Byzantine historiography

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The historical writings of Eastern Roman or Byzantine authors are called Byzantine historiography . The historians concerned, however, never referred to themselves as “Byzantines”, which is a construct of modern research, but always as “ Romans ”. Byzantine historiography had its roots in late antiquity and ended with the fall of Constantinople in 1453 .

Characteristics

The late ancient Eastern Roman authors were aware of the Greek historiographical tradition going back to Herodotus and Thucydides in which they stood. With very few exceptions - namely Ammianus Marcellinus and Jordanes , who wrote Latin - they used the ancient Greek language , although this already deviated in some points from the language form that was widespread at the time. Most of these authors were strongly classical: many tried to imitate the authors who were perceived as classical and, following the tradition begun by Xenophon (which followed directly on from the work of Thucydides), to tie in seamlessly with the works of their predecessors and also with style and orientate the language of the classics. This series of Greek historians, ranging from Dexippos (3rd century) to Theophylactos Simokates (7th century), only broke off at the end of antiquity in the east as a result of the Arab expansion . The late ancient Eastern Roman Empire then became the now completely Graecised Byzantium.

In late antiquity, the sources flowed in abundance up to the early 7th century, but then dried up almost completely by the late 8th / early 9th century. During these 150 years, many ancient traditions were torn down. In Byzantium, from 800 onwards, chronicles took the place of comprehensive depictions written in classical language and reflecting the events (mostly of contemporary history). The chronicles, however, also had roots in late antiquity: the chronicles with Christian accents, which were written as early as the 3rd century AD and were written in large numbers from the 4th century AD, made no special literary claims.

When in the late 9th and especially in the 10th century the ancient culture was cultivated more strongly in Byzantium (so-called Macedonian Renaissance ), after the empire had previously had to use all energies in the defense of external enemies since the 7th century Byzantine historiography flourished again as a result of the iconoclastic controversy . One was no longer content with pure chronicles (which were, however, continued to be written in the following years). Instead, several historians consciously orientated themselves back to the classical Greek authors such as Thucydides, Polybius , but also to late antique historians who followed this tradition, such as Prokop in particular , and took them as models. Since the 10th century, detailed and more analytical histories have been written in Byzantium. Several authors also followed up on the works of their predecessors (around the 11th century Michael Psellos to Leon Diakonos ). These middle and late Byzantine historians benefited from the fact that in Byzantium, even in the turmoil of the 7th century, more of the ancient ancient heritage was preserved than in the Latin West and that the writing in Byzantium was not limited to the clergy. In Byzantium, writing history was, however, a matter for a small, educated class with relevant knowledge.

As already mentioned, a characteristic of many Byzantine historians is the effort to orientate themselves largely on the ancient models (such as Herodotus or Thucydides etc.) and to imitate them linguistically ( mimesis ), which sometimes led to anachronisms and spread expressions. In terms of style, the Byzantine historiography in this regard was overall on a high level. Because these authors used a “classicist” art prose in the sense of mimesis , the various texts often referred to anachronistic and imitation of classical ethnography, for example, of “ Scythians ” when in truth various steppe peoples on the northern edge of the Black Sea or in the Balkans were meant, or by "Medes" when it came to Persians or later to other oriental opponents of Byzantium. Likewise, passages by ancient authors (including Thucydides) were taken over into their own work or were strongly based on them. Quotations from classical authors were very often woven into the text. The classicistic lexicon also meant that certain terms that did not appear in the high-level Attic had to be delicately circumscribed. So some historians, although Christians themselves, ignored the topic of Christianity or described Christian religious practices and offices in a rather cumbersome manner, because these were still unknown to their classical models. These works were therefore only reserved for a relatively small, educated readership who could recognize such allusions and who had the appropriate knowledge of the standard language. While the late antique historians also used a rather artificial style, the prose used by the middle and late Byzantine historians based on the classicist authors was also far removed from the upscale contemporary colloquial language. Otherwise, the Middle and Late Byzantine high-level profane history show the typical features of the ancient classics (such as digressions and speeches) and were typically works of contemporary history.

In addition, clergymen continued to write historical works, which were chronicles, which in the representation of secular history carried more elements of Christian historiography and were written in a language that was easier to understand. In older research, the chronicles were often rather underestimated because it was assumed that their authors were less educated. However, chronicles were not exclusively written by clergymen and some of their authors were well educated, as the example of Georgios Synkellos shows.

In general, Byzantine historiography can be divided into two parts: The chronicles (or world chronicles), which are written in easily understandable language, and the more sophisticated historical works in high-level language, although there were mixed forms. In Byzantine studies , the Greek historians from Eunapios of Sardis are usually counted among the "(early) Byzantine" historians, although ancient historical research is also concerned with the authors of late antiquity up to Theophylactus, so that there are overlaps: Exactly how the Eastern Roman history of the 4th to 7th centuries, the literature that emerged at that time is researched by both Byzantinists and ancient historians.

Sometimes certain people are glorified or demonized in the historical representations, sometimes the chronology or the presentation of the events is (perhaps only unintentionally) incorrect. However, several late antique and later Byzantine historians at least formally strived for a description that was as true to the truth as possible, especially when they claimed the tradition of Thucydides for themselves and carefully processed their sources. However, the literary claim was often more important for the respective authors. In addition, due to the not a few political and theological disputes in Byzantium, their own standpoints were also incorporated into the presentation. But that doesn’t change the fact that even authors who were sometimes partial or who were primarily concerned with the prosaic quality of their work were able to convey valuable material.

overview

The late antiquity

The late antique (or “early Byzantine”) authors differ in many ways from the middle and late Byzantine historians. They were able to continue seamlessly with the historiographical tradition of earlier epochs; The circles of those who read and wrote these works were even larger: up to 6/7. In the 19th century there were hundreds of poleis where members of the local upper classes could receive rhetorical and literary training. Men like Dioskoros , who wrote poetry under Justinian in the Egyptian province, were the bearers of this elite culture. Classical education ( paideia ) was a sign of class and was cultivated. In addition to Christians, pagan authors also wrote during this period, especially since there was no break in ancient historiography that coincided with the 7th / 8th century. Century would be comparable. Until about 600 ancient literary traditions were hardly torn down, but new ones were established at the same time.

