Anten

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Golden buckle (6th century, Hungary) with the name of the ante stamped

The Anten were a late antique tribe north of the Black Sea , which originally came from the southern Ukraine between the Dnieper and Don , but appeared on the Balkan Peninsula in the 6th century . The assignment of the anteens to the Eastern Slavs , which was often made in older research, is controversial in modern research.

The name Anten ( Antes , Antai ) can possibly be derived from Middle Persian (meaning “at the end”). There is no evidence of Slavic origin.

history

The exact origin of the ante is unknown, but scattered sources suggest that they originally came from the region of today's Ukraine. The earliest mention of anten can be found in late antiquity with the historian Jordanes . According to this, the Goths defeated the Anten in the 4th century and killed their king Boz . It may have been an early group of the Anten. The Eastern Roman historian Prokopios of Caesarea, on the other hand, reports that the Antes, whom he describes as primitive and barbaric nomads, had no king; their loose tribal association is "democratically" composed, which has been interpreted quite differently in modern research. The antas are also mentioned in other late antique sources.

The Anten are often considered in research to be a tribe related to the early Slavs . Both Jordanes and Prokopios describe that Anten and Sklabenoi (as Prokopios called the early Slavs) lead a very similar way of life and have the same customs, although they would often fight with each other. However, these statements are viewed critically in parts of modern research, and the archaeological findings have also been evaluated differently in recent times. On the basis of this, it cannot be established that the Anten are of Slavic origin.

Several hypotheses of origin have been put forward, such as an Iranian or even a Germanic origin. Eduard Mühle recently pleaded for a more Iranian origin . A philological hypothesis expressed by Gottfried Schramm in 1997 is that the Antas were originally ruled by an Iranian ruling class, were exposed to Germanic (Gothic) influences, but later the people were strongly Slavic.

In 518, the Anten attacked Eastern Roman territory independently for the first time . In the reign of Justinian I , further attacks in the 30s of the 6th century are documented; In this context, Justinian took on the winning name Anticus . This was followed by clashes between Antes and slaves (Slavs) in the 540s (and again in the 580s).

The Anten became allies of East Stream in 545 and received the abandoned city of Turris on the Danube as a gift. In return, they held part of the Danube border against the invading “barbarians”. After they had settled down, the Anten practiced agriculture and ranching. Their society was organized according to patriarchal and tribal law. They fulfilled their contractual obligations towards Ostrom until they fell victim to the expansion of the Avars at the beginning of the 7th century (around 602) , which also subjugated the Slavs. Theophylactus Simokates describes the defeat of the Anten , after which they disappear from the sources.

Famous pepole

  • Boz , 4th century, legendary leader, historical existence not certain
  • Dabragezas , 554–555 Byzantine military leader
  • Idarizios , around 561, leader
  • Kelagastos , possibly leader around 561
  • Mezameros, around 561, envoy of the Antes to the Byzantines

literature

  • Florin Curta: The Making of the Slavs. History and Archeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500-700. Cambridge 2001.
  • Omeljan Pritsak: Antae. In: The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (ODB). Vol. 1, New York / Oxford 1991, p. 108 f.
  • Alexander Sarantis: Justinian's Balkan Wars. Campaigning, Diplomacy and Development in Illyricum, Thace and the Northern World AD 527-65. Francis Cairns, Prenton 2016.
  • Gottfried Schramm : A dam breaks: the Roman Danube border and the invasions of the 5th – 7th centuries. Century in the light of names and words. Munich 1997.
  • Bartlomiej Szymon Szmoniewski: The Antes. Eastern "Brothers" of the Slavenes? In: Florin Curta (Ed.): Neglected Barbarians. Brepols, Turnhout 2010, pp. 53-82.

Remarks

  1. ↑ For the derivation ( Antya ) see Gottfried Schramm: A dam breaks: the Roman Danube border and the invasions of the 5th – 7th centuries. Century in the light of names and words. Munich 1997, p. 178ff.
  2. ↑ Detailed overview of the research by Bartlomiej Szymon Szmoniewski: The Antes. Eastern "Brothers" of the Slavenes? In: Florin Curta (Ed.): Neglected Barbarians. Turnhout 2010, pp. 53-82.
  3. ↑ Jordanes, Getica 48, 247 ff. The name Boz can be traced back to Gottfried Schramm: A dam breaks: the Roman Danube border and the invasions of the 5th – 7th centuries. Century in the light of names and words. Munich 1997, p. 182, as well as some other ancient personal names, cannot be assigned to Slavic, Germanic or Iranian.
  4. ^ Prokop, Historien VII 14. For an overview, see Florin Curta: The Making of the Slavs. History and Archeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500-700. Cambridge 2001, p. 311 ff.
  5. ↑ Bartlomiej Szymon Szmoniewski: The antes. Eastern "Brothers" of the Slavenes? In: Florin Curta (Ed.): Neglected Barbarians. Turnhout 2010, here p. 63ff.
  6. ^ The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity . Vol. 1 (2018), p. 81 ( ... related to the * Slavs, with whom they shared the same language and customs ... ).
  7. ↑ See Prokop, Historien VII 14.
  8. ↑ Bartlomiej Szymon Szmoniewski: The antes. Eastern "Brothers" of the Slavenes? In: Florin Curta (Ed.): Neglected Barbarians. Turnhout 2010, here p. 67ff.
  9. ↑ Bartlomiej Szymon Szmoniewski: The antes. Eastern "Brothers" of the Slavenes? In: Florin Curta (Ed.): Neglected Barbarians. Turnhout 2010, here p. 82 ( Despite the past and current desire of many to recruit the Antes for Slavic history, there is currently no agreement as to the Slavic origin of the Antes. ).
  10. ↑ See Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium , Vol. 1, p. 108.
  11. ↑ Eduard Mühle: The Slavs in the Middle Ages. Berlin / Boston 2016, p. 4.
  12. ↑ Gottfried Schramm: A dam breaks: the Roman Danube border and the invasions of the 5th – 7th centuries. Century in the light of names and words. Munich 1997, p. 178ff., Summarizing ibid., P. 181.
  13. ↑ In summary and with detailed evidence Florin Curta: The Making of the Slavs. History and Archeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500-700. Cambridge 2001, p. 75 ff. See also Alexander Sarantis: Justinian's Balkan Wars. Campaigning, Diplomacy and Development in Illyricum, Thace and the Northern World AD 527-65. Prenton 2016, especially p. 247ff.
  14. ↑ Alexander Sarantis: Justinian's Balkan Wars. Campaigning, Diplomacy and Development in Illyricum, Thace and the Northern World AD 527-65. Prenton 2016, pp. 250f.