Claudius Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius (Valerius) Claudius pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus Gothicus maximus Parthicus maximus, tribunicia potestate III, consul, pater patriae, proconsul |
268-270 | ||
Censorinus | unknown | ? | alleged usurper in Italy | |
QUINTILLUS |
Marcus Aurelius Quintillus Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, pater patriae |
270 | ||
AURELIAN |
Lucius Domitius Aurelian Imperator Caesar Lucius Domitius Aurelian pius felix invictus Augustus Pontifex Maximus, Germanicus maximus (Britannicus maximus?) Goticus maximus (Sarmaticus maximus? Dacicus maximus) Carpicus maximus Parthicus / Persicus maximus (Arabicus maximus Palmyrenicus maximus Armeni (a) cus maximus? Adiabenicus maximus? ), tribunicia potestate VI (I), consul III, restitutor orbis , pater patriae, proconsul, (princeps iuventutis) |
270-275 | against Quintillus, from 274 sole ruler; Regent: Severina (?, 275) | |
Felicissimus | unknown | 271 ? | Usurper (?) In Rome | |
Septimius | unknown | 271/72 | Counter-emperor in Dalmatia | |
Urbanus | unknown | 271/72 | Usurper in? | |
VABALLATHUS | V (h) abal (l) athus vir c (onsularis?) Rex imperator dux Romanorum Imperator Caesar Lucius Iulius Aurelius Septimius V (h) abal (l) athus Athenodorus pius felix invictus Augustus (Persicus maximus Arabicus maximus Adiabenicus maximus) |
272 | Counter-emperor in the east, Rex Regum since 267 (nominally co-regent Aurelians from 270); Regent: Zenobia ; Predecessor: Maeonius (?, 267); Successor: Antiochus (272/73, both Syria), Firmus (?, 273, Egypt) | |
TACITUS |
Marcus Claudius Tacitus Imperator Caesar Marcus Claudius Tacitus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, Gothicus maximus, tribunicia potestate II, consul II (I), restitutor rei publicae , pater patriae, proconsul |
275-276 | ||
FLORIANUS |
Marcus Annius Florianus Imperator Caesar Marcus Annius Florianus pius felix (invictus) Augustus (pontifex maximus, pater patriae, consul ?, proconsul, princeps iuventutis) |
276 | ||
PROBUS |
Marcus Aurelius Probus Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Probus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, Gothicus maximus Persicus / Parthicus maximus Germanicus maximus, tribunicia potestate VII, consul V, pater patriae, proconsul, (princeps iuventutis) |
276-282 | against Florianus | |
Lydius | (Palfuerius?) Lydius | 278-279 | Usurper (?) In Pisidia | |
Septimius | Lucius Septimius? | 280/81 | Usurper (?) In Britain | |
Proculus | Emperor Caesar Proculus Augustus | 280/81 | Counter-Emperor in Lower Germany (and Northern Gaul ?, Britain?), With (?) Bonosus | |
Saturninus | Emperor Caesar Gaius Iulius Saturninus Augustus | 281 | Counter-Emperor in Syria (and Egypt?) | |
CARUS |
Marcus Numerius (?) Carus Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Carus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus Persicus / Parthicus maximus, pater patriae, tribunicia potestate II, consul II, proconsul, (princeps iuventutis) |
282-283 | against Probus | |
CARINUS | Marcus Aurelius Carinus nobilissimus Caesar tribunicia potestate, consul, princeps iuventutis Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Carinus tribunicia potestate, consul, princeps iuventutis, proconsul Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Carinus pius felix invictus, Augustus pontifex maximus maximus, consul, Persus pontifex maximus, Britus maximus maximus II (I), pater patriae, proconsul, (princeps iuventutis) |
283- 285 | 283 co-emperor in the west, co-regent 283, Caesar since 282, until 284/85 (?) With Nigrinian | |
Numerian | Marcus Aurelius Numerianus nobilissimus Caesar princeps iuventutis Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Numerianus princeps iuventutis, proconsul Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Numerianus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, (Germanicus pontifex maximus, (Germanicus, pontifex maximus?) Persicus maximus paterria, consulicia, maximestus, II patune, proculus Britannicus, Britannicus maximus, patria, Britannicus maximus, patria, Britannicus maximus, tribunria, proconsus Britannicus paterria princeps iuventutis) |