In late antiquity, a number of church histories emerged (see further information there), whose “father” is Eusebios of Kaisareia . Eusebios also wrote an important chronicle and a biography dedicated to Emperor Constantine . The church history of Eusebius was later continued by Socrates Scholastikos , Sozomenos and Theodoret . Church historiography in the Greek East continued to flourish into the late 6th century. For example, written Philostorgius , (pseudo) Gelasius of Cyzicus and Evagrius Scholasticus respective works.

In addition, the profane historical works (see below) are of particular importance, but not a few of them are only fragmentary (see now also Small and Fragmentary Historians of Late Antiquity ), ie in more or less detailed excerpts or brief summaries. In late antiquity, however, there were certainly mutual influences and overlaps between the genres of profane classicist historiography, church historiography and the various chronicles.

At the beginning of the 4th century, Praxagoras of Athens wrote three historical works, all of which have been lost. At the end of the 4th century, Ammianus Marcellinus wrote the last important Latin historical work of antiquity ( Res gestae ), which could well compete with the classical models. The fact that Ammianus wrote in Latin, although he himself was Greek and came from Syria, makes him a great exception among the authors dealt with here, who otherwise wrote their works in Greek, although of course also those written in Latin on the history of the eastern part of the Roman Empire and later of Byzantium are not without significance. Although the first 13 books of the work have been lost, the surviving books 14 to 31 describe the period from 353 to 378 in great detail, clearly and largely reliably. Ammianus, the most important late antique historian next to Procopius, could have influenced some of the classical Greek historians who followed him with his extensive contemporary work. Ammianus and other Latin, Eastern Roman authors of this period, some of whom still existed into the 6th century (e.g. Jordanes and Marcellinus Comes ), are undoubtedly more apt to be described as "late antiquity" than "early Byzantine". This is true anyway for the Latin authors who wrote in Westrom back then. Since knowledge of the Latin language in the Eastern Roman elite was extinguished around 600, the historical works previously written in this language had at best an indirect influence on the later Byzantine historiography.

In the 5th century a whole series of Greek “classical works” was written, but unfortunately only fragments have been preserved, although even these fragments still contain very important material. Linguistically and formally, these works were strongly based on Herodotus, Thucydides and Polybius; religious questions were so largely ignored in this secular historiography that many authors do not even know whether they were Christians. Many of them had previously made careers in imperial service and belonged to the secular elite: Olympiodorus of Thebes , previously an imperial diplomat, wrote a 22-book History of the West in the early 5th century, which was used by several subsequent Greek authors. The (sometimes quite extensive) fragments from the 8-book contemporary history of Priskos , who also took part in Roman embassies himself, offer very valuable insights into the diplomatic contacts between East and the barbarians. The extracts from the histories of the Malchus of Philadelphia and the Candidate provide important information about the end of the 5th century. A world chronicle of Heliconius of Byzantium is completely lost .

Around 500 the heathen Zosimos wrote an anti-Christian New Story , which, however, is often not very reliable due to the approach of the author. In doing so, he relied primarily on material from the lost histories of Eunapios of Sardis (which ranged from 270 to 404 and in which there was already a polemic against Christianity) and Olympiodoros (who provided a much more neutral and reliable report). At the beginning of the 6th century Eustathius of Epiphaneia wrote a historical work that was probably used later by several authors (for example by Euagrios Scholastikos in his church history ). Also in the 6th century, Hesychios of Miletus wrote his world history and a contemporary work.

For the time of Justinian , the lost histories of Petros Patrikios (whose work was evidently mediated via an intermediate source , also used by Middle Byzantine authors, see Leo source ) and above all the comprehensive work of Prokopios of Caesarea (Procopius) should be mentioned. Prokop is considered the last great ancient historian and at the same time one of the most important Eastern Roman historians; he exercised great influence on some later Byzantine authors. The main work of Prokop are his contemporary histories (or Bella ) in 8 books, which were published between 550/51 and 553/54 and in which the Eastern Roman campaigns against Persians , Vandals and Goths are described in the style of classicist profane historiography. Procopius himself was an eyewitness to part of what was reported and, formally and linguistically, was strongly oriented towards Herodotus, Thucydides and Arrian. He also wrote two formally innovative and idiosyncratic works: a pamphlet on Justinian's buildings , in which the emperor was praised, and a diatribe (published long after his death) against Justinian and his rule (the Anekdota , often called a “secret story " designated). Although the various representations seem contradictory, Prokop may have assumed that this was the only way to convey a comprehensive picture of his time. His histories quickly established themselves as exemplary, so that the works of other historians who also treated Justinian disappeared almost without a trace; including the work on Justinian's Persian Wars, which Johannes Lydos had written.

Agathias von Myrina joined Prokop around 580 (his histories comprising 5 books range from 552 to 559 and remained unfinished), followed by Menander Protektor , whose work extended to 582, but has only survived in fragments. None of them could reach the level of Prokop again, but they contain important descriptions, whereby Menander was well informed especially with regard to diplomatic events. The chronicles of John Malalas (middle / end of 6th century) and John of Antioch (early 7th century) should also be mentioned. Various other works from the later 6th century have been completely lost with the exception of brief fragments, including the Histories of John of Epiphaneia and the work of Theophanes of Byzantium .

The online database Clavis Historicorum Antiquitatis Posterioris (CHAP) now offers a brief overview of late antique historical works .

