List of ancient Roman emperors

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Augustus is considered the first Roman emperor.

The list of Roman emperors of antiquity includes all the emperors of the Roman Empire from Augustus , who died in 27 BC. Founded the principate until Herakleios , whose reign 610–641 (from 613 together with Constantine III. ) Is the latest epoch boundary that can be considered for the end of antiquity . Some researchers set earlier endpoints for the ancient imperial era, for example after Theodosius I (395), Romulus Augustulus (476), Justinian I (565) or Maurikios (602).

The Roman Empire is traditionally divided into two periods: the time of the principality , including the Empire crisis of the third century , and in the late antiquity from about 284, formerly called Dominat was called. The list has overlapped with the list of Byzantine emperors for about three centuries since the sole rule of Constantine I 324–337 .

In terms of constitutional law, there is no difference between the Roman and the Byzantine Empire , because modern research only describes the Greek-influenced great power as Byzantine, which emerged from the Eastern Roman Empire in the course of late antiquity and the beginning of the early Middle Ages .

The German word Kaiser and the Russian Tsar derive from Gaius Iulius Caesar , who rose to dictator in the final phase of the Roman Republic and whose cognomen Caesar was taken over by his heir Augustus and his successors.

Explanations

The following list shows the emperors with their portraits (primarily contemporary busts or coins ), their names commonly used in the German-speaking world , their full names and titulatures (if known or accessible), their periods of reign and, under notes, any special features. In the case of Eastern Roman emperors, preference is given to the Latin version of the name, even if the names are originally Greek (examples: Anastasius instead of Anastasios , Zeno instead of Zenon ). The Greek name is only used if the corresponding Latin version is not in use in German (example: Maurikios instead of Mauricius ).

The legitimately ruling emperors ( Augusti ; example: AUGUSTUS ) are highlighted in white , in CAPSAL and in bold letters , in small caps only nominally (not de facto ) co-rulers of equal rank (since Verus ).

Greasing is not required in the following cases:

In the column Full name and title are listed:

Elements of the official "core title" are in small caps ( bold only for main emperors and here only the consistently traditional components of the title; italics : not universally or not recognized throughout the empire). Elements of filiation , republican functional titles and triumphant titles are set in small capitals (the triumphant titles were often not all carried at the same time, the order also varies in the sources; in brackets: possibly only unofficial or cataloged). Are listed i. d. Usually only terms of the self-designation of the emperor in the most extensive known titulature. If there is no documented self-designation, the titulature on the coins is used. In individual cases, numismatically or epigraphically documented epithets are added in brackets (example: in late antiquity perpetuus appears regularly on imperial coins instead of the semper customary in documents ). The form of address dominus noster is not included , as it was not part of the official self-designation.

The reign is valid for the term of office as Augustus or (for main emperors) for the time of sole rule , for usurpers and pretenders to the period of the claim to power.

In the Comments column , sub- emperors or designated heirs to the throne (Caesares) , if they did not later rule independently, are assigned to the respective emperors, stating the years of their co-regent or dignity (year in italics : only nominal) (example: Maximus ). The bold type does not apply to presumptive heirs to the throne ( principes iuventutis , nobilissimi ) who were no longer officially proclaimed Caesar or Augustus as a result of their own death or as a result of the death or disempowerment of the emperor (examples: Marcellus , Romulus ).

Listed as (co-) regents in the comment column are:

So-called “Kaisermacher” are marked with the preposition “through” (example: “through Ricimer ”).

Empresses ( Augustae ) are called regents if they were nominally equal to the emperor and exercised the power of government for him (example: Agrippina ) or after the death of the emperor (temporarily) took over the rule (example: Etruscilla ).

Not listed are appointed by the emperor and the Roman citizenship equipped clientele princes who in de jure located outside the imperial borders vassal states (regna) have ruled (examples: Prasutagus , Abgar ) and late antique Foederatenkönige on imperial territory (example: Wallia ).

Italicized in the comment column:

  • Heir to the throne whose co-emperor or Caesarism has not been proven (examples: Arcadius II , Candidianus )
  • De facto rulers (imperial administrators) who were not dynastically linked to the emperor in question (example: Arbogast under Valentinian II.)
  • Candidates for the throne who, through their own resignation ( recusatio imperii ), indirectly became "emperor-makers" when the throne was vacant (example Macrinus Kaiser "after resignation by Adventus ")

Opposing emperors and usurpers are highlighted in gray . "Counter-emperors" are usurpers or pretenders to the throne in the narrower sense, who have acquired the imperial title themselves or who have been acclaimed by their troops or supporters (VERSAL or in small caps : Augustus title evidenced by coins or inscriptions). This also applies to counter-emperors who temporarily held the throne, provided that the legitimate ruler on imperial territory continued to develop his own government activities and refused recognition to the rival (example: ROMULUS AUGUSTULUS against Iulius Nepos). Subsequently legitimized counter-emperors who were unable to assert their claim to power during their lifetime are also greased by the Senate (example: GORDIAN I and Gordian II ).

"Usurper" are designated in the list as characters,

  • for whom the formal act of elevation to the emperor has not been passed down with certainty, but who have de facto appropriated imperial powers or behaved disloyally and held a not insignificant territorial power base or dynastic position,
  • or where the outrage was geographically so limited (at most one province ) and so briefly (at most a few days) that de facto there was no endangerment of the legitimate emperor.

Usurpers and pretenders to the throne who only have a regional / local or peripheral power base or who have only ruled for a short time or have made a claim to power are set in small caps .

Also listed are non-Roman rulers who claimed a position similar to an emperor in late antiquity on former imperial territory or in territories under nominal Roman sovereignty ( imitatio imperii ; example: Theudebert ). If the regent position was officially legitimized by receiving Roman honorary titles, the figures are listed with the respective emperor (example: Clovis under Anastasius I).

Italicized are:

Lowercase are most likely non-historical or fictional characters in the era of imperial crisis of the third century (example: Trebellianus ).

With regard to the opposing emperors, the list does not claim to be complete, especially since nothing or almost nothing is known about some of them apart from their names.

List of Roman emperors

Early and High Imperial Era (Principal)