283-284 | Co-emperor in the east, Caesar since 282; Regent: Aper (Usurper 284?) | |
Iulianus |
(Marcus?) Sabinus Iulianus Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Iulianus pius felix Augustus |
284-285 | Counter-Emperor in Pannonia and Northern Italy |
Late antiquity
portrait | Surname | Full name and title | Reign | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tetrarchy | ||||
DIOCLETIAN |
(Gaius Valerius?) Diocles Emperor Caesar Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus pius Felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus Jovius Germanicus maximus VI Sarmaticus maximus IV (Gothicus maximus) Persicus maximus II Britannicus maximus Carpicus maximus armeniacus maximus Medicus maximus Adiabenicus maximus, tribunicia potestate XXII, Emperor XXI, consul IX (X), pater patriae, proconsul |
284 -305 | against Carinus, 285 sole ruler, from 286 emperor in the east, until 311/313 senior Augustus in Dalmatia | |
Amandus | Imperator C (aesar) C (aius) Amandus pius felix Augustus (?) | 285/86 | Usurper in Gaul, with (?) Aelianus | |
Domitianus | Emperor Caesar Lucius Domitius Domitianus Augustus | 296 / 97-297 / 98 | Counter-emperor in Egypt; Successor: Achilles (297/98) | |
Eugenius | unknown | 303/04 | Usurper in Syria | |
MAXIMIAN | (Marcus) Aurelius Valerius Maximianus nobilissimus Caesar Imperator Caesar frater Augusti Diocletiani Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus Herculius Germanicus maximus V Sarmaticus maximus III (Gothicus maximus arms) Persicus maximicus maximicus medicus maximus Maximiacus Ade, tribus maximus Maximiacus Carpaben XXI, imperator XX, consul VIII (IX), pater patriae, proconsul |
286-305 307- 308 310 |
Emperor in the west, Caesar since 285, until 307 senior Augustus in Italy co-emperor of Maxentius and Constantine I, against Severus and Galerius, emperor in the west, against Constantine I. |
|
CARAUSIUS |
Mouse (aeus?) Carausius Imperator Caesar frater Diocletiani et Maximiani Marcus Aurelius Mouse (aeus?) Carausius pius felix invictus Augustus (pontifex maximus, consul IV, pater patriae) |
286 / 87-293 | Counter-Emperor in Britain and Northern Gaul (from 289/90 nominally Caesar ?) | |
Allectus | Imperator Caesar Allectus pius felix invictus Augustus (consul?) | 293-296 / 97 | Counter-Emperor in Britain | |
Iulianus | unknown | 296/97 | Usurper (?) In Africa | |
CONSTANTIUS I. |
(Flavius / Julius?) Constantius (Chlorus?) (Marcus / Gaius) Flavius Valerius Constantius Germanicus maximus Sarmaticus maximus Persicus maximus Britannicus maximus Carpicus maximus Medicus Maximus Adiabenicus maximus nobilissimus Caesar Herculius tribunicia potestate XIII, consul V, princeps iuventutis Imperator Caesar Marcus / Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantius pius felix (invictus) Augustus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus V (Gothicus maximus) Sarmaticus maximus III Persicus maximus II Britannicus maximus II Carpicus maximus V Medicus maximus Adiabenicus maximus, tribunicia potestate X (I) V, imperator II, consul VI, Father patriae, proconsul |
305-306 | Emperor in the west, Caesar and co-regent since 293 | |
GALLERY | Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus Germanicus maximus Sarmaticus maximus Persicus maximus Britannicus maximus Carpicus maximus Medicus maximus Adiabenicus maximus nobilissimus Caesar Iovius tribunicia potestate XIII, consul V, princeps iuventutis Imperator Caesonticus (Gaius felianus maximexerius Maximexerus VII (Gaius felianus Maximexuserus Valerius VII ) (Gaius felianus Maximexerius Maximexerus VII maximus) Sarmaticus maximus V Persicus maximus III Britannicus maximus II Carpicus maximus VI Armeniacus maximus Medicus maximus Adiabenicus maximus ( Aegyptiacus maximus? Thebaicus maximus?), tribunicia potestate XX, imperator XIX, consul VII, pater patriae, proconsul |
305-311 | Emperor in the East, Caesar and co-regent since 293 ; Caesar: Candidianus (from 310/11) | |
SEVERUS | (Gaius / Marcus?) Flavius Valerius Severus nobilissimus Caesar Imperator Caesar Flavius Valerius Severus pius felix Augustus tribunicia potestate III, imperator (II), consul |
306-307 | Emperor in the west, Caesar and co-regent since 305 | |
MAXENTIUS |