The end of ancient historiography and the new beginning of Byzantine historiography

The histories written by Theophylactus Simokates around 630 can be regarded as the last historical work of antiquity . Theophylactus followed Menander's work. His eight books of histories , which were often difficult to understand, exaggerated classicist style, describe the time up to the end of Emperor Maurikios (602) and provide a lot of important and reliable information, but have probably remained unfinished. Then the ancient historiographical tradition breaks off, which is to be seen as a consequence of the enormous upheavals that the Eastern Roman Empire had to go through at the end of the reign of Herakleios . Among other things, with Egypt and Syria the "recruiting area" for many of the previous classicist historians was lost, but the state, society and culture in Byzantium also changed fundamentally. The old elites who had sustained and preserved ancient culture perished during this time; with this the audience for late antique-classicist historiography also disappeared.

With the beginning of the Arab conquests and the defensive struggles in the Balkans against the Slavs, the transformation of the ancient Eastern Roman to the medieval Byzantine empire began, which had a dramatic effect on society and culture. It is no coincidence that the source situation is particularly problematic for this eventful time. Only the so-called Chronicon Paschale , written around 632, and the undemanding work of John of Nikiu have come down to us from the following period (mid-7th to the end of the 8th century). However, it cannot be completely ruled out that historical records also existed at this time (as the chronicle of Traianos Patrikios shows), but these have not been preserved and are unlikely to have been comprehensive.

It was not until the end of the 8th century that historical works were written that have survived, initially with chronicles that do not reach the stylistic level of the more comprehensive late antique works, but which nevertheless provide us with valuable information. They seem to have mainly used Syrian and sometimes even Arabic works to fill the gap for the period after about 640. Among these first works of Middle Byzantine historiography, the short history of Nikephoros (for the years 602 to 769, with gaps) and the famous chronicles of Georgios Synkellos (world chronicle up to 284) and of Theophanes (for the years 284 to 813) are included call. Georgios Synkellos has drawn on numerous sources, some of which have now been lost, for his extensive work; the chronicle was supposed to reach his present, but his death prevented this. Theophanes, who finally continued the Chronicle of Georgios Synkellos (although it is possible that Theophanes more or less compiled the material already collected by Georgios), also made use of sources that are lost today. These included the 8th century chronicle of the aforementioned Traianos Patrikios, which was probably also used by Nikephoros, and a Greek translation of the now lost chronicle of Theophilos of Edessa , which was also an important source for other authors. However, Theophanes drew the emperors in this regard in the darkest colors due to his position during the iconoclast and his aversion to the iconic modules. Some works have been lost, including the historical work of Theognostus (1st half of the 9th century). In the late 9th century, Georgios Monachos finally compiled a world chronicle that was very popular in Byzantium and went back to 842. Several regional chronicles were also created (for example the Chronicle of Monemvasia ). In the early 10th century, Johannes Kaminiates wrote a pamphlet about the conquest of Thessalonica by the Arabs in 904.

More comprehensive, more demanding historical works that went beyond the description of a chronicle, emerged again since the 10th century in the course of the Macedonian Renaissance . Two historical works commissioned by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII , who himself wrote a historical biography of Basil I , are a sign of the new interest in historiography. On the one hand, there is a series of emperors' biographies that follow Theophanes (chronologically, but not stylistically) and are called Theophanes Continuatus . In these biographies, which extend up to 961, the Macedonian dynasty was described very positively; In contrast, the so-called Logothetenchronik , which did not attempt to tie in with Theophanes, should be mentioned (see also Leon Grammatikos ), which viewed the dynasty rather critically. On the other hand, there is a four-book Imperial History ( Basileiai ) to be mentioned, the author of which is ultimately anonymous, although he is usually referred to as Joseph Genesios . The imperial history reports on the period from 813 to the end of the 9th century and is a clear sign of the new, intensive preoccupation with ancient works in Byzantium.

Leon Diakonos wrote a history about the period from 959 to 976 in ten books around 992, which contains a lot of important information. Leon oriented himself to the ancient models and therefore wrote contemporary history in the tradition of Thucydides, in which the proportion of his own observations is very high. The Chronographia of Michael Psellos , which was written in the 11th century and linked to Leon, is of great importance for the reconstruction of the events from 976 to around 1075. Psellos concentrated above all on the (very vivid) description of the events at court and made an effort about a rhetorical stylization, but also let his own point of view flow into the representation. The historical work of Johannes Skylitzes was also written in the 11th century (the Madrid illuminated manuscript of the Skylitzes should also be mentioned here ), who dealt with the period from 811 to 1057 and criticized several of his predecessors, but is also a main source for the period dealt with. Michael Attaleiates described the period from 1034 to 1079/80, and around 1100 an otherwise unknown Georgios Kedrenos compiled older material in his chronicle, which went up to 1057.

From the 12th century to the end of Byzantium

In the 12th century a large number of important historical works were finally created. Johannes Zonaras wrote a comprehensive world chronicle that reached until 1118 and in which he also referred to sources that are lost today. Overall, his description is considered quite balanced and linguistically easily accessible. Anna Komnena , the daughter of the Byzantine emperor Alexios I , in turn wrote Alexias, a 15-book continuation of the history of her husband, Nikephoros Bryennios , in which Alexios I was presented very favorably, closely following the classic models . The comprehensive work describes the period from 1069 to 1118 and, despite a sometimes very subjective view, is one of the most important Byzantine historical works. Also to be mentioned is the work of Johannes Kinnamos , who described the period from 1118 to 1176 (albeit partly tendentious) and was also based on the ancient classics.

Johannes Kinnamos seems to have served as a model for Niketas Choniates , who described the period from 1118 to 1206 in 21 books; however, it is also possible that both have used a common template. The representation of the Niketas Choniates, on the other hand, is characterized by a great deal of objectivity and contains a lot of important information; Stylistically, it is strongly oriented towards the classics and is one of the most important Byzantine historical works. Georgios Akropolites joined Niketas , who dealt with the story from 1203 to the re-conquest of Constantinople by the Byzantines in 1261 and contains important information. Also in the 13th century wrote Theodoros Skutariotes (he is often credited with a world chronicle reaching up to 1261) and Georgios Pachymeres (wrote about the period from 1255 to 1308). The conquest of Constantinople by the Crusaders in 1204, which is also described in Western Latin sources, took Nikephoros Gregoras as the starting point in the 14th century , in order to present the period up to 1359 in 37 books; his material-rich work is a main source for the period from 1312 onwards. Even Emperor John VI. wrote a historical work that was primarily intended to justify his own politics.