portrait Surname Full name and title Reign Remarks
Julian-Claudian dynasty
Augustus Bevilacqua Glyptothek Munich 317 (cropped) .jpg
AUGUSTUS Gaius Octavius
Gaius Iulius Gai / Divi (Iuli) filius Caesar IIIvir rei publicae constituendae, augur , consul, imperator III
Imperator Caesar Divi filius IIIvir rei publicae constituendae II, augur, XVvir sacris faciundis , consulari potestate / consul VII, imperatus senatus VII
Imperator Caesar Divi filius Augustus pontifex maximus , consul XIII , tribunicia potestate XXXVII, imperator XXI, pater patriae
27 BC -14 AD Adoptive son Caesar since 44 ( Emperor from 43 / 40 ), with Marcellus (. 25-23 BC.) And Agrippa (23 / 18-12 BC..); Emperor: Drusus (10–9 BC); Caesares: Gaius (17 BC – 4 AD, Emperor from 3), Lucius (17 BC – 2 AD), Agrippa Postumus (4–6 / 7)
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TIBERIUS Tiberius Claudius Nero
Tiberius Julius Augusti filius Divi nepos Caesar augur, XVvir sacris faciundis, VIIvir epulonum , tribunicia potestate XVI, consul II, Emperor VII, ( princeps iuventutis )
(Emperor) Tiberius Caesar divi Augusti filius (Divi [July] nepos ) Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XXXVIII, consul V, imperator VIII, (pater patriae)
14-37 Co-regent 6–1 BC . Chr and from 4/13 ( Emperor .. For 10/9 BC), Caesar since 4, 22-23 with Drusus ( Caesar since 4 /19); Emperor: Blaesus (22); Caesares: Germanicus ( 4 / 14-19, Imperator from 9/13), Nero ( 6 / 23-27 / 29), Drusus ( 7 / 23-30 / 31); Regent: Sejan (26 / 30–31)
Clement unknown 16 Usurper (?, As "Agrippa Postumus") in Italy
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CALIGULA Gaius Iulius Caesar (Germanicus) pontifex , augur
Gaius Caesar Germanici Caesaris filius Tiberii Augusti nepos divi Augusti pronepos divi Iuli Abnepos Augustus Germanicus (Britannicus), pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate IV, imperator (VIII), consul IV, pater
37-41 Caesar since 12 /35, 38 (?) Lepidus ; Caesar: Tiberius Gemellus ( 19/35 −37/38)
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CLAUDIUS Tiberius Claudius Drusus
Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus
Tiberius Claudius Drusi filius Caesar Augustus Germanicus pontifex maximus, ( proconsul ), tribunicia potestate XIV, imperator XXVII, pater patriae, censor , consul V
41-54 Caesar: Britannicus (from 43)
Scribonianus Lucius Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus 42 Usurper in Dalmatia
Silius Gaius Silius 48 Usurper (?) In Rome (through Messalina )
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NERO Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus
Nero Claudius Augusti filius Caesar Drusus Germanicus Pontifex, augur, XVvir sacris faciundis, VIIvir epulonum, consul designatus, princeps iuventutis
Emperor Nero Claudius divi Claudi filius Germanici Caesaris nepos Tiberii Caesaris Augusti pronepos divi Augusti abnepos Caesar Augustus Germanicus Pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XIV, imperator XIII, consul V, pater patriae
54-68 Caesar since 50; Regents: Agrippina (up to 55), Burrus (55–59, with Seneca )
Four emperor year
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GALBA (Lucius Livius Ocella) Servius Sulpicius Galba
Servius Galba Imperator Caesar Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, consul II, (pater patriae)
68-69 against Nero (by Vindex , after renunciation by Verginius Rufus ); Caesar: Piso (69)
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Clodius Macer Lucius Clodius Macer 68 Usurper in Africa (and Sicily?)
Nymphidius Gaius Nymphidius Sabinus 68 Usurper in Rome
Capito (Gaius?) Fonteius Capito 68 Usurper (?) In Lower Germany
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OTHO Marcus Salvius Otho
Imperator Marcus Otho (Nero) Caesar Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, consul
69 against Galba
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VITELLIUS Aulus Vitellius
Aulus Vitellius Germanicus Imperator tribunicia potestate
Aulus Vitellius Germanicus Imperator (Caesar) Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, imperator III, consul (perpetuus?), (Pater patriae?)
69 against Galba and Otho, with Vitellius Junior
Albinus Lucceius Albinus 69 Usurper (?) In Mauritania
Flavian dynasty
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VESPASIAN Titus Flavius ​​Vespasianus
Imperator Titus Flavius ​​Vespasianus Caesar
Imperator Caesar Vespasianus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate X, imperator XX, pater patriae, censor, consul IX
69 -79 against Vitellius, 69 nominally Caesar
Iulius Sabinus (Gaius?) Iulius Sabinus 70 Counter-Emperor in Northern Gaul, with Iulius Classicus
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TITUS Titus Flavius ​​Vespasianus
Titus Caesar Vespasianus consul, princeps iuventutis
Titus Caesar Augusti filius Vespasianus Imperator pontifex, tribunicia potestate VIII, imperator XIV, consul VII, censor, ( collegiorum omnasium sacerdos )
Imperator Titus Caesar divi , tribunicia vespasianus maximius XI, imperator XVII, pater patriae, censor, consul VIII
79-81 Co-regent since 71 ( imperator since 70 ), Caesar since 69
Terentius Maximus unknown 79/80 Usurper (as "Nero") in Asia Minor
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DOMITIAN Titus Flavius ​​Domitianus
Caesar divi Augusti Vespasiani filius Domitianus consul VII, princeps iuventutis, collegiorum omnium sacerdos
Imperator Caesar divi Vespasiani filius Domitianus Augustus Germanicus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XVI, censoria potestria XXII., Consulia potestria XVI
81-96 Caesar since 69 (until 70 regent with Mucianus ), 95 with Vespasian Junior and Domitian Junior ; Caesar: Flavius (until 82?)
Saturninus Lucius Antonius Saturninus 89 Counter-emperor in Upper Germany
Adoptive Emperor and Antonine Dynasty
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NERVA Marcus Cocceius Nerva
Imperator Nerva Caesar Augustus Germanicus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate III, imperator II, consul IV, (proconsul?), Pater patriae
96-98
Nigrinus Marcus Cornelius Nigrinus Curiatius Maternus 97 Usurper (?) In Syria
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TRAJAN Marcus Ulpius (Marci filius) Traianus
Imperator Caesar Nerva Traianus Germanicus tribunicia potestate II, consul II
Imperator Caesar divi Nervae filius Nerva Traianus optimus Augustus Germanicus Dacicus Parthicus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XXI, imperator XIII, proconsul, consul patria VI
98-117 Caesar and co-regent since 97
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HADRIAN Publius Aelius (Publii filius Sergia) Hadrianus
Emperor Caesar divi (Nervae) Trajani (Augusti) Parthici filius divi Nervae nepos (Nerva) Traianus Hadrianus (Optimus) Augustus (Dacicus maximus Britannicus maximus Germanicus maximus Parthicus) Olympius panhellenius panionius , pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XXII, imperator II, consul III, pater patriae, proconsul
117-138 Caesar 117 (?), 136-138 with Lucius Aelius ( Caesar since 136)
Antonino Pio - Monaco, Glyptotek - Photo di Giovanni Dall'Orto, 2002 (cropped enhanced) .jpg
ANTONINUS PIUS Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius (Arrius) Antoninus
Emperor Titus Aelius Caesar (Hadrianus) Antoninus tribunicia potestate, consul (designatus II)
Emperor Caesar divi Hadriani filius divi Trajani Parthici nepos divi Nervae pronepos Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius (Germanicus Dacicus), pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XXIV, imperator II, consul IV, pater patriae
138-161 138 Caesar and co-regent
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MARK AUREL (Marcus Annius?) Catilius Severus
Marcus Annius Verus
Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus
(Marcus Aelius) Aurelius Caesar (imperatoris Caesaris Titi Aeli Hadriani Antonini) Augusti Pii filius, (Pontifex?) Tribunicia potestate XIV, consul III, princeps iuventutis
Imperator Caesar divi Antonini filius divi Veri Parthici maximi frater divi Hadriani nepos divi Traiani Parthici pronepos divi Nervae Abnepos Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (Pius) Augustus (Armeniacus Medicus Parthicus maximus) Germanicus Sarmaticus , pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XXXIV, consule imperator III