Marcus Valerius Maxentius Marcus Aurelius Maxentius (nobilissimus Caesar) princeps invictus Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius pius felix invictus (et aeternus / ac perpetuus) Augustus pontifex maximus (Herculius?) Tribunicia potestate VI, consul IV, pater patulriae |
306- 312 | Emperor in the west (nominally Caesar until 307 ), against Severus and Licinius, 308–309 with Romulus | |
Alexander |
Valerius Alexander (?) Emperor Caesar Lucius Domitius Alexander pius felix invictus Augustus |
308-309 / 10 | Counter-Emperor in Africa (Co-Emperor Constantine I?) | |
LICINIUS |
Gaius Valerius Licinianus Licinius Imperator Caesar Gaius / Flavius Valerius Licinianus Iovius Licinius pius felix invictus (semper) Augustus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus Sarmaticus maximus, tribunicia potestate XVII, imperator IV, consul VI, pater patriae, proconsul |
308 - 324 | Emperor in the west, from 311/313 in the east; Caesar: Licinius II. (From 317) | |
Severianus | (Gaius / Marcus?) Flavius (Valerius?) Severianus | 313 | Usurper (?) In Cilicia | |
MAXIMINUS DAIA | (Gains) Galerius Valerius Maximinus nobilissimus Caesar Jovius (pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate VI, consul, pater patriae, proconsul), propagator Orbis terrarum , filius Augustorum Emperor Caesar Galerius Valerius Jovius Maximinus pius Felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, Persicus Sarmaticus Germanicus, tribunicia potestate IX, imperator (IX), consul III, pater patriae, proconsul |
310-313 | Emperor in the East, Caesar and co-regent since 305 | |
Valens | Emperor Caesar (Gaius?) Aurelius Valerius Valens pius felix Augustus | 316 - 317 ? | Co-emperor of Licinius, against Constantine I. | |
Martinianus | Emperor Caesar Mar (cius?) Martinianus pius felix Augustus | 324 | Co-emperor of Licinius, against Constantine I. | |
Constantinian Dynasty | ||||
CONSTANTINE I. |
Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantinus Flavius Valerius Constantinus (pius) nobilissimus Caesar divi Constanti pii Augusti filius Herculius tribunicia potestate II (VI), (imperator V), consul, princeps iuventutis / filius Augustorum Imperator Caesar. Marci Aureli Valeri Maximiani Augustiusi Augustius. Filius Flavius Valerius Constantinus pius felix (invictus) Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate VI, consul, imperator V, pater patriae, proconsul Imperator Caesar divi Constanti pii Augusti filius divi Claudi nepos Flavius Valerius Constantinus maximus pius felix German invexus maximus Augustus pontaticus maximus III, Sarmatic maximus II Britannicus maximus Persicus maximus Carpicus / (Cappadocicus?) maximus Adiabenicus / (Arabicus?) maximus Medicus maximus armeniacus maximus Gothicus maximus, tribunicia potestate XX, consul VI, Emperor XIX, restitutor libertatis , restitutor totius Orbis , pater patriae, proconsul Emperor Caesar divi Constanti pii Augusti fili US divi Claudi nepos Flavius Valerius Constantine maximus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus IV Sarmaticus maximus III Britannicus maximus Gothicus maximus II Dacicus maximus, tribunicia potestate XXXIII, consul VIII, Emperor XXXII pius Felix victor ac triumfator (omnium gentium ) semper Augustus pater patriae, proconsul |
306 / 307-337 | Emperor in the west ( nominally Caesar and co-regent up to 310 ), sole ruler from 324 ; Caesares: Bassianus (314/316, Italy), Crispus (317–326, co-regent in Gaul), Dalmatius (from 335, co-regent in the Balkans); Rex : Hannibalianus (from 335/36, Cappadocia?) | |
Calocaerus | unknown | 333/34? | Usurper in Cyprus | |
CONSTANTINE II. | Flavius Claudius Constantinus Iunior Alamannicus (Germanicus maximus Sarmaticus maximus) nobilissimus / beatissimus Caesar consul IV, princeps iuventutis Imperator Caesar Flavius Claudius Constantinus Alamannicus maximus Germanicus maximus (Sarmaticus maximus) pius felix maximus victor August ac |
337-340 | Emperor in the west, Caesar (and co-regent) since 317 | |
CONSTANS | Flavius Iulius Constans nobilissimus / beatissimus Caesar Imperator Caesar divi Constantini filius divorum Maximiani et Constanti nepos divi Claudi pronepos Flavius Iulius Constans Sarmaticus, (consul III) pius felix maximus victor ac triumfator (gentium barbarum ) perpetuus Augustus |