Four historians can be named for the final phase of the empire in the 15th century. Laonikos Chalkokondyles described in his post-Byzantine history the period from 1298 to 1463 in ten books and was based heavily on Herodotus. Doukas reported, after a brief outline of world history, about the period from 1341 to 1462, whereby he could fall back on good sources. Georgios Sphrantzes wrote a chronicle from 1413 to 1477, while the so-called Chronicon maius (from the 16th century) does not come from him, but only contains material from his chronicle. Michael Kritobulos finally deals with the period from 1451 to 1467 and has already adopted the Turkish perspective.

List of Byzantine historians and chroniclers

The current edition and (if available) a German translation are given; where this does not exist, a translation into another European language is given instead. Special reference should be made to the series Byzantine Historians , ed. by Endre von Ivánka and Johannes Koder, 19 vols., Styria / Fassbaender publishing house, Vienna et al. 1955–1995.

Eusebios , Chronicle - to 325

Edition of the Hieronymus version:

translation

Important literature:

  • Pierre Nautin: La continuation de l'Histoire ecclésiastique d'Eusèbe par Gélase de Césarée. In: Revue des Études Byzantines 50 (1992) 163-183.
  • Alden Mosshammer: The Chronicle of Eusebius and Greek Chronographic Tradition. Lewisburg 1979

Eusebios, Church history - to 324

Output:

Translations:

  • Eusebius of Caesarea, Church history. Translated by Heinrich Kraft, Darmstadt 1967.

On-line:

Important literature:

  • Dieter Timpe : What is church history? On the genus character of the Historia Ecclesiastica of Eusebius. In: Werner Dahlheim et al. (Ed.), Festschrift Robert Werner. Constance 1989, 171-203.
  • Friedhelm Winkelmann : Euseb von Kaisareia. The father of church history. Berlin 1991.

Ammianus Marcellinus - History approx. 96–378, received from 353 (Latin)

Edition and translation:

  • Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman History. Edited by Wolfgang Seyfarth . Berlin 1968–71.
  • Ammianus Marcellinus, The Roman Empire Before Its Fall . Translated by Otto Veh , introduced and explained by Gerhard Wirth . Munich / Zurich 1974.

Text on the Internet:

Important literature:

  • John F. Matthews: The Roman Empire of Ammianus . Baltimore / London 1989 [2. Ed., Ann Arbor 2008]
  • Dariusz Brodka: Ammianus Marcellinus. Studies of Historical Thought in the Fourth Century AD Krakow 2009.

Socrates Scholastikos - Church history 324–439

Output:

Translation:

  • Socrate de Constantinople, Histoire ecclésiastique. Trad. Pierre Périchon, Pierre Maraval. Paris 2004-2007.

Important literature:

  • Theresa Urbainczyk: Socrates of Constantinople. Historian of Church and State. Michigan 1997
  • Martin Wallraff : The church historian Socrates. Studies of history, method and person. Göttingen 1997.

Philostorgios - Church History 305-425

Output:

Translation:

  • Bleckmann / Stein, see edition.
  • Philip R. Amidon (Ed.): Philostorgius. Church History. Atlanta 2007.

Text on the Internet:

Important literature

  • Bruno Bleckmann : Constantine in the church history of Philostorg . In: Millennium . Yearbook on Culture and History of the First Millennium AD 1 (2004), pp. 185–231.
  • Doris Mayer (Ed.): Philostorge et l'historiographie de l'Antiquité tardive / Philostorg in the context of late antique historiography . Stuttgart 2011.

Sozomenos - Church history 324–439

Output:

Translation:

  • Sozomenos, Church History. Translated by Günter Christian Hansen. Turnhout 2004 (Fontes Christianae, 73).

Theodoretos of Kyrrhos - Church history 324–428

Output:

  • Theodoretos of Kyrrhos, Church History. Edited by Léon Parmentier. Leipzig 1911 (The Greek Christian Writers 19); 3rd edition by Günter Christian Hansen. Berlin 1998 (The Greek Christian Writers NF 5).

Translation:

  • Bishop's Theodoret of Cyrus Church History. Translated by Andreas Seider. Munich 1926.

Important literature:

  • Adam M. Schor: Theodoret's people. Social networks and religious conflict in late Roman Syria. Berkeley 2011.

Eunapios of Sardis , Olympiodorus of Thebes , Priscus of Panion , Malchus of Philadelpheia , Candidate

Edition and translation:

  • Roger C. Blockley: The fragmentary classicizing historians of the later Roman Empire: Eunapius, Olympiodorus, Priscus, and Malchus. 2 vols. Liverpool 1981-83.

Important literature:

  • Roger Blockley: The Development of Greek Historiography: Priscus, Malchus, Candidus . In: G. Marasco (Ed.): Greek and Roman Historiography in Late Antiquity. Fourth to Sixth Century AD Leiden / Boston 2003, pp. 289-315.
  • François Paschoud : Eunape, Olympiodore, Zosime. Bari 2006.

Zosimos , New History - from Augustus to 410

Output:

Translation:

  • Zosimos, New History. Translated by Otto Veh . Stuttgart 1990.

Important literature:

  • John HWG Liebeschuetz : Pagan historiography and the decline of the Empire . In: Greek and Roman Historiography in Late Antiquity: Fourth to Sixth Century AD Ed. By Gabriele Marasco. Leiden 2003, pp. 177-218.
  • François Paschoud: Zosimos. In: Pauly-Wissowa RE. Vol. 10A (1972), col. 795-841.