161-180 Co-regent since 147, Caesar since 139; Caesar: Annius Verus (166-169)
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Verus Lucius Ceionius Commodus
Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus
Imperator Caesar divi Antonini filius divi Hadriani nepos divi Traiani Parthici pronepos divi Nervae verkabos Lucius Aurelius Verus Augustus Armeniacus Medicus Parthicus maximus , pontifex, tribunicia potestate IX, imperator V, cons
161-169 Co-emperor Marcus Aurelius
Avidius Cassius Emperor Caesar Gaius Avidius Cassius Augustus 175 Counter-emperors in Syria and Egypt
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COMMODUS Lucius Aurelius Commodus Caesar Augusti filius, Germanicus Sarmaticus, pontifex, princeps iuventutis
Imperator Caesar Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antonini Augusti filius divi Pii nepos divi Hadriani pronepos divi Traiani Parthici Abnepos divi Nervae adnepos, Germanicus, Germanicus adnepos, consul designatus, princeps iuventutis
Emperor Caesar Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus Augustus Antonini Augusti filius divi Pii nepos divi Hadriani pronepos divi Trajani Parthici abnepos divi Nervae adnepos, Germanicus Sarmaticus, (pontifex) tribunicia potestate V, Emperor III, consul II, pater patriae
Emperor Caesar divi Marci Antonini Pii Germanici Sarmatici filius divi Pii nepos divi Hadriani pronepos divi Trajani Parthici abnepos divi Nervae adnepos Lucius / Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus Pius Felix Augustus (armeniacus Medicus Parthicus maximus) Sarmaticus Germanicus (maximus) Britannicus , pater senatus , pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XVI, imperato r VIII, consul VI, pater patriae
Emperor Caesar divi Marci Antonini Pii Germanici Sarmatici filius divi Pii nepos divi Hadriani pronepos divi Trajani Parthici abnepos divi Nervae adnepos Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus Augustus pius Felix Sarmaticus Germanicus maximus Britannicus, pacator Orbis , invictus Hercules Romanus ( exsuperatorius amazonius ), pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XVIII, imperator VIII, consul VII, pater patriae
180-192 Co- emperor since 177 , co-regent since 176, Caesar since 166; Regents: Perennis (182-185, Usurper 185), Cleander (188-189 / 90)
Priscus Caerellius (Marcianus?) Priscus or Titus Caunius Priscus 184? Usurper (?) In Britain
Maternus unknown 185 / 86-187 Usurper (?) In southern Gaul (and northern Italy?)
Alexander Julius Alexander 190/91? Usurper (?) In Syria
Second year of the four emperors
Alba Iulia National Museum of the Union 2011 - Possible Statue of Roman Emperor Pertinax Close Up, Apulum (cropped) .JPG
PERTINAX Publius Helvius Pertinax
Imperator Caesar Publius Helvius Pertinax Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, consul II, pater patriae, princeps senatus
193 by Laetus , after resignation by Glabrio and Pompeianus ; Caesar: Pertinax Junior
Maternus Triarius Maternus Lascivius 193 Usurper (?) In Rome; Successor: Falco
Aureus Didius Iulianus (obverse) .jpg
DIDIUS IULIANUS Marcus Didius Severus Iulianus
Imperator Caesar Marcus Didius Severus Iulianus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, (consul), pater patriae
193 surpassed Sulpicianus
Aureus Pescennius Niger (obverse) .jpg
PESCENNIUS NIGER Lucius Pescennius Niger
Imperator Caesar Gaius Pescennius Niger Iustus Augustus consul II
193-194 Counter-emperor in the east
Severer
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SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS Lucius Septimius Severus
Imperator Caesar divi Marci Antonini Pii Germanici Sarmatici filius divi Commodi frater divi Antonini Pii nepos divi Hadriani pronepos divi Traiani Parthici abnepos divi Nervae adnepos Lucius Septimius Severus Pius Pertinax Augustus Arabicus Adiabenicus Parthicus maximus Britannicus maximus, Pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XIX, imperator XIII, consul III, pater patriae, proconsul
193-211 against Didius Iulianus, sole ruler from 197 ; Regent: Plautian (202-205)
ClodiusAlbinus (cropped) .jpg
CLODIUS ALBINUS Decimus Clodius Albinus
Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus Caesar consul II
Imperator Caesar Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus Augustus consul II
193- 197 Caesar in Britain, from 195 anti-emperor in the west
Bulla Bulla Felix 205-207? Usurper (?) In Italy
Caracalla03 pushkin (cropped) .jpg
CARACALLA Lucius Septimius Bassianus
(Imperator destinatus) Marcus Aurel (l) ius (Luci filius) Antoninus Caesar pontifex, princeps iuventutis, particeps imperii
Imperator Caesar Luci Septimi Severi Pii Pertinacis Augusti Arabici Adiabenici Parthici maximi Divi Britannici Germani maximi filius divi Antonini Parmi Antonini Pii pronepos divi Hadriani enthepos divi Traiani Parthici et divi Nervae adnepos Marcus Aurel (l) ius Antoninus pius felix Augustus Britannicus maximus, pontifex, tribunicia potestate XIV, imperator II (I), consul III, pater patriae, proconsuli
Imperatorim Caesar Severii Pertinacis Augusti Arabici Adiabenici Parthici maximi Britannici maximi filius divi Marci Antonini Pii Germanici Sarmatici nepos divi Antonini Pii pronepos divi Hadriani abnepos divi Trajani Parthici et divi Nervae adnepos Marcus Aurel (l) ius Severus Antoninus (magnus) pius Felix invictus Augustus Parthicus maximus Britannicus maximus Germanicus maximus arabicus (maximus) adiabenicus (maximus), pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XX, imperator III (IV), consul IV, pater patriae, proconsul
211-217 Co -emperor since 197/98 , Caesar since 196
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Geta Publius Septimius Geta
Publius / Lucius Septimius (Luci filius) Geta nobilissimus Caesar pontifex, consul II, princeps iuventutis
Imperator Caesar Luci / divi Septimi Severi Pii Pertinacis Augusti Arabici Adiabenici Parthosici maximi Britannici maximici pronus Piii German divi Antonini divatici Peposi divi Piii Antoni Hadriani entsepos divi Traiani Parthici et divi Nervae adnepos Publius Septimius Geta pius felix Augustus Britannicus maximus, pontifex, tribunicia potestate IV, consul II, pater patriae
211 Co -emperor since 209, Caesar since 197/98
Bust of Macrinus - Palazzo Nuovo - Musei Capitolini - Rome 2016 (cropped) .jpg
MACRINUS Marcus Opellius Macrinus
Imperator Caesar Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus pius felix (invictus) Augustus (Parthicus maximus), pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate II, consul (II), pater patriae, proconsul
217-218 after renunciation by Adventus , not a member of the dynasty
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Diadumenianus Marcus Opellius Diadumenianus
Marcus Opellius (Severus) Antoninus Diadumenianus nobilissimus Caesar princeps iuventutis
Imperator Caesar Marcus Opellius Antoninus Diadumenianus pius felix Augustus
218 Co-emperor of Macrinus, Caesar since 217
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ELAGABAL Varius Avitus Bassianus
Imperator Caesar divi Antonini Magni Pii (Augusti) filius divi Severi Pii nepos Marcus Aurel (l) ius Antoninus pius felix invictus Augustus sacerdos amplissimus dei invicti Solis Elagabali pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate V, consulriae IV, pater
218-222 against Macrinus; "Caesar": Hierocles (221)
Gellius Maximus unknown 219 Counter-emperor in Syria; Successor: Verus (219)
Seleucus Iulius Antonius Seleucus or Marcus Flavius ​​Vitellius Seleucus 221/22 Usurper in Lower Moesia (?)
Bust Alexander Severus Louvre Ma1051n2 (cropped) .jpg
SEVERUS ALEXANDER (Marcus Julius Gessius?) Bassianus Alexianus
Imperatoris Caesaris Marci Aurel (l) ii Antonini Pii Felicis Augusti filius divi Antonini Magni Pii nepos divi Severi pronepos Marcus Aurel (l) ius Alexander nobilissimus Caesar imperi (i) et sacerdotis consul designatus, princeps iuventutis
Emperor Caesar divi Antonini Magni Pii (Augusti) filius divi Severi Pii nepos Marcus Aurel (l) ius Severus Alexander (magnus) pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XIV, imperator X, consul III, pater patriae, proconsul
222-235 Caesar since 221; Regent: Iulia Mamaea (until 224 with Iulia Maesa )
Seius Sallustius (Lucius?) Seius (Herennius?) Sallustius Macrinus (?) 227 Usurper (?) In Rome ( Caesar since 225?); alleged predecessor: Ovinius Camillus
Taurinus unknown 230/31? Counter-emperor in Syria or Mesopotamia

Imperial crisis of the 3rd century

portrait Surname Full name and title Reign Remarks
Early soldier emperors
Maximinus Thrax Musei Capitolini MC473 (cropped enhanced) .jpg
MAXIMINUS THRAX Gaius Iulius Verus Maximinus
Imperator Caesar Gaius Iulius Verus Maximinus pius felix invictus Augustus Germanicus maximus Dacicus maximus Sarmaticus maximus (Parthicus maximus?), Pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate IV, imperator VII, consul, proconsul, pater patriae
235- 238 against Severus Alexander; Caesar: Maximus (from 236)
Magnus (Gaius Petronius?) Magnus 235? Usurper in Upper Germany; Successor: Quartinus (235?)
Gordian I Musei Capitolini MC475 (cropped) .jpg
GORDIAN I. Marcus Antonius Gordianus
Imperator Caesar Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus (Senior) pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, (consul II), pater patriae, (proconsul)
238 Counter-Emperor in Africa
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Gordian II Marcus Antonius Gordianus
Imperator Caesar Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus pius felix Augustus pontifex, tribunicia potestate, consul, pater patriae, (proconsul?)
238 Co-emperor Gordian I.
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PUPIENUS Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus
Imperator Caesar Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus pius felix Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, pater patriae, consul II, pater senatus, (proconsul)
238 against Maximinus Thrax, with Balbinus
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BALBINUS Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus
Imperator Caesar Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus pius felix Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, pater patriae, consul II, (pater senatus)
238 against Maximinus Thrax, with Pupienus
Bust Gordianus III Louvre Ma1063 (cropped) .jpg
GORDIAN III. Mark Antony Gordianus nobilissimus Caesar princeps iuventutis, nepos divorum Gordianorum
Imperator Caesar divi Marci Antoni Gordiani nepos divi Antoni Gordiani sororis filius Mark Antony Gordianus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate VII, imperator VII, patule consule VII, imperator
238- 244 238 Caesar under Pupienus and Balbinus; Regents: Gordiana (?, To 241), Timesitheus (241–243); Alleged successor: Marcus
Sabinianus (Marcus Triarius Rufinus Asinius?) Sabinianus 240 Counter-Emperor in Africa
Busto di filippo l'arabo, da castel porziano, inv. 2216, 03 cropped.jpg
PHILIPPUS ARABS Marcus Iulius Philippus
Imperator Caesar Marcus Iulius Philippus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, (Parthicus Adiabenicus) Persicus maximus Carpicus maximus (Germanicus maximus), tribunicia potestate VI, consul III, pater patriae, proconsul
244-249 Regent since 243 (with Priscus )
Aureus Philip II (obverse) .jpg
Philip II Marcus Iulius (Severus) Philippus nobilissimus Caesar princeps iuventutis
Imperator Caesar Marcus Iulius (Severus) Philippus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, (Carpicus Germanicus), tribunicia potestate III, consul II, pater patriae, (princeps iuventutis)
247-249 Co-emperor of Philip Arab (and of Decius?), Caesar since 244
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Pacatianus Imperator (Caesar?) Ti (Berius) Claudius Marinus Pacatianus pius felix Augustus 248-248 / 49 Counter-emperor in Moesia and Pannonia
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Iotapianus Emperor Caesar Marcus F (ulvius?) Ru (fus?) Iotapianus Augustus 248 / 49-249 Counter-emperors in Syria and Cappadocia
Aureus Sponsianus Leaves for Coin Friends 1923 fig 10.jpg
Sponsianus unknown ? Counter-Emperor in Dacia (?)
Bust of Decius - Palazzo Nuovo - Musei Capitolini - Rome 2016 (3) (cropped) .jpg
DECIUS Gaius Messius Quintus Decius Valeri (a) nus
Imperator Caesar Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius pius felix invictus Augustus (Dacicus maximus Germanicus maximus), pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate IV, (imperator II), consul III, pater patriae
249- 251 against Philip Arabs; Regent: Etruscilla (251)
Valens Licinianus (Quintus?) Iulius Valens Licinianus 250/51 Counter-Emperor in Rome
Priscus Lucius (?) Priscus or Titus Iulius Priscus 250/51 Counter-Emperor in Thrace (by Kniva ?)
Aureus Herennius Etruscus (obverse) .jpg
Herennius Etruscus Quintus Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius nobilissimus Caesar tribunicia potestate II, consul (designatus), princeps iuventutis
Imperator Caesar Quintus Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius (pius felix) Augustus tribunicia potestate II, consul, (princeps iuventutis)
251 Co- emperor of Decius, Caesar and co-regent since 250
Aureus Hostilianus (obverse) .jpg
Hostilian Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus nobilissimus Caesar (tribunicia potestate?), Princeps iuventutis
Imperator Caesar Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus (pius felix invictus) Augustus (tribunicia potestate ?, princeps iuventutis)
251 Co- emperor of Decius (and Trebonianus Gallus?), Caesar (and co-regent?) Since 250
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TREBONIANUS GALLUS Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus
Imperator Caesar Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate IV, consul II, pater patriae, proconsul, (princeps iuventutis)
251-253 against Hostilian (?)
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Volusianus (Imperator) Gaius Vibius Volusianus (nobilissimus) Caesar (tribunicia potestate?), Princeps iuventutis
Imperator Caesar Gaius Vibius Afinius Gallus Veldumnianus Volusianus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate IV, consulria II, pince i
251-253 Co- emperor of Trebonianus Gallus, 251 Caesar (and co-regent?)
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AEMILIANUS Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus
Imperator Caesar Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, consul, pater patriae, proconsul
253 against Trebonianus Gallus
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VALERIAN Publius Licinius Valerianus
Imperator Caesar Publius Licinius Valerianus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus III (Parthicus), tribunicia potestate VIII, consul IV, restitutor orbis , pater patriae, proconsul
253- 260 against Aemilianus, with Gallienus; Caesar: Valerian II (256-258, Emperor from 257)
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Silbannacus Imperator (Caesar?) M (arcus?) A (u?) R (elius?) Silbannacus Augustus 253? Counter-Emperor in Rome (or Gaul?)
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Uranius Antoninus Sampsigeramus (?)
Imperator (Caesar?) Lucius Iulius Aurelius Sulpicius Severus Uranius Antoninus Augustus (tribunicia potestate II ?, consul)
253-254 Counter-emperor in Syria; Successor (?): Mareades (260 ?, by Shapur I. )
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GALLIENUS Publius Licinius Gallienus nobilissimus Caesar ( Augustus ) princeps iuventutis
Imperator Caesar Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus Germanicus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus V (Dacicus maximus) Parthicus / Persicus maximus, proculria, viii , (princeps iuventutis)
253-268 Co-emperor in the west, Caesar 253, 260 sole ruler, 268 with Marinianus (?); Imperator: Odaenathus (262–267, east, Rex Regum from 263, with Herodianus )
Aureus Saloninus Caesar (obverse) .jpg
Saloninus Publius (Licinius) Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus / Gallienus nobilissimus Caesar pontifex, princeps iuventutis
Imperator (Caesar) Saloninus Valerianus Augustus
260 Co-emperor of Gallienus (against Postumus), Caesar since 258
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Regalianus Emperor Caesar Publius C (assius) Regalianus Augustus 260 Counter-emperor in Pannonia and Moesia; Predecessor: Ingenuus (260?)
Aureus Macrianus RIC 0003 (obverse) .jpg
MACRIANUS Emperor Caesar Titus Fulvius Junius Macrianus pius felix Augustus consul II 260-261 Counter-emperor in the east (by Macrianus Senior and Ballista ); Successor: Mussius Aemilianus (261–262), Memor (?, 262, both Egypt)
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Quietus Emperor Caesar Titus Fulvius Junius Quietus pius felix Augustus consul II 260-261 Co-emperor of Macrianus
Valens Valens Thessalonicus 261 Counter-emperor in Macedonia (or Greece?); Counter-Emperor: Piso (?)
Celsus unknown ? alleged usurper in Africa
Trebellianus unknown ? alleged usurper in Cilicia
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Aureolus Emperor Caesar Aureolus Augustus (?) 268 Usurper in Northern Italy
Emperor of the Imperium Galliarum
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POSTUMUS Imperator Caesar Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus (V?), Tribunicia potestate X, imperator X, consul V, pater patriae, proconsul 260-269 against Gallienus; alleged Caesar and co-emperor: Postumus II.
Aureus Laelius - RIC 0001 (obverse) .jpg
Laelianus Emperor Caesar Ulpius Cor (nelius?) Laelianus pius felix Augustus 269 Counter-emperor in Upper Germany
Marcus Aurelius Marius - Antoninianus Trier (obverse) .jpg
MARIUS Emperor Caesar Marcus Aurelius Marius pius felix Augustus 269 by Victoria (?)
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VICTORINUS Imperator Caesar Marcus Piavonius Victorinus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate III, consul II, proconsul, pater patriae 269-271 against Marius (?); Regent: Victoria (271); alleged Caesar: Victorinus II.
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Domitianus Emperor Caesar Domitianus pius felix Augustus 271? Counter-emperor in North or South Gaul
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TETRICUS I. Imperator Caesar Gaius Pius Esuvius Tetricus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate IV, consul III, pater patriae, proconsul 271- 274 against Domitianus (?, by Victoria), deposed by Aurelian; Caesar: Tetricus II. (From 272/73, co-emperor 274?)
Faustinus unknown 273/74 Usurper in Northern Gaul
Late soldier emperors
5305 - Brescia - S. Giulia - Ritratto di Claudio II il Gotico - Photo Giovanni Dall'Orto, 25 Giu 2011 (cropped) .jpg
CLAUDIUS GOTHICUS Marcus Aurelius Claudius
Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius (Valerius) Claudius pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus Gothicus maximus Parthicus maximus, tribunicia potestate III, consul, pater patriae, proconsul
268-270
Censorinus unknown ? alleged usurper in Italy
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QUINTILLUS Marcus Aurelius Quintillus
Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, pater patriae
270
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AURELIAN Lucius Domitius Aurelian
Imperator Caesar Lucius Domitius Aurelian pius felix invictus Augustus Pontifex Maximus, Germanicus maximus (Britannicus maximus?) Goticus maximus (Sarmaticus maximus? Dacicus maximus) Carpicus maximus Parthicus / Persicus maximus (Arabicus maximus Palmyrenicus maximus Armeni (a) cus maximus? Adiabenicus maximus? ), tribunicia potestate VI (I), consul III, restitutor orbis , pater patriae, proconsul, (princeps iuventutis)
270-275 against Quintillus, from 274 sole ruler; Regent: Severina (?, 275)
Felicissimus unknown 271 ? Usurper (?) In Rome
Septimius unknown 271/72 Counter-emperor in Dalmatia
Urbanus unknown 271/72 Usurper in?
Antoninian Vaballathus Augustus (obverse) .jpg
VABALLATHUS V (h) abal (l) athus vir c (onsularis?) Rex imperator dux Romanorum
Imperator Caesar Lucius Iulius Aurelius Septimius V (h) abal (l) athus Athenodorus pius felix invictus Augustus (Persicus maximus Arabicus maximus Adiabenicus maximus)
272 Counter-emperor in the east, Rex Regum since 267 (nominally co-regent Aurelians from 270); Regent: Zenobia ; Predecessor: Maeonius (?, 267); Successor: Antiochus (272/73, both Syria), Firmus (?, 273, Egypt)
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TACITUS Marcus Claudius Tacitus
Imperator Caesar Marcus Claudius Tacitus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, Gothicus maximus, tribunicia potestate II, consul II (I), restitutor rei publicae , pater patriae, proconsul
275-276
Aureus Florianus Ticinum (obverse) .jpg
FLORIANUS Marcus Annius Florianus
Imperator Caesar Marcus Annius Florianus pius felix (invictus) Augustus (pontifex maximus, pater patriae, consul ?, proconsul, princeps iuventutis)
276
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PROBUS Marcus Aurelius Probus
Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Probus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, Gothicus maximus Persicus / Parthicus maximus Germanicus maximus, tribunicia potestate VII, consul V, pater patriae, proconsul, (princeps iuventutis)
276-282 against Florianus
Lydius (Palfuerius?) Lydius 278-279 Usurper (?) In Pisidia
Septimius Lucius Septimius? 280/81 Usurper (?) In Britain
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Proculus Emperor Caesar Proculus Augustus 280/81 Counter-Emperor in Lower Germany (and Northern Gaul ?, Britain?), With (?) Bonosus
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Saturninus Emperor Caesar Gaius Iulius Saturninus Augustus 281 Counter-Emperor in Syria (and Egypt?)
Aureus Carus Ticinum (obverse) .jpg
CARUS Marcus Numerius (?) Carus
Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Carus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus Persicus / Parthicus maximus, pater patriae, tribunicia potestate II, consul II, proconsul, (princeps iuventutis)
282-283 against Probus
Montemartini - Carino cropped (enhanced) .JPG
CARINUS Marcus Aurelius Carinus nobilissimus Caesar tribunicia potestate, consul, princeps iuventutis
Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Carinus tribunicia potestate, consul, princeps iuventutis, proconsul Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Carinus pius felix invictus, Augustus pontifex maximus maximus, consul, Persus pontifex maximus, Britus maximus maximus II (I), pater patriae, proconsul, (princeps iuventutis)
283- 285 283 co-emperor in the west, co-regent 283, Caesar since 282, until 284/85 (?) With Nigrinian
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Numerian Marcus Aurelius Numerianus nobilissimus Caesar princeps iuventutis
Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Numerianus princeps iuventutis, proconsul
Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Numerianus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, (Germanicus pontifex maximus, (Germanicus, pontifex maximus?) Persicus maximus paterria, consulicia, maximestus, II patune, proculus Britannicus, Britannicus maximus, patria, Britannicus maximus, patria, Britannicus maximus, tribunria, proconsus Britannicus paterria princeps iuventutis)
283-284 Co-emperor in the east, Caesar since 282; Regent: Aper (Usurper 284?)
Aureus Iulianus Siscia (obverse) .jpg
Iulianus (Marcus?) Sabinus Iulianus
Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Iulianus pius felix Augustus
284-285 Counter-Emperor in Pannonia and Northern Italy

Late antiquity

portrait Surname Full name and title Reign Remarks
Tetrarchy
Diocletian (284-305 AD) (cropped) .jpg
DIOCLETIAN (Gaius Valerius?) Diocles
Emperor Caesar Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus pius Felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus Jovius Germanicus maximus VI Sarmaticus maximus IV (Gothicus maximus) Persicus maximus II Britannicus maximus Carpicus maximus armeniacus maximus Medicus maximus Adiabenicus maximus, tribunicia potestate XXII, Emperor XXI, consul IX (X), pater patriae, proconsul
284 -305 against Carinus, 285 sole ruler, from 286 emperor in the east, until 311/313 senior Augustus in Dalmatia
Antoninian Amandus Oxford.jpg
Amandus Imperator C (aesar) C (aius) Amandus pius felix Augustus (?) 285/86 Usurper in Gaul, with (?) Aelianus
Nummus Domitius Domitianus (obverse) .jpg
Domitianus Emperor Caesar Lucius Domitius Domitianus Augustus 296 / 97-297 / 98 Counter-emperor in Egypt; Successor: Achilles (297/98)
Eugenius unknown 303/04 Usurper in Syria
MSR - Tête de l'empreur Maximien Hercule - Inv 34 b (cropped) .jpg
MAXIMIAN (Marcus) Aurelius Valerius Maximianus nobilissimus Caesar
Imperator Caesar frater Augusti Diocletiani Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus Herculius Germanicus maximus V Sarmaticus maximus III (Gothicus maximus arms) Persicus maximicus maximicus medicus maximus Maximiacus Ade, tribus maximus Maximiacus Carpaben XXI, imperator XX, consul VIII (IX), pater patriae, proconsul
286-305
307- 308
310
Emperor in the west, Caesar since 285, until 307 senior Augustus in Italy
co-emperor of Maxentius and Constantine I, against Severus and Galerius,
emperor in the west, against Constantine I.
Aureus Carausius RIC 0005 (obverse) .jpg
CARAUSIUS Mouse (aeus?) Carausius
Imperator Caesar frater Diocletiani et Maximiani Marcus Aurelius Mouse (aeus?) Carausius pius felix invictus Augustus (pontifex maximus, consul IV, pater patriae)
286 / 87-293 Counter-Emperor in Britain and Northern Gaul (from 289/90 nominally Caesar ?)
Aureus Allectus RIC 0001 (obverse) .jpg
Allectus Imperator Caesar Allectus pius felix invictus Augustus (consul?) 293-296 / 97 Counter-Emperor in Britain
Iulianus unknown 296/97 Usurper (?) In Africa
Const.chlorus01 pushkin (cropped) .jpg
CONSTANTIUS I. (Flavius / Julius?) Constantius (Chlorus?)
(Marcus / Gaius) Flavius Valerius Constantius Germanicus maximus Sarmaticus maximus Persicus maximus Britannicus maximus Carpicus maximus Medicus Maximus Adiabenicus maximus nobilissimus Caesar Herculius tribunicia potestate XIII, consul V, princeps iuventutis
Imperator Caesar Marcus / Gaius Flavius ​​Valerius Constantius pius felix (invictus) Augustus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus V (Gothicus maximus) Sarmaticus maximus III Persicus maximus II Britannicus maximus II Carpicus maximus V Medicus maximus Adiabenicus maximus, tribunicia potestate X (I) V, imperator II, consul VI, Father patriae, proconsul
305-306 Emperor in the west, Caesar and co-regent since 293
Romuliana Galerius head (cropped) .jpg
GALLERY Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus Germanicus maximus Sarmaticus maximus Persicus maximus Britannicus maximus Carpicus maximus Medicus maximus Adiabenicus maximus nobilissimus Caesar Iovius tribunicia potestate XIII, consul V, princeps iuventutis Imperator Caesonticus (Gaius felianus maximexerius Maximexerus VII (Gaius felianus Maximexuserus Valerius VII ) (Gaius felianus Maximexerius Maximexerus VII maximus) Sarmaticus maximus V Persicus maximus III Britannicus maximus II Carpicus maximus VI Armeniacus maximus Medicus maximus Adiabenicus maximus ( Aegyptiacus maximus? Thebaicus maximus?), tribunicia potestate XX, imperator XIX, consul VII, pater patriae, proconsul
305-311 Emperor in the East, Caesar and co-regent since 293 ; Caesar: Candidianus (from 310/11)
Severus II Aureus Joanneum.jpg
SEVERUS (Gaius / Marcus?) Flavius ​​Valerius Severus nobilissimus Caesar
Imperator Caesar Flavius ​​Valerius Severus pius felix Augustus tribunicia potestate III, imperator (II), consul
306-307 Emperor in the west, Caesar and co-regent since 305
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MAXENTIUS Marcus Valerius Maxentius
Marcus Aurelius Maxentius (nobilissimus Caesar) princeps invictus
Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius pius felix invictus (et aeternus / ac perpetuus) Augustus pontifex maximus (Herculius?) Tribunicia potestate VI, consul IV, pater patulriae
306- 312 Emperor in the west (nominally Caesar until 307 ), against Severus and Licinius, 308–309 with Romulus
Follis-Domitius Alexander-carthage RIC 68 (obverse) .jpg
Alexander Valerius Alexander (?)
Emperor Caesar Lucius Domitius Alexander pius felix invictus Augustus
308-309 / 10 Counter-Emperor in Africa (Co-Emperor Constantine I?)
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LICINIUS Gaius Valerius Licinianus Licinius
Imperator Caesar Gaius / Flavius Valerius Licinianus Iovius Licinius pius felix invictus (semper) Augustus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus Sarmaticus maximus, tribunicia potestate XVII, imperator IV, consul VI, pater patriae, proconsul
308 - 324 Emperor in the west, from 311/313 in the east; Caesar: Licinius II. (From 317)
Severianus (Gaius / Marcus?) Flavius ​​(Valerius?) Severianus 313 Usurper (?) In Cilicia
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MAXIMINUS DAIA (Gains) Galerius Valerius Maximinus nobilissimus Caesar Jovius (pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate VI, consul, pater patriae, proconsul), propagator Orbis terrarum , filius Augustorum
Emperor Caesar Galerius Valerius Jovius Maximinus pius Felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, Persicus Sarmaticus Germanicus, tribunicia potestate IX, imperator (IX), consul III, pater patriae, proconsul
310-313 Emperor in the East, Caesar and co-regent since 305
Valerius Valens Follis Alexandria (obverse) .jpg
Valens Emperor Caesar (Gaius?) Aurelius Valerius Valens pius felix Augustus 316 - 317 ? Co-emperor of Licinius, against Constantine I.
Martinian - Follis cyzicus RIC016 (obverse) .jpg
Martinianus Emperor Caesar Mar (cius?) Martinianus pius felix Augustus 324 Co-emperor of Licinius, against Constantine I.
Constantinian Dynasty
Head Constantine Musei Capitolini MC1072 (cropped) .jpg
CONSTANTINE I. Gaius Flavius ​​Valerius Constantinus
Flavius ​​Valerius Constantinus (pius) nobilissimus Caesar divi Constanti pii Augusti filius Herculius tribunicia potestate II (VI), (imperator V), consul, princeps iuventutis / filius Augustorum
Imperator Caesar. Marci Aureli Valeri Maximiani Augustiusi Augustius. Filius Flavius ​​Valerius Constantinus pius felix (invictus) Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate VI, consul, imperator V, pater patriae, proconsul
Imperator Caesar divi Constanti pii Augusti filius divi Claudi nepos Flavius ​​Valerius Constantinus maximus pius felix German invexus maximus Augustus pontaticus maximus III, Sarmatic maximus II Britannicus maximus Persicus maximus Carpicus / (Cappadocicus?) maximus Adiabenicus / (Arabicus?) maximus Medicus maximus armeniacus maximus Gothicus maximus, tribunicia potestate XX, consul VI, Emperor XIX, restitutor libertatis , restitutor totius Orbis , pater patriae, proconsul
Emperor Caesar divi Constanti pii Augusti fili US divi Claudi nepos Flavius Valerius Constantine maximus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus IV Sarmaticus maximus III Britannicus maximus Gothicus maximus II Dacicus maximus, tribunicia potestate XXXIII, consul VIII, Emperor XXXII pius Felix victor ac triumfator (omnium gentium ) semper Augustus pater patriae, proconsul
306 / 307-337 Emperor in the west ( nominally Caesar and co-regent up to 310 ), sole ruler from 324 ; Caesares: Bassianus (314/316, Italy), Crispus (317–326, co-regent in Gaul), Dalmatius (from 335, co-regent in the Balkans); Rex : Hannibalianus (from 335/36, Cappadocia?)
Calocaerus unknown 333/34? Usurper in Cyprus
Campidoglio, Roma - Costantino II cesare dettaglio (cropped) .jpg
CONSTANTINE II. Flavius ​​Claudius Constantinus Iunior Alamannicus (Germanicus maximus Sarmaticus maximus) nobilissimus / beatissimus Caesar consul IV, princeps iuventutis
Imperator Caesar Flavius ​​Claudius Constantinus Alamannicus maximus Germanicus maximus (Sarmaticus maximus) pius felix maximus victor August ac
337-340 Emperor in the west, Caesar (and co-regent) since 317
Emperor Constans Louvre Ma1021 enhanced (cropped) .jpg
CONSTANS Flavius ​​Iulius Constans nobilissimus / beatissimus Caesar
Imperator Caesar divi Constantini filius divorum Maximiani et Constanti nepos divi Claudi pronepos Flavius ​​Iulius Constans Sarmaticus, (consul III) pius felix maximus victor ac triumfator (gentium barbarum ) perpetuus Augustus
337-350 Emperor in the west (338–339 also in the east), Caesar (and co-regent) from 333, up to 340 alongside Constantine II.
Bust of Constantius II (Mary Harrsch) (cropped) .jpg
CONSTANTIUS II. Flavius Julius Constantius Alamannicus Germanicus Gothicus Sarmaticus nobilissimus / beatissimus Caesar tribunicia potestate XIV, Emperor XII, consul, princeps iuventutis
Emperor Caesar divi Constantini filius Divorum Maximiani et Constanti nepos divi Claudi pronepos Flavius Julius Constantius pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus Alamannicus maximus Gothicus maximus Sarmaticus Persicus Adiabenicus maximus, tribunicia potestate XXXIX, imperator XLVI, consul X pius felix maximus ( toto orbe ) victor ( terra marique ) ac triumfator (gentium barbarum) aeternus / perpetuus semper Augustus pater patriae, proconsul
337 -361 Emperor in the east, Caesar and co-regent since 324 350/ 353 -360 autocrat; Caesar: Constantius Gallus (351–354, Syria)
Magnentius trier RIC 247 (obverse) .jpg
MAGNENTIUS Magnus Magnentius
Imperator Caesar Flavius ​​Magnus Magnentius (pontifex maximus, Alamannicus maximus, tribunicia potestate IV, imperator III, consul II) pius felix maximus invictus / victor ac triumfator (perpetuus) semper Augustus (pater patriae, proconsul)
350- 353 Counter-emperor in the west; Caesar: Decentius (from 350/51, Gaul); alleged Caesar: Desiderius
Solidus Vetranio (obverse) .jpg
Vetranio (Emperor Caesar) Vetranio pius felix Augustus 350 Co-emperor Constantius II in the Balkans (through Constantina ), against Magnentius
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Nepotianus (Emperor Caesar) Flavius ​​Iulius Popilius Nepotianus Constantinus pius felix Augustus 350/51 Co-emperor (?) Constantius II in Rome, against Magnentius
Patricius unknown 351/52 Against the king in Palestine
Silvanus unknown 355 Usurper in Lower Germany
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JULIAN (Emperor) Flavius Claudius Julian nobilissimus Caesar consul III, (princeps iuventutis?)
Imperator Caesar Flavius Claudius Julian pius felix invictus Augustus Pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate II, imperator II, consul III, pater patriae, proconsul, (princeps iuventutis)
Imperator Caesar Flavius Claudius Iulianus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus Alamannicus maximus Francicus maximus Sarmaticus maximus, tribunicia potestate IV, imperator VII ?, consul IV pius felix maximus victor ac triumfator perpetuus semper Augustus restitutor libertatis, liberator orbis Romani , pater patriae, proconsul
360- 363 Emperor in the west, Caesar since 355, sole ruler from 361
JOVIAN - RIC VIII 223 - 671793 (obverse) .jpg
JOVIAN (Flavius) Iovianus
Imperator Caesar Flavius ​​Iovianus pius felix maximus victor ac triumfator (perpetuus) semper Augustus
363 -364 after resignation by Salutius , 364 with Varronian , no member of the dynasty
Valentinian dynasty
Solidus de Valentinien MAN (obverse) .jpg
VALENTINIAN I. (Flavius) Valentinianus
Imperator Caesar Flavius ​​Valentinianus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus Alamannicus maximus Francicus maximus Gothicus maximus, tribunicia potestate XII, imperator XII, consul IV pius felix maximus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus pater patriae, proconsul
364-375 Emperor in the west
Valentinus unknown 368 Usurper (?) In Britain
Firmus (Imperator Caesar) Firmus perpetuus victor semper Augustus (?) 370 / 372-374 / 75 Counter-emperor (?) In Mauritania and Numidia
VALENS-RIC IX 2d.xxix-641217 (obverse) .jpg
VALENS (Flavius) Valens
Imperator Caesar Flavius ​​Valens pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus Alamannicus maximus Francicus maximus Gothicus maximus, tribunicia potestate XV, imperator XV, consul VI pius felix maximus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus pater patriae, proconsul
364- 378 Emperor in the East, 369–370 / 372 with Galates ; Regent: Domnica (378)
Solidus Procopius Cyzicus (obverse) .jpg
PROCOPIUS (Emperor Caesar) Procopius pius felix Augustus 365- 366 Counter-emperor in the east; Successor: Marcellus (366, Bithynia)
Theodorus unknown 371 Usurper (?) In Syria
Gratian Trier enhanced.jpg
GRATIAN Flavius Gratianus nobilissimus puer
Emperor Caesar divi Valentiniani Augusti filius Flavius Gratianus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus Alamannicus maximus Francicus maximus Gothicus maximus (Sarmaticus maximus), tribunicia potestate XVII, Emperor XVII, consul V pius Felix maximus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus pater patriae, proconsul, (princeps iuventutis)
375-383 Emperor in the west, co-emperor since 367 , 378–379 also in the east
Statue of emperor Valentinian II (cropped enhanced) .JPG
VALENTINIAN II. Flavius ​​Valentinianus
Imperator Caesar divi Valentiniani Augusti filius Flavius ​​Valentinianus (Iunior) pius felix (maximus / inclitus) victor ac triumfator perpetuus semper Augustus (princeps iuventutis)
375-392 Emperor in the west, next to Gratian until 383, exile 387–388 in the east; Regents: Justina (up to 387), Arbogast (from 391)
Theodosian Dynasty
Disco o Missorium Teodosio MPLdC (cropped) .jpg
THEODOSIUS I. Flavius ​​Theodosius
Imperator Caesar Flavius ​​Theodosius pius felix perpetuus / (inclitus) victor ac triumfator semper Augustus
379- 395 Emperor in the East (388-391 in the West), from 392/ 394 autocrat
Solidus Magnus Maximus (obverse) .jpg
MAGNUS MAXIMUS Magnus Maximus
Imperator (Caesar Flavius) Magnus Maximus (Britannicus maximus) pius felix perpetuus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus
383- 388 Emperor in the west, against Gratian, from 387 against Valentinian II.
Solidus Flavius ​​Victor Trier (obverse) .jpg
Victor Flavius ​​Victor nobilissimus Caesar
Imperator (Caesar) Flavius ​​Victor pius felix perpetuus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus
387-388 Co-emperor of Magnus Maximus, Caesar since 384
Eugenius AV Solidus 621125 (obverse) .jpg
EUGENIUS Emperor (Caesar) Flavius ​​Eugenius pius felix Augustus 392- 394 Counter-Emperor in the West (through Arbogast)
Arcadius Istanbul Museum (cropped) .JPG
ARCADIUS Flavius ​​Arcadius
Imperator Caesar Flavius ​​Arcadius pius felix (inclitus) victor ac triumfator ( gentium barbarum ) semper Augustus
395-408 Emperor in the East , co-emperor since 383 ; Regents: Rufinus (395), Eutropius (395–399), Gainas (399, Usurper 400), Eudoxia (400–404)
Consular diptych Probus 406 (cropped enhanced) .jpg
HONORIUS Flavius ​​Honorius nobilissimus puer
Imperator Caesar Flavius ​​Honorius pius felix inclitus victor ac (perpetuus) triumfator (gentium barbarum) semper Augustus
395-423 Emperor in the West , co-emperor since 393 (against Eugenius); Regent: Stilicho (up to 408)
Gildo unknown 397-398 Usurper (?) In Africa
Constantine III Solidus Lyon RIC 1507 (obverse) .jpg
CONSTANTINE (III.) (Emperor Caesar) Flavius ​​Claudius Constantinus pius felix Augustus 407-411 Counter-emperor in Gaul, Britain and Hispania (409 nominally co-emperor of Honorius); Caesar: Julian (from 409/10); Predecessor: Marcus ( 406 ), Gratian (407, both Britain)
Solidus Priscus Attalus (obverse) .jpg
PRISCUS ATTALUS (Emperor Caesar) Priscus Attalus pius felix Augustus 409- 410
414-415
Counter-emperor in Italy (through Alaric ) and southern Gaul (through Athaulf )
Siliqua Constans II Arelate (obverse) .jpg
Constans (II.) (Emperor Caesar Flavius) Constans pius felix Augustus 409 / 10-411 Co-emperor Constantine (III.), Caesar since 408
Siliqua Maximus (obverse) .jpg
MAXIMUS (Emperor Caesar) Maximus pius felix Augustus 409 / 10-411
418 / 19-420 / 21
Counter-Emperor in Hispania (by Gerontius or Gunderich )
Iovinus Solidus Arles RIC 1708 (obverse) .jpg
JOVINUS (Emperor Caesar) Iovinus pius felix Augustus restitutor rei publicae 411-413 Counter-Emperor in Gaul (through Gundahar and Goar )
Siliqua Sebastianus Arelate (obverse) .jpg
Sebastianus (Emperor Caesar) Sebastianus pius felix Augustus 412-413 Co-emperor of Jovinus
Heraclianus unknown 412-413 Usurper (?) In Africa
Theodosius II Louvre Ma1036 (cropped) .jpg
THEODOSIUS II. Flavius ​​Theodosius nobilissimus puer
Imperator Caesar Flavius ​​Theodosius perpetuus pius felix inclitus victor ac triumfator maximus semper Augustus
408-450 Emperor in the East, co-emperor since 402 , 423 sole ruler, 439 with Arcadius II (?); Regents: Anthemius (up to 414), Pulcheria (414–416 / 423, 450)
Solidus Constantius III-RIC 1325 (obverse) .jpg
Constantius III. Flavius ​​Constantius
Imperator (Caesar Flavius) Constantius pius felix Augustus
421 Co-emperor of Honorius (regent since 417), against (?) Theodosius II.
John Solidus Ravenna RIC 1901 (obverse) .jpg
JOHN (Emperor Caesar) Iohannes pius felix Augustus 423-425 Emperor in the West (through Castinus ?)
Solidus Valentinian III Constantinople (obverse) .jpg
VALENTINIAN III. Flavius Placid (i) us Valentinianus nobilissimus Caesar
Emperor Caesar Flavius Placid (i) us Valentinianus pontifex inclitus, Germanicus inclitus Alamannicus inclitus (Francicus inclitus) Sarmaticus inclitus, tribunicia potestate XXX, imperator XXX, consul VIII perpetuus (pius Felix) inclitus victor ac triumfator maximus semper Augustus pater patriae, proconsul
425-455 Emperor in the West, Caesar since 424 (against John); Regents: Galla Placidia (to 437), Aetius (435-454); recognized Geiserich and Rechiar as regents in Africa and Hispania
Vortigern unknown 426-441? Usurper (?) In Britain; Successor: Ambrosius Aurelianus (?)
Pirrus unknown 428 Usurper (?) In Italy
Tibatto unknown 435-437 Usurper (?) In Gaul
Basil unknown 448-454? Usurper (?) In Hispania (by Rechiar?)
Barletta Colossus Head (cropped) .jpg
MARKIAN (Flavius) Marcianus
Emperor Caesar Flavius Marcianus pontifex inclitus, Germanicus inclitus Sarmaticus inclitus Alamannicus inclitus Francicus inclitus, tribunicia potestate VII, VII imperator, consul I perpetuus (pius Felix) inclitus victor ac triumfator maximus semper Augustus pater patriae, proconsul
450-457 Emperor in the east (through Pulcheria and Aspar , until 452 against Valentinian III), from 456 sole ruler
Solidus Petronius Maximus - RIC 2201 (obverse) .jpg
PETRONIUS MAXIMUS Flavius ​​Petronius Maximus
(Imperator Caesar Flavius) Petronius Maximus pius felix Augustus
455 Emperor in the west; Caesar: Palladius
Solidus Avitus Arles (obverse) .jpg
AVITUS (Flavius) Eparchius Avitus
(Imperator Caesar Flavius) Eparchius Avitus perpetuus pius felix Augustus
455-456 Emperor in the West (by Theodoric II. )
Thracian dynasty
Leo I Louvre Ma1012 n2 (cropped) .jpg
LEO I. (Flavius ​​Valerius?) Leo
Imperator Caesar Flavius ​​(novus) Leo perpetuus pius / piissimus (felix) victor ac triumfator maximus semper Augustus
457-474 Emperor in the East (through Aspar), 465–467 and 472–473 sole ruler; Caesar: Patricius (469 / 70–471)
Solidus Majorian Arles (obverse) .jpg
MAJORIAN (Flavius) Iulius Valerius Maiorianus
Imperator Caesar Flavius Iulius Valerius Maiorianus perpetuus pius felix Augustus
457-461 Emperor in the West (through Ricimer ?), Nominally Caesar (?) In 457 , not a member of the dynasty
Marcellus unknown 457? Usurper (?) In Gaul
Libius Severus solidus 612158 (obverse) .jpg
LIBIUS SEVERUS (Flavius) Libius Severus
Imperator (Caesar Flavius) Libius Severus (perpetuus) pius felix Augustus
461-465 Emperor in the West (through Ricimer)
Aegidius unknown 461-464 / 65 Usurper (?) In Gaul; Successors: Paulus (469?), Syagrius (up to 486/87 )
Solidus Anthemius (obverse) .jpg
ANTHEMIUS Flavius ​​Procopius Anthemius (nobilissimus Caesar)
Imperator Caesar (Flavius) Procopius Anthemius (perpetuus) pius (felix victor) ac triumfator semper Augustus
467-472 Emperor in the West, Caesar 467; Co-regent: Ricimer (until 470/71)
Arvandus unknown 468 Usurper (?) In Gaul (by Eurich )
Romanus unknown 470 Usurper (?) In Italy (by Ricimer?)
Tremissis Olybrius (obverse) .jpg
OLYBRIUS Flavius ​​Anicius Olybrius
(Imperator Caesar Flavius) Anicius Olybrius Augustus
472 Emperor in the West (through Ricimer and? Geiserich), against Anthemius
Solidus Glycerius Ravenna (obverse) .jpg
GLYCERIUS Emperor (Caesar) Glycerius felix pius Augustus 473-474 Emperor in the West (through Gundobad )
Tremissis Leo II (obverse) .jpg
LEO II. Flavius ​​Leo Iunior nobilissimus Caesar
Imperator (Caesar Flavius) Leo Iunior perpetuus Augustus
474 Emperor in the east, co-emperor since 473 , Caesar since 472
Solidus Iulius Nepos Arles (obverse) .jpg
IULIUS NEPOS (Flavius) Iulius Nepos
(Imperator Caesar Flavius) Iulius Nepos perpetuus pius felix Augustus
474-480 Emperor in the West, Caesar (?) 474 (against Glycerius), exile from 475 in Dalmatia; recognized Eurich as regent in southern Gaul and Hispania
RomulusAugustus.jpg
ROMULUS AUGUSTULUS (Emperor Caesar) Romulus A (u) gustus pius felix Augustus 475- 476 Counter-emperor in the west (by Orestes ), deposed by Odoacer
Zeno Solidus RIC 0910 (obverse) .jpg
ZENO Tarasis
Flavius ​​Zeno
Imperator Caesar Flavius Zeno pius (felix / felicissimus) victor ac (perpetuus) triumfator maximus semper Augustus
474-491 Emperor in the East, 474 co-emperor of Leo II and regent, exile 475–476 in Cilicia, sole ruler from 480; Caesar: Leo (476–477 / 78)
Basiliscus.jpg
BASILISCUS Flavius ​​Basiliscus
Imperator Caesar Basiliscus pius (felix) victor ac (perpetuus) triumfator maximus semper Augustus
475-476 Emperor in the east, against Zeno
Solidus Basiliscus et Marcus (detail) .jpg
Marcus Marcus nobilissimus Caesar
(Imperator Caesar) Marcus perpetuus Augustus
475-476 Co-emperor of Basiliscus, Caesar 475
Huneric BMC 012 (cropped) .jpg
Hunerich Huniricus rex Vandalorum et Alanorum 477-484 claimed emperor-like position in Africa
Markian Flavius ​​Marcianus 479-480 Usurper in Constantinople and Galatia (484 in Cilicia by Illus ?)
Justasas unknown 484? Against the king in Palestine
Solidus Leontius Antioch.jpg
LEONTIUS (Emperor Caesar) Leontius perpetuus Augustus 484-488 Counter-Emperor in Cilicia and Syria (through Illus and Verina )
Masties unknown 484-494? Usurper (?) In Numidia (against Hunerich and Gunthamund ); Successor (?): Masuna (508-535 ?, Mauritania)
Odovacar Ravenna 477 (obverse) .jpg
Odoacer Flavius ​​Odovacer praecellentissimus rex 490- 493 Usurper in Italy (ruler since 476/480); Caesar: Thela
Solidus Anastasius I (obverse) .jpg
ANASTASIUS I. Flavius ​​Anastasius
Imperator Caesar Flavius ​​Anastasius pontifex inclitus, Germanicus inclitus Alamannicus inclitus Francicus inclitus Sarmaticus inclitus, tribunici imperii XXVIII, consul III pius felix inclitus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus pater patriae, (proconsulus pater patriae),
491-518 by Ariadne ; recognized Clovis and Sigismund as regents in Gaul
Longinus Flavius ​​Longinus 491-492 Usurper in Constantinople; Successor: Longinus , Athenodorus (both up to 497, Isauria)
Teodorico re dei Goti (493-526) white.jpg
Theodoric Flavius ​​( Amalus ) Theodericus
Flavius rex Theodericus pius princ (eps) i (nvictus / inclitus?) S (emper?) Victor gentium
493 -526 Regent in the west (usurper until 497/98), 515–522 / 23 with Eutharic ; Successor: Athalaric (until 534; regent: Amalasuntha )
Burdunellus unknown 496-497 Usurper in Hispania (against Alaric II ); Successor: Peter (506)
Vitalian Flavius ​​Vitalianus 513-515 Usurper (?) In Thrace and Moesia; Predecessor: Areobindus (512, Constantinople)
Justinian Dynasty
Solidus Iustinus I (obverse) .jpg
JUSTIN I. (Flavius) Iustinus
Imperator Caesar (Flavius) Iustinus (Germanicus Alamannicus Francicus Sarmaticus) pius felix inclitus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus
518-527 eliminated Theocritus
Master of San Vitale in Ravenna (cropped) .jpg
JUSTINIAN I. Petrus Sabbatius
Flavius ​​Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus (nobilissimus Caesar)
Imperator Caesar Flavius ​​Iustinianus Alamannicus Gothicus Francicus Germanicus Anticus Alanicus Vandalicus Africanus pius felix inclitus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus
527-565 Co-emperor 527 , Caesar since 525, with Theodora (until 548) and Germanus (550); deposed Gelimer and Witichis as regents in Africa and Italy, respectively
Julian Iulianus (Sabarides?) 529 Against the king in Palestine
Hypatius Flavius ​​Hypatius 532 Counter-Emperor in Constantinople, with Pompey
Gold Solidus Theudebert I coin around 534 (obverse) .jpg
Theudebert Theodebertus (victor) rex magnus Francorum 533-547 / 48 claimed emperor-like position in Gaul
Coin Follis Ostrogoths Rome Theodahat (obverse) .jpg
Theodahad (Flavius) Theodahatus rex 535 -536 claimed emperor-like position in Italy
Stotzas unknown 536-545 Usurper in Africa; Successor: Guntarith (until 546, with Johannes )
John Ioannes Cottistis 537 Usurper in Mesopotamia
Baduila BMC 044 (obverse) .jpg
Totila Baduila rex 541 / 42- 552 Usurper in Italy; Predecessor: Hildebad (540–541, after resignation by Belisarius ), Erarich (541); Successor: Teja ( 552 )
Iustinus II sb0345 (obverse) .jpg
JUSTIN II. Flavius ​​Iustinus
Imperator Caesar Flavius ​​Iustinus (Iunior) fidelis in Christo mansuetus maximus benefactor / -ficus Alamannicus Gothicus Francicus Germanicus Anticus Alanicus Vandalicus Africanus pius felix inclitus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus
565-578 eliminated Justin ; Regent: Sophia (from 573)
Leovigild CNG 97-722237 (obverse) .jpg
Leovigild (Flavius) Leovigildus inclitus pius (felix) rex victor 572 / 73-586 claimed emperor-like position in Hispania
Tiberius II.jpg
TIBERIOS I. (II.) Flavius ​​Tiberius novus Constantinus felicissimus Caesar
Imperator Caesar Flavius ​​Tiberius novus Constantinus fidelis in Christo mansuetus maximus benefactor pacificus Alamannicus Gothicus Francicus Germanicus Anticus Alanicus Vandalicus Afric (an) us pius felix inclitus victor ac trium Augustium
578-582 Co- emperor 578 , Caesar and co-regent since 574; Caesar: Germanus (582, usurper 602–603 and 605/607?)
Maurice Solidus sb0477a (obverse) .jpg
MAURIKIOS Flavius ​​novus Tiberius Mauricius felicissimus Caesar Alamannicus Gothicus Francicus Germanicus Anticus Alanicus Vandalicus Africanus
Imperator Caesar Flavius ​​Mauricius novus Tiberius fidelis in Christo mansuetus maximus beneficus pacificus Alamannicus Gothicicus ( incl Augustus
582-602 582 Caesar and co-emperor
Abaskiron unknown 583-588? Usurper (?) In Egypt
Authari Flavius rex Autharius 584-590 claimed emperor-like position in northern Italy
Theodosius 590-602 half siliqua (obverse) .jpg
Theodosius (III.) (Imperator Caesar Flavius) Theodosius perpetuus Augustus 590-602
603 (-611)
Co-emperor of Maurikios (with Tiberios ?), Caesar since 587
(?) Counter-emperor in Mesopotamia (through Chosrau II and Narses )
Phocas sb0618 (obverse) .jpg
PHOCAS (Flavius) Focas
Imperator Caesar Flavius ​​Focas (fidelis in Christo mansuetus maximus beneficus pacificus Alamannicus Gothicus Francicus Germanicus Anticus Alanicus Vandalicus Africanus Erulicus Gepidicus ) pius felix inclitus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus
602-610 against Maurikios, with Domentiolus (from 603/04) and Priscus (606/07), not a member of the dynasty
Heraclean dynasty (continued see list of Byzantine emperors )
Heraclius and Heraclius Constantine solidus (cropped) .jpg
HERACLEIOS Flavius ​​Heraclius
Imperator Caesar Flavius ​​Heraclius fidelis in Christo mansuetus maximus beneficus pacificus Alamannicus Gothicus Francicus Germanicus Anticus Alanicus Vandalicus Africanus Erulicus Gepidicus pius felix inclitus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus
610-641 against Phocas (by Herakleios senior , usurper in Africa since 608), from 638 with Heraklonas ( Caesar since 632); Caesares: Constantine (617–631?), David (from 638), Martinos (from 639)
Comentiolus unknown 610-611 Usurper (?) In Galatia
Solidus Heraclius Constantine (cropped) .jpg
Constantine III Emperor Caesar Flavius ​​Heraclius novus Constantinus fidelis in Christ (perpetuus) Augustus 613-641 Co-emperor of Herakleios ( 641 sole ruler; Caesar: Konstans II. )
John Ioannes Compsinus 616-617 Usurper (?) In southern Italy
Eleutherius unknown 619-620 Counter-Emperor in Italy
Vahan unknown 636 Usurper (?) In Palestine
Athalaric Ioannes Athalaricus 637? Usurper in Constantinople
portrait Surname Full name and title Reign Remarks

Successor states

From the 630s onwards the Arab Caliphate began to expand rapidly , limiting the (Eastern) Roman Empire to a rump part within a few decades. After that, it essentially only comprised part of the Greek-influenced cultural area of ​​the old Roman Empire. This period at the end of antiquity marks the transition in historical science between the (Eastern) Roman and the Byzantine Empire, which existed until 1204 and again from 1261–1453.

Since the early Middle Ages, other rulers have claimed the title of Roman emperor, for example:

References to the relevant lists of emperors can be found below or under the Lemma Kaiser .

See also

literature

Web links

Commons : List of Roman Emperors  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
This page was added to the selection of informative lists and portals on June 22nd, 2006 in this version .