337-350 | Emperor in the west (338–339 also in the east), Caesar (and co-regent) from 333, up to 340 alongside Constantine II. | |
CONSTANTIUS II. | Flavius Julius Constantius Alamannicus Germanicus Gothicus Sarmaticus nobilissimus / beatissimus Caesar tribunicia potestate XIV, Emperor XII, consul, princeps iuventutis Emperor Caesar divi Constantini filius Divorum Maximiani et Constanti nepos divi Claudi pronepos Flavius Julius Constantius pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus Alamannicus maximus Gothicus maximus Sarmaticus Persicus Adiabenicus maximus, tribunicia potestate XXXIX, imperator XLVI, consul X pius felix maximus ( toto orbe ) victor ( terra marique ) ac triumfator (gentium barbarum) aeternus / perpetuus semper Augustus pater patriae, proconsul |
337 -361 | Emperor in the east, Caesar and co-regent since 324 350/ 353 -360 autocrat; Caesar: Constantius Gallus (351–354, Syria) | |
MAGNENTIUS |
Magnus Magnentius Imperator Caesar Flavius Magnus Magnentius (pontifex maximus, Alamannicus maximus, tribunicia potestate IV, imperator III, consul II) pius felix maximus invictus / victor ac triumfator (perpetuus) semper Augustus (pater patriae, proconsul) |
350- 353 | Counter-emperor in the west; Caesar: Decentius (from 350/51, Gaul); alleged Caesar: Desiderius | |
Vetranio | (Emperor Caesar) Vetranio pius felix Augustus | 350 | Co-emperor Constantius II in the Balkans (through Constantina ), against Magnentius | |
Nepotianus | (Emperor Caesar) Flavius Iulius Popilius Nepotianus Constantinus pius felix Augustus | 350/51 | Co-emperor (?) Constantius II in Rome, against Magnentius | |
Patricius | unknown | 351/52 | Against the king in Palestine | |
Silvanus | unknown | 355 | Usurper in Lower Germany | |
JULIAN | (Emperor) Flavius Claudius Julian nobilissimus Caesar consul III, (princeps iuventutis?) Imperator Caesar Flavius Claudius Julian pius felix invictus Augustus Pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate II, imperator II, consul III, pater patriae, proconsul, (princeps iuventutis) Imperator Caesar Flavius Claudius Iulianus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus Alamannicus maximus Francicus maximus Sarmaticus maximus, tribunicia potestate IV, imperator VII ?, consul IV pius felix maximus victor ac triumfator perpetuus semper Augustus restitutor libertatis, liberator orbis Romani , pater patriae, proconsul |
360- 363 | Emperor in the west, Caesar since 355, sole ruler from 361 | |
JOVIAN |
(Flavius) Iovianus Imperator Caesar Flavius Iovianus pius felix maximus victor ac triumfator (perpetuus) semper Augustus |
363 -364 | after resignation by Salutius , 364 with Varronian , no member of the dynasty | |
Valentinian dynasty | ||||
VALENTINIAN I. |
(Flavius) Valentinianus Imperator Caesar Flavius Valentinianus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus Alamannicus maximus Francicus maximus Gothicus maximus, tribunicia potestate XII, imperator XII, consul IV pius felix maximus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus pater patriae, proconsul |
364-375 | Emperor in the west | |
Valentinus | unknown | 368 | Usurper (?) In Britain | |
Firmus | (Imperator Caesar) Firmus perpetuus victor semper Augustus (?) | 370 / 372-374 / 75 | Counter-emperor (?) In Mauritania and Numidia | |
VALENS |
(Flavius) Valens Imperator Caesar Flavius Valens pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus Alamannicus maximus Francicus maximus Gothicus maximus, tribunicia potestate XV, imperator XV, consul VI pius felix maximus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus pater patriae, proconsul |
364- 378 | Emperor in the East, 369–370 / 372 with Galates ; Regent: Domnica (378) | |
PROCOPIUS | (Emperor Caesar) Procopius pius felix Augustus | 365- 366 | Counter-emperor in the east; Successor: Marcellus (366, Bithynia) | |
Theodorus | unknown | 371 | Usurper (?) In Syria | |
GRATIAN |
Flavius Gratianus nobilissimus puer Emperor Caesar divi Valentiniani Augusti filius Flavius Gratianus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus Alamannicus maximus Francicus maximus Gothicus maximus (Sarmaticus maximus), tribunicia potestate XVII, Emperor XVII, consul V pius Felix maximus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus pater patriae, proconsul, (princeps iuventutis) |
375-383 | Emperor in the west, co-emperor since 367 , 378–379 also in the east | |
VALENTINIAN II. |
Flavius Valentinianus Imperator Caesar divi Valentiniani Augusti filius Flavius Valentinianus (Iunior) pius felix (maximus / inclitus) victor ac triumfator perpetuus semper Augustus (princeps iuventutis) |
375-392 | Emperor in the west, next to Gratian until 383, exile 387–388 in the east; Regents: Justina (up to 387), Arbogast (from 391) | |
Theodosian Dynasty | ||||
THEODOSIUS I. |
Flavius Theodosius Imperator Caesar Flavius Theodosius pius felix perpetuus / (inclitus) victor ac triumfator semper Augustus |
379- 395 | Emperor in the East (388-391 in the West), from 392/ 394 autocrat | |
MAGNUS MAXIMUS |
Magnus Maximus Imperator (Caesar Flavius) Magnus Maximus (Britannicus maximus) pius felix perpetuus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus |
383- 388 | Emperor in the west, against Gratian, from 387 against Valentinian II. | |
Victor | Flavius Victor nobilissimus Caesar Imperator (Caesar) Flavius Victor pius felix perpetuus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus |
387-388 | Co-emperor of Magnus Maximus, Caesar since 384 | |
EUGENIUS | Emperor (Caesar) Flavius Eugenius pius felix Augustus | 392- 394 | Counter-Emperor in the West (through Arbogast) | |
ARCADIUS |
Flavius Arcadius Imperator Caesar Flavius Arcadius pius felix (inclitus) victor ac triumfator ( gentium barbarum ) semper Augustus |
395-408 | Emperor in the East , co-emperor since 383 ; Regents: Rufinus (395), Eutropius (395–399), Gainas (399, Usurper 400), Eudoxia (400–404) | |
HONORIUS |
Flavius Honorius nobilissimus puer Imperator Caesar Flavius Honorius pius felix inclitus victor ac (perpetuus) triumfator (gentium barbarum) semper Augustus |
395-423 | Emperor in the West , co-emperor since 393 (against Eugenius); Regent: Stilicho (up to 408) | |
Gildo | unknown | 397-398 | Usurper (?) In Africa | |
CONSTANTINE (III.) | (Emperor Caesar) Flavius Claudius Constantinus pius felix Augustus | 407-411 | Counter-emperor in Gaul, Britain and Hispania (409 nominally co-emperor of Honorius); Caesar: Julian (from 409/10); Predecessor: Marcus ( 406 ), Gratian (407, both Britain) | |
PRISCUS ATTALUS | (Emperor Caesar) Priscus Attalus pius felix Augustus | 409- 410 414-415 |
Counter-emperor in Italy (through Alaric ) and southern Gaul (through Athaulf ) | |
Constans (II.) | (Emperor Caesar Flavius) Constans pius felix Augustus | 409 / 10-411 | Co-emperor Constantine (III.), Caesar since 408 | |
MAXIMUS | (Emperor Caesar) Maximus pius felix Augustus | 409 / 10-411 418 / 19-420 / 21 |
Counter-Emperor in Hispania (by Gerontius or Gunderich ) | |
JOVINUS | (Emperor Caesar) Iovinus pius felix Augustus restitutor rei publicae | 411-413 | Counter-Emperor in Gaul (through Gundahar and Goar ) | |
Sebastianus | (Emperor Caesar) Sebastianus pius felix Augustus | 412-413 | Co-emperor of Jovinus | |
Heraclianus | unknown | 412-413 | Usurper (?) In Africa | |
THEODOSIUS II. |
Flavius Theodosius nobilissimus puer Imperator Caesar Flavius Theodosius perpetuus pius felix inclitus victor ac triumfator maximus semper Augustus |
408-450 | Emperor in the East, co-emperor since 402 , 423 sole ruler, 439 with Arcadius II (?); Regents: Anthemius (up to 414), Pulcheria (414–416 / 423, 450) | |
Constantius III. |
Flavius Constantius Imperator (Caesar Flavius) Constantius pius felix Augustus |
421 | Co-emperor of Honorius (regent since 417), against (?) Theodosius II. | |
JOHN | (Emperor Caesar) Iohannes pius felix Augustus | 423-425 | Emperor in the West (through Castinus ?) | |
VALENTINIAN III. | Flavius Placid (i) us Valentinianus nobilissimus Caesar Emperor Caesar Flavius Placid (i) us Valentinianus pontifex inclitus, Germanicus inclitus Alamannicus inclitus (Francicus inclitus) Sarmaticus inclitus, tribunicia potestate XXX, imperator XXX, consul VIII perpetuus (pius Felix) inclitus victor ac triumfator maximus semper Augustus pater patriae, proconsul |
425-455 | Emperor in the West, Caesar since 424 (against John); Regents: Galla Placidia (to 437), Aetius (435-454); recognized Geiserich and Rechiar as regents in Africa and Hispania | |
Vortigern | unknown | 426-441? | Usurper (?) In Britain; Successor: Ambrosius Aurelianus (?) | |
Pirrus | unknown | 428 | Usurper (?) In Italy | |
Tibatto | unknown | 435-437 | Usurper (?) In Gaul | |
Basil | unknown | 448-454? | Usurper (?) In Hispania (by Rechiar?) | |
MARKIAN |
(Flavius) Marcianus Emperor Caesar Flavius Marcianus pontifex inclitus, Germanicus inclitus Sarmaticus inclitus Alamannicus inclitus Francicus inclitus, tribunicia potestate VII, VII imperator, consul I perpetuus (pius Felix) inclitus victor ac triumfator maximus semper Augustus pater patriae, proconsul |
450-457 | Emperor in the east (through Pulcheria and Aspar , until 452 against Valentinian III), from 456 sole ruler | |
PETRONIUS MAXIMUS |
Flavius Petronius Maximus (Imperator Caesar Flavius) Petronius Maximus pius felix Augustus |
455 | Emperor in the west; Caesar: Palladius | |
AVITUS |
(Flavius) Eparchius Avitus (Imperator Caesar Flavius) Eparchius Avitus perpetuus pius felix Augustus |
455-456 | Emperor in the West (by Theodoric II. ) | |
Thracian dynasty | ||||
LEO I. |
(Flavius Valerius?) Leo Imperator Caesar Flavius (novus) Leo perpetuus pius / piissimus (felix) victor ac triumfator maximus semper Augustus |
457-474 | Emperor in the East (through Aspar), 465–467 and 472–473 sole ruler; Caesar: Patricius (469 / 70–471) | |
MAJORIAN |
(Flavius) Iulius Valerius Maiorianus Imperator Caesar Flavius Iulius Valerius Maiorianus perpetuus pius felix Augustus |
457-461 | Emperor in the West (through Ricimer ?), Nominally Caesar (?) In 457 , not a member of the dynasty | |
Marcellus | unknown | 457? | Usurper (?) In Gaul | |
LIBIUS SEVERUS |
(Flavius) Libius Severus Imperator (Caesar Flavius) Libius Severus (perpetuus) pius felix Augustus |
461-465 | Emperor in the West (through Ricimer) | |
Aegidius | unknown | 461-464 / 65 | Usurper (?) In Gaul; Successors: Paulus (469?), Syagrius (up to 486/87 ) | |
ANTHEMIUS | Flavius Procopius Anthemius (nobilissimus Caesar) Imperator Caesar (Flavius) Procopius Anthemius (perpetuus) pius (felix victor) ac triumfator semper Augustus |
467-472 | Emperor in the West, Caesar 467; Co-regent: Ricimer (until 470/71) | |
Arvandus | unknown | 468 | Usurper (?) In Gaul (by Eurich ) | |
Romanus | unknown | 470 | Usurper (?) In Italy (by Ricimer?) | |
OLYBRIUS |
Flavius Anicius Olybrius (Imperator Caesar Flavius) Anicius Olybrius Augustus |
472 | Emperor in the West (through Ricimer and? Geiserich), against Anthemius | |
GLYCERIUS | Emperor (Caesar) Glycerius felix pius Augustus | 473-474 | Emperor in the West (through Gundobad ) | |
LEO II. | Flavius Leo Iunior nobilissimus Caesar Imperator (Caesar Flavius) Leo Iunior perpetuus Augustus |
474 | Emperor in the east, co-emperor since 473 , Caesar since 472 | |
IULIUS NEPOS |
(Flavius) Iulius Nepos (Imperator Caesar Flavius) Iulius Nepos perpetuus pius felix Augustus |
474-480 | Emperor in the West, Caesar (?) 474 (against Glycerius), exile from 475 in Dalmatia; recognized Eurich as regent in southern Gaul and Hispania | |
ROMULUS AUGUSTULUS | (Emperor Caesar) Romulus A (u) gustus pius felix Augustus | 475- 476 | Counter-emperor in the west (by Orestes ), deposed by Odoacer | |
ZENO |
Tarasis Flavius Zeno Imperator Caesar Flavius Zeno pius (felix / felicissimus) victor ac (perpetuus) triumfator maximus semper Augustus |
474-491 | Emperor in the East, 474 co-emperor of Leo II and regent, exile 475–476 in Cilicia, sole ruler from 480; Caesar: Leo (476–477 / 78) | |
BASILISCUS |
Flavius Basiliscus Imperator Caesar Basiliscus pius (felix) victor ac (perpetuus) triumfator maximus semper Augustus |
475-476 | Emperor in the east, against Zeno | |
Marcus |
Marcus nobilissimus Caesar (Imperator Caesar) Marcus perpetuus Augustus |
475-476 | Co-emperor of Basiliscus, Caesar 475 | |
Hunerich | Huniricus rex Vandalorum et Alanorum | 477-484 | claimed emperor-like position in Africa | |
Markian | Flavius Marcianus | 479-480 | Usurper in Constantinople and Galatia (484 in Cilicia by Illus ?) | |
Justasas | unknown | 484? | Against the king in Palestine | |
LEONTIUS | (Emperor Caesar) Leontius perpetuus Augustus | 484-488 | Counter-Emperor in Cilicia and Syria (through Illus and Verina ) | |
Masties | unknown | 484-494? | Usurper (?) In Numidia (against Hunerich and Gunthamund ); Successor (?): Masuna (508-535 ?, Mauritania) | |
Odoacer | Flavius Odovacer praecellentissimus rex | 490- 493 | Usurper in Italy (ruler since 476/480); Caesar: Thela | |
ANASTASIUS I. |
Flavius Anastasius Imperator Caesar Flavius Anastasius pontifex inclitus, Germanicus inclitus Alamannicus inclitus Francicus inclitus Sarmaticus inclitus, tribunici imperii XXVIII, consul III pius felix inclitus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus pater patriae, (proconsulus pater patriae), |
491-518 | by Ariadne ; recognized Clovis and Sigismund as regents in Gaul | |
Longinus | Flavius Longinus | 491-492 | Usurper in Constantinople; Successor: Longinus , Athenodorus (both up to 497, Isauria) | |
Theodoric |
Flavius ( Amalus ) Theodericus Flavius rex Theodericus pius princ (eps) i (nvictus / inclitus?) S (emper?) Victor gentium |
493 -526 | Regent in the west (usurper until 497/98), 515–522 / 23 with Eutharic ; Successor: Athalaric (until 534; regent: Amalasuntha ) | |
Burdunellus | unknown | 496-497 | Usurper in Hispania (against Alaric II ); Successor: Peter (506) | |
Vitalian | Flavius Vitalianus | 513-515 | Usurper (?) In Thrace and Moesia; Predecessor: Areobindus (512, Constantinople) | |
Justinian Dynasty | ||||
JUSTIN I. |
(Flavius) Iustinus Imperator Caesar (Flavius) Iustinus (Germanicus Alamannicus Francicus Sarmaticus) pius felix inclitus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus |
518-527 | eliminated Theocritus | |
JUSTINIAN I. |
Petrus Sabbatius Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus (nobilissimus Caesar) Imperator Caesar Flavius Iustinianus Alamannicus Gothicus Francicus Germanicus Anticus Alanicus Vandalicus Africanus pius felix inclitus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus |
527-565 | Co-emperor 527 , Caesar since 525, with Theodora (until 548) and Germanus (550); deposed Gelimer and Witichis as regents in Africa and Italy, respectively | |
Julian | Iulianus (Sabarides?) | 529 | Against the king in Palestine | |
Hypatius | Flavius Hypatius | 532 | Counter-Emperor in Constantinople, with Pompey | |
Theudebert | Theodebertus (victor) rex magnus Francorum | 533-547 / 48 | claimed emperor-like position in Gaul | |
Theodahad | (Flavius) Theodahatus rex | 535 -536 | claimed emperor-like position in Italy | |
Stotzas | unknown | 536-545 | Usurper in Africa; Successor: Guntarith (until 546, with Johannes ) | |
John | Ioannes Cottistis | 537 | Usurper in Mesopotamia | |
Totila | Baduila rex | 541 / 42- 552 | Usurper in Italy; Predecessor: Hildebad (540–541, after resignation by Belisarius ), Erarich (541); Successor: Teja ( 552 ) | |
JUSTIN II. |
Flavius Iustinus Imperator Caesar Flavius Iustinus (Iunior) fidelis in Christo mansuetus maximus benefactor / -ficus Alamannicus Gothicus Francicus Germanicus Anticus Alanicus Vandalicus Africanus pius felix inclitus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus |
565-578 | eliminated Justin ; Regent: Sophia (from 573) | |
Leovigild | (Flavius) Leovigildus inclitus pius (felix) rex victor | 572 / 73-586 | claimed emperor-like position in Hispania | |
TIBERIOS I. (II.) | Flavius Tiberius novus Constantinus felicissimus Caesar Imperator Caesar Flavius Tiberius novus Constantinus fidelis in Christo mansuetus maximus benefactor pacificus Alamannicus Gothicus Francicus Germanicus Anticus Alanicus Vandalicus Afric (an) us pius felix inclitus victor ac trium Augustium |
578-582 | Co- emperor 578 , Caesar and co-regent since 574; Caesar: Germanus (582, usurper 602–603 and 605/607?) | |
MAURIKIOS | Flavius novus Tiberius Mauricius felicissimus Caesar Alamannicus Gothicus Francicus Germanicus Anticus Alanicus Vandalicus Africanus Imperator Caesar Flavius Mauricius novus Tiberius fidelis in Christo mansuetus maximus beneficus pacificus Alamannicus Gothicicus ( incl Augustus |
582-602 | 582 Caesar and co-emperor | |
Abaskiron | unknown | 583-588? | Usurper (?) In Egypt | |
Authari | Flavius rex Autharius | 584-590 | claimed emperor-like position in northern Italy | |
Theodosius (III.) | (Imperator Caesar Flavius) Theodosius perpetuus Augustus | 590-602 603 (-611) |
Co-emperor of Maurikios (with Tiberios ?), Caesar since 587 (?) Counter-emperor in Mesopotamia (through Chosrau II and Narses ) |
|
PHOCAS |
(Flavius) Focas Imperator Caesar Flavius Focas (fidelis in Christo mansuetus maximus beneficus pacificus Alamannicus Gothicus Francicus Germanicus Anticus Alanicus Vandalicus Africanus Erulicus Gepidicus ) pius felix inclitus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus |
602-610 | against Maurikios, with Domentiolus (from 603/04) and Priscus (606/07), not a member of the dynasty | |
Heraclean dynasty (continued see list of Byzantine emperors ) | ||||
HERACLEIOS |
Flavius Heraclius Imperator Caesar Flavius Heraclius fidelis in Christo mansuetus maximus beneficus pacificus Alamannicus Gothicus Francicus Germanicus Anticus Alanicus Vandalicus Africanus Erulicus Gepidicus pius felix inclitus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus |
610-641 | against Phocas (by Herakleios senior , usurper in Africa since 608), from 638 with Heraklonas ( Caesar since 632); Caesares: Constantine (617–631?), David (from 638), Martinos (from 639) | |
Comentiolus | unknown | 610-611 | Usurper (?) In Galatia | |
Constantine III | Emperor Caesar Flavius Heraclius novus Constantinus fidelis in Christ (perpetuus) Augustus | 613-641 | Co-emperor of Herakleios ( 641 sole ruler; Caesar: Konstans II. ) | |
John | Ioannes Compsinus | 616-617 | Usurper (?) In southern Italy | |
Eleutherius | unknown | 619-620 | Counter-Emperor in Italy | |
Vahan | unknown | 636 | Usurper (?) In Palestine | |
Athalaric | Ioannes Athalaricus | 637? | Usurper in Constantinople | |
portrait | Surname | Full name and title | Reign | Remarks |
Successor states
From the 630s onwards the Arab Caliphate began to expand rapidly , limiting the (Eastern) Roman Empire to a rump part within a few decades. After that, it essentially only comprised part of the Greek-influenced cultural area of the old Roman Empire. This period at the end of antiquity marks the transition in historical science between the (Eastern) Roman and the Byzantine Empire, which existed until 1204 and again from 1261–1453.
Since the early Middle Ages, other rulers have claimed the title of Roman emperor, for example:
- Frankish-German rulers in the years 800–924 and 962–1806 after the imperial coronations of Charlemagne and Otto I ,
- Bulgarian rulers in the years 913-1018 and 1186-1396 after the imperial coronations of Simeon the Great and Peter IV ,
- Greek and Latin rulers: Nicaea Empire (1204–1261), Latin Empire (1204–1383, from 1261 as titular emperor ), Trapezunt Empire (1204–1461 ), Thessaloniki Empire (1227–1242),
- Serbian rulers in the years 1346-1371 after Stefan Dušan's coronation and
- other rulers since the 15th century.
References to the relevant lists of emperors can be found below or under the Lemma Kaiser .
See also
- List of divinized Roman emperors
- Roman imperial portraits
- List of Roman Empresses
- List of Roman Censors , List of Roman Consuls , List of Praetorian Prefects
- List of Byzantine emperors (324–1453) - Eastern Roman emperors
- List of Roman emperors (800–924) - emperors succeeding Charlemagne
- List of the Roman-German rulers (843–1806) - Roman kings and emperors of the Holy Roman Empire
- Roman calendar
- List of the ancient Roman kings
- Family table of the Roman and Byzantine emperors
literature
- Manfred Clauss (ed.): The Roman emperors. 55 historical portraits from Caesar to Justinian. 2nd Edition. CH Beck, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-406-47288-5 .
- Marieluise Deißmann : data on ancient chronology and history. Reclam, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-15-008628-0 .
- Dietmar Kienast , Werner Eck , Matthäus Heil : Roman imperial table. Basic features of a Roman imperial chronology. 6th, revised edition. Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 2017, ISBN 978-3-534-26724-8 .
- Klaus-Jürgen Matz : Who ruled when? Regent tables for world history. 6th edition. dtv, Munich 2002, pp. 38–41, ISBN 3-423-32523-2 .
- Gerhard Rösch : Onoma Basileias. Studies on the official use of the imperial titles in late antique and early Byzantine times (= Byzantina Vindobonensia. Vol. 10). Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1978, ISBN 3-7001-0260-7 .