Marcellinus Comes - Chronicles 379-518 (Latin)

Edition and translation:

  • Brian Croke, The chronicle of Marcellinus. Sydney 1995 (Byzantina Australiensia 7).

Important literature:

  • Brian Croke: Count Marcellinus and his chronicle. Oxford 2001.

John of Antioch - Chronicle to 518 (?)

Edition and translation

  • Ioannis Antiocheni fragmenta ex Historia chronica. Ed. Umberto Roberto, Berlin 2005 (texts and studies on the history of early Christian literature 154).
  • Ioannis Antiocheni fragmenta quae supersunt omnia. Ed. Sergei Mariev, Berlin 2008 ( Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 47).

Prokopios of Kaisareia - story 527–552

Output:

  • Jakob Haury. Leipzig 1905-13; 2nd edition by Gerhard Wirth 1962–1964.

Editions and translations:

  • Prokop, works. Edited by Otto Veh . 5 vols. Munich 1961–1977. - Anekdota most recently in 2004 with an introduction by Mischa Meier and Hartmut Leppin.
  • Anthony Kaldellis (Ed.): Prokopios. The Wars of Justinian. Hackett, Indianapolis 2014.
  • Procopius. Buildings, History of the Wars, and Secret History. Edited by Henry B. Dewing and Glanville Downey. 7 vols., Cambridge / MA 1914–1940.

Important literature:

  • Katherine Adshead: The Secret History of Procopius and its genesis. In: Byzantion 63 (1993), pp. 5-28.
  • Henning Börm: Prokop and the Persians. Stuttgart 2007.
  • Averil Cameron: Procopius and the sixth century. London 1985.
  • Geoffrey Greatrex: The Dates of Procopius' Works. In: Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 18 (1994), pp. 101-114.
  • Anthony Kaldellis: Procopius of Caesarea. Tyranny, History, and Philosophy at the End of Antiquity. Philadelphia 2004.

Agathias of Myrina - Story 552–558

Output:

  • Agathias, Historiarum libri quinque. Ed. Rudolf Keydell . Berlin 1967 (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 2).

Translation:

  • Agathias, The Histories. Transl. by Joseph D. Frendo. Berlin 1975 (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 2a).

Menander Protektor - History 557-582

Edition and translation:

  • The History of Menander the Guardsman. Ed. Roger C. Blockley, Liverpool 1985.

Important literature:

  • Barry Baldwin: Menander Protector . In: Dumbarton Oaks Papers. Volume 32, 1978, pp. 99-125.

Ioannes Malalas - Chronicle to 563

Output:

  • Ioannis Malalae: Chronographia. Ed. Ioannes Thurn , Berlin 2000 (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 35).

Translation:

  • Hans Thurn ao: Johannes Malalas, Weltchronik. Stuttgart 2009 (Library of Greek Literature 69).

Important literature:

  • Alexander Schenk von Stauffenberg : The Roman imperial story at Malalas. Stuttgart 1931.
  • Elizabeth Jeffreys, Brian Croke, Roger Scott (Eds.): Studies in John Malalas. Sydney 1990.
  • Joëlle Beaucamp et al. a. (Ed.): Recherches sur la Chronique de Jean Malalas. Paris 2004-2006.

Euagrios Scholastikos - Church History 431–594

Output:

  • The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius with the Scholia. Ed. Joseph Bidez - Léon Parmentier. London 1898 (Ndr. Amsterdam 1964).

Translation:

  • Evagrius Scholasticus , trans. Adelheid Hübner, Turnhout 2007 (Fontes christiani 57)
  • The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius Scholasticus. Transl. Michael Whitby. Liverpool 2000 ( Translated Texts for Historians 33).

Important literature:

  • Pauline Allen: Evagrius Scholasticus the Church Historian. Louvain 1981.

Theophylactus Simokates - Story 582–602

Output:

  • Theophylacti Simocattae Historia. Ed. Carl de Boor , Leipzig 1887; 2nd edition by Peter Wirth 1972.

Translation:

  • Theophylactus Simokates. History. Translated by Peter Schreiner . Stuttgart 1985 (Library of Greek Literature 20).
  • The History of Theophylact Simocatta. Edited by Michael and Mary Whitby. Oxford 1986.

Chronicon Paschale - Chronicle to 628

Output:

Translation:

  • Michael Whitby, Mary Whitby: Chronicon Paschale 284-628 . Liverpool 1989 (Translated Texts for Historians 7).

Important literature:

  • Joëlle Beaucamp et al. a .: Temps et histoire I: Le prologue de la Chronique Pascale. In: Travaux et Mémoires 7 (1979), pp. 223-301.

Patriarch Nikephoros - Story 602–769

Edition and translation:

  • Nikephoros, Patriarch of Constantinople, Short history. Ed. Cyril Mango et al. Washington 1990 (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 13).

Important literature:

  • Paul Speck: The shared dossier. Observations on the news of the government of the emperors Herakleios and that of his sons with Theophanes and Nikephoros. Bonn 1988 (Poikila Byzantina 9).

Georgios Synkellos - Chronicle to 284

Output:

  • Georgius Syncellus, Ecloga Chronographica. Ed. Alden A. Mosshammer. Leipzig 1984.

Translation:

  • William Adler, Paul Tuffin (Ed.): The chronography of George Synkellos. A Byzantine chronicle of universal history from creation. Oxford 2002.

Important literature:

  • William Adler: Time immemorial: archaic history and its sources in Christian chronography from Julius Africanus to George Syncellus. Washington / DC 1989.
  • Warren Treadgold: The Middle Byzantine Historians. Basingstoke 2013, p. 51ff.

Theophanes - Chronicles 284-813

Output:

  • Theophanis Chronographia. Ed. Carl de Boor , 2 vols. Leipzig 1883–85.

Translations:

  • Cyril Mango , Roger Scott (Eds.): The Chronicle of Theophanes. Oxford 1997.
  • Iconoclasm and the Arab storm in Byzantium. The 8th century (717–813) from the Chronicle of Theophanes. Translated by Leopold Breyer, Graz 1964 (Byzantine historians 6)

Important literature:

  • Cyril Mango : Who wrote the chronicle of Theophanes? In: Zbornik Radova Vizantinoškog Instituta 18 (1978), pp. 9-17.
  • Ilse Rochow: Byzantium in the 8th century as seen by Theophanes. Critical historical commentary on the years 715–813. Berlin 1991.
  • Paul Speck: The "second Theophanes". A thesis on Theophanes' chronography. In: Varia 5 = Poikila Byzantina 13. Bonn 1994, pp. 317-349.
  • Jakov Ljubarskij: New Trends in the Study of Byzantine Historiography. In: Dumbarton Oaks Papers 47 (1993), pp. 131-138.

Scriptor incertus de Leone Armenio - History 811-820 (?)

Expenditure:

Important literature:

  • Ivan Dujčev: La chronique byzantine de l'an 811. In: Travaux et Mémoires 1 (1965), pp. 205-254.

Georgios Monachos - Chronicle to 842

Output:

  • Georgii Monachi Chronicon. Ed. Carl de Boor , Leipzig 1904; 2nd edition by Peter Wirth. Stuttgart 1978.

Important literature:

  • Dmitrij E. Afinogenov: Kompozicija Chroniki Georgija Amartola (The structure of the chronicle of Georgios Hamartolos). In: Vizantijski Vremmenik 52 (1991), pp. 102-112.

Theophanes Continuatus - Story 813–961 (963)

Expenditure:

  • Scriptores post Theophanem. Ed. Immanuel Bekker . Bonn 1838.
  • Chronographiae quae Theophanis continuati nomine fertur liber quo Vita Basilii Imperatoris amplecitur. Ed. Ihor Ševčenko. Berlin 2011 (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 42) - Book V.

Translation:

  • From the farm to the imperial throne. Life of the emperor Basil I, the founder of the Macedonian dynasty, described by his grandson, the emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetus. Translated by Leopold Breyer. Graz 1981 (Byzantine historians 14).

Important literature:

  • Gyula Moravcsik : Sagas and legends about Emperor Basil I. In: Dumbarton Oaks Papers 15 (1961), S-59-126.
  • Ihor Ševčenko: Re-Reading Constantine Porphyrogenitus. In: Byzantine Diplomacy. Edited by Jonathan Shepard, Simon Franklin. Aldershot 1992, pp. 167-195.

Joseph Genesios - Story 813-886

Output:

Translation:

  • Byzantium on the eve of a new magnitude. Overcoming the iconoclasm and domestic political weakness (813–886). The four books of the imperial history of Joseph Genesios. Translated by Annie Lesmüller-Werner. Vienna 1989 (Byzantine historians 18).

Logothetenchronik - Chronicle up to 948

Expenditure:

  • Symeonis Magistri et Logothetae Chronicon. Ed. Staffan Wahlgren. Berlin 2006 (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 44/1).

Important literature:

  • Panagiotis Sotiroudis: On the handwritten tradition of the "Georgius Continuatus" (Version A). Thessalonike 1989.

Leon Diakonos - History 959–976

Output:

Translations:

  • Nikephoros Phokas, “the pale death of the Saracens”, and Johannes Tzimiskes. The time from 959 to 976 in the representation of Leon Diakonos. Translated by Franz Loretto. Graz 1961 (Byzantine historians 10).
  • The History of Leo the Deacon. Byzantine Military Expansion in the Tenth Century. Transl. by Alice-Mary Talbot. Washington 2005 (Dumbarton Oaks Studies 41).

Michael Psellos - story 976-1078

Output:

Translation:

  • Michael Psellos, Life of the Byzantine Emperors (976-1075) . Translated by Diether Roderich Reinsch, Berlin 2015.

Ioannes Skylitzes - History 811-1057

output

  • Synopsis Historiarum. Ed. Ioannes Thurn . Berlin 1978 (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 5).

Translations:

  • Byzantium a world empire again. The age of the Macedonian dynasty according to the historical work of Johannes Skylitzes. Translated by Hans Thurn. Graz 1983 (Byzantine historians 15).
  • John Skylitzes, A synopsis of Byzantine history 811-1057. Transl. by John Wortley. Cambridge 2010.

Important literature:

  • Vasiliki Tsamakda : The Illustrated Chronicle of Ioannes Skylitzes in Madrid. Leiden 2002.

Georgios Kedrenos - Chronicle to 1057

Output:

Michael Attaleiates - History 1034-1080

Editions and translations:

  • Michaelis Attaliatae Historia. Ed. Evdoxos Tsolakes. Athens 2011 (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 50).
  • Dimitris Krallis, Anthony Kaldellis (Eds.): Michael Attaleiates: The History (Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library) . Cambridge, MA / London 2012. [with English translation]

Nikephoros Bryennios - History 1070-1079

Edition and translation:

  • Nicephore Bryennios, Histoire. Ed. Paul Gautier. Brussels 1975 (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 9).

Anna Komnene - History 1081–1118

Output:

Translation:

  • Anna Komnene. Alexias. Translated by Diether Roderich Reinsch. Cologne 1996.

Important literature:

  • Peter Frankopan : Perception and projection of prejudice: Anna Comnena, the Alexiad and the First Crusade. In: Susan B. Edgington, Sarah Lambert (Eds.): Gendering the Crusades. Cardiff 2001, pp. 45-59.
  • John Howard-Johnston: Anna Komnene and the Alexiad. In: Margaret Mullett, Dion Smythe (ed.): Alexios I Komnenos. Belfast 1996, pp. 260-301.
  • Herbert Hunger : Anonymous metaphrase for Anna Komnene, Alexias XI – XIII. Vienna 1981 (Vienna Byzantine Studies 15).
  • Diether Roderich Reinsch: On the literary achievement of Anna Komnene. In: Jan Olof Rosenqvist (Ed.): Leimon, Festschrift for L. Rydén. Uppsala 1996, pp. 113-127.
  • Diether Roderich Reinsch: On the text of Alexias Anna Komnenes. In: Yearbook of Austrian Byzantine Studies 40 (1990), pp. 233–268.

Konstantinos Manasses - Verschronik until 1081

Output:

Michael Glykas - Chronicle until 1118

Output:

Ioannes Zonaras - Chronicle until 1118

Output:

Translations:

  • Thomas M. Banchich, Eugene N. Lane: The History of Zonaras. From Alexander Severus to the Death of Theodosius the Great. London et al. 2009.
  • Military men and courtiers in the struggle for empire. Byzantine history 969 to 1118 according to the chronicle of John Zonaras. Translated by Erich Trapp . Graz 1986 (Byzantine historians 16).

Important literature:

  • Konrat Ziegler: Zonaras. In: Pauly-Wissowa RE. 10A (1972) col. 718-732.
  • Dmitry E. Afinogenov: Some Observations on Genres of Byzantine Historiography. In: Byzantion 62 (1992), pp. 13-33.

Ioannes Kinnamos - Story 1118–1176

Output:

Translation:

  • Charles M. Brand: Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos. New York 1976.

Important literature:

  • Jakov Ljubarskij: John Kinnamos as a writer . In: Cordula Scholz, Georgios Makris (ed.): Polypleuros Nous: Miscellanea for Peter Schreiner on his 60th birthday . Munich / Leipzig 2000, p. 164ff.

Niketas Choniates - Story 1118–1206

Output:

  • Nicetae Choniatae Historia. Ed. Jan-Louis van Dieten. Berlin 1975 (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 11).

Translation:

  • Franz Grabler: The Crown of the Komnenen; Adventurer on the imperial throne; The crusaders conquer Constantinople. Graz 1958 (Byzantine historians 7–9).

Important literature:

  • Alicia J. Simpson, Stephanos Efthymiadis (Eds.): Niketas Choniates, a historian and a writer. Geneva 2009.

Eustathios of Thessalonica - story 1185

Output:

  • Eustazio de Tessalonica, La espugnazione di Tessalonica. Ed. Stilpon Kyriakides. Palermo 1961.

Translation:

  • The Normans in Thessalonica. The conquest of Thessalonike by the Normans in 1185 AD in the eyewitness account of Bishop Eustathios. Translated by Herbert Hunger . Graz 1955 (Byzantine historians 3).

Georgios Akropolites - History 1203–1261

Output:

  • Georgii Acropolitae Opera. Ed. August Heisenberg . Leipzig 1902; 2nd edition by Peter Wirth 1978.

Translation:

  • Georgios Akropolites, The Chronicle. Translated by Wilhelm Blum. Stuttgart 1989 (Library of Greek Literature 28).

Important literature:

  • Ruth Macrides: The Historian in the History. In: Costas N. Constantinides (Ed.): Φιλέλλην, Studies in Honor of Robert Browning. Venice 1996, pp. 205-224.

Theodoros Skutariotes - Chronicle to 1261

Output:

  • Σύνοψις χρονική. Ed. Konstantinos N. Sathas , Bibliotheca greaca medii aevi 7 (1894), pp. 1-556.

Ephraim of Ainos - Verschronik Augustus (?) Until 1261

Output:

  • Ephraem Aenii Historia Chronica. Ed. Odysseas Lampsides. Athens 1990 (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 27).

Georgios Pachymeres - History 1255–1308

Edition and translation:

  • Georges Pachymérès, Relations historiques. Ed. Albert Failler. 4 vols., Paris 2001-2002 (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 24).
  • La version brève des Relations historiques de Georges Pachymérès. Ed. Albert Failler, 4 vols. Paris 1984–1999 (Archives de l'Orient chrétien 17–18).

Important literature:

  • Albert Failler: Les émirs turcs à la conquête de l'Anatolie au début du 14e siècle. In: Revue des Études Byzantines 52 (1994), pp. 69–112.
  • Albert Failler: La tradition manuscrite de l'Histoire de Georges Pachymère (livres I – VI). In: Revue des Études Byzantines 37 (1979), pp. 123-220.

Nikephoros Gregoras - story 1204–1359

Output:

Translation:

  • Nikephoros Gregoras, Rhomean History. Translated by Jan Louis van Dieten. 5 vols., Stuttgart 1973-99 (Library of Greek Literature 4, 15, 24, 39, 59).

Nikephoros Kallistu Xanthopulos - Church history up to 610

Output:

  • Nicephori Callisti Xanthopuli Historiae ecclesiasticae libri XVIII. In: Patrologia graeca , 145–147.

Important literature:

  • Günter Gentz, Friedhelm Winkelmann : The church history of Nicephorus Callistus Xanthopulus and its sources. Berlin 1966 (texts and studies on the history of early Christian literature 98).
  • Sebastiano Panteghini: The Church History of Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos. In: Ostkirchliche Studien 58 (2009), pp. 248–266.

Ioannes Kantakuzenos - History 1320–1356 (1362)

Output:

  • Ioannis Cantacuzeni eximperatoris historiarum libri IV. Ed. Ludwig Schopen . 3 vol., Bonn 1828-1832.

Translation:

  • Johannes Kantakuzenos, history. Translated by Georgios Fatouros , Tilman Krischer . So far 3 vols., Stuttgart 1982-2011 (Library of Greek Literature 16, 21, 71).

Important literature:

  • Franz Tinnefeld : Idealizing self-centered power politics in the Memoirs of Emperor John Kantakouzenos. In: John S. Langdon et al. (Ed.): Τὸ Ἑλληνικόν, Studies in Honor of Speros Vryonis, Jr. New Rochelle 1993, pp. 397-415.

Laonikos Chalkokondyles - History 1298–1463

Output:

  • Historiarum demonstrationes. Ed. Eugenius Darkó. 2 vols., Budapest: 1922-27.

translation

  • Anthony Kaldellis (Ed.): Laonikos Chalkokondyles. The Histories. 2 volumes. Cambridge, MA / London 2014. (Text and English translation)
  • Europe in the XV. Seen by Byzantines in the 19th century. Translated by Franz Grabler. Graz 1954 (Byzantine historians 2).

Georgios Sphrantzes - History 1413–1477

Expenditure:

Translation:

  • The last days of Constantinople. Translated by Endre von Ivánka . Graz 1954 (Byzantine Historians 1) [excerpt]

Important literature:

  • Raymond-Joseph Loenertz : Autour du Chronicon Maius attribué à Georges Phrantzès . In: Miscellanea Giovanni Mercati , Vatican 1946 ( Studi e testi 123), pp. 273-311 = ders., Byzantina et Franco-Graeca Vol. 1, Rome 1970, pp. 3-44.

Dukas - History 1413–1477

Expenditure:

  • Istoria turco-bizantină. Ed. Vasile Grecu. Bucharest 1958.

Translation:

  • Decline and Fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks by Dukas. Transl. by Harry J. Magoulias. Detroit 1975.

Important literature:

  • Diether Roderich Reinsch : Better a turban than what? In: Costas N. Constantinides (Ed.): Φιλέλλην, Studies in Honor of Robert Browning. Venice 1996, pp. 377-389.

Critobulus of Imbros - History 1451–1467

Output:

Translation:

  • Mehmet II conquers Constantinople. The first years of reign of Sultan Mehmet Fatih, the conqueror of Constantinople in 1453. The historical work of Critobulus of Imbros. Translated by Diether Roderich Reinsch. Graz 1986 (Byzantine historian 17).

literature

General cf. also the corresponding articles in the Lexikon des Mittelalter und The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium .

  • James Howard-Johnston : Historical Writing in Byzantium. Verlag Antike, Heidelberg 2014, ISBN 978-3-938032-72-5 . [brief, current summary]
  • Herbert Hunger : The high-level profane literature of the Byzantines . Vol. 1, Munich 1978.
  • Johannes Karayannopulos and Günter Weiß: Source studies on the history of Byzantium (324-1453) . 2 vol., Wiesbaden 1982.
  • Ruth Macrides (Ed.): History as Literature in Byzantium . Farnham 2010.
  • Gabriele Marasco (Ed.): Greek and Roman Historiography in Late Antiquity. Fourth to Sixth Century AD Leiden u. a. 2003.
  • Leonora Neville: Guide to Byzantine Historical Writing. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2018. [current overview from the Middle Byzantine period]
  • Peter van Nuffelen (Ed.): Historiography and Space in Late Antiquity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2019.
  • Jan Olof Rosenqvist: The Byzantine Literature . Berlin 2007.
  • Warren Treadgold : The Early Byzantine Historians . Basingstoke 2007.
  • Warren Treadgold: The Middle Byzantine Historians . Basingstoke 2013.

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ For general information on classical Greek historiography and its beginnings, see Klaus Meister : The Greek Historiography . Stuttgart 1990; for a very brief, general overview up to the late Byzantine period cf. Heinz-Günther Nesselrath (Ed.): Introduction to Greek Philology . Stuttgart-Leipzig 1997.
  2. ↑ See above all John Haldon, Byzantium in the seventh century . 2nd ed. Cambridge 1997, especially p. 41ff.
  3. ↑ General see Hunger, Vol. 1 (1978), p. 243ff.
  4. ↑ In general, see Hunger, Vol. 1 (1978), esp.p. 279ff. Out of date on many issues, but still useful as an overview: Karl Krumbacher : History of Byzantine Literature . 2nd edition Munich 1897.
  5. ↑ See the (albeit not unproblematic) overview in Treadgold (2007), chap. 2 and chap. 5. See also Timothy D. Barnes: Constantine and Eusebius . Cambridge / Mass. 1981; Hartmut Leppin : From Constantine the Great to Theodosius II. The Christian Empire with the church historians Socrates, Sozomenus and Theodoret . Goettingen 1996.
  6. ^ For general information on late antique historiography, see Marasco (2003); David Rohrbacher: The Historians of Late Antiquity . London u. a. 2002; Treadgold (2007). See also Růžena Dostálová: On the early Byzantine historiography . In: Klio 69 (1987), pp. 163-180.
  7. ↑ Cf. just Mischa Meier : Prokop, Agathias, the plague and the “end” of ancient historiography . In: Historische Zeitschrift 278 (2004), pp. 281–310, here p. 287.
  8. ↑ On Ammianus see the fundamental study by Matthews: John F. Matthews: The Roman Empire of Ammianus . Baltimore / London 1989. See also Timothy D. Barnes : Ammianus Marcellinus and the Representation of Historical Reality . Ithaca 1998; Gavin Kelly: Ammianus Marcellinus: The Allusive Historian (Cambridge Classical Studies) . Cambridge 2008.
  9. ^ Edward A. Thompson : Olympiodorus of Thebes . In: The Classical Quarterly 38, 1944, pp. 43-52, here p. 52.
  10. ^ Roger C. Blockley (Ed.): The fragmentary classicizing historians of the later Roman Empire. Eunapius, Olympiodorus, Priscus and Malchus. 2 volumes. Liverpool 1981-1983.
  11. ^ John F. Matthews: Olympiodorus of Thebes and the history of the West (AD 407-425) . In: Journal of Roman Studies 60 (1970), pp. 79-97.
  12. ↑ Barry Baldwin: Priscus of Panium . In: Byzantion 50 (1980), pp. 18-61.
  13. ^ John HWG Liebeschuetz : Pagan historiography and the decline of the Empire . In: Marasco (2003), p. 177ff.
  14. ^ Averil Cameron : Procopius and the Sixth Century . Berkeley 1985.
  15. ↑ Database Clavis Historicorum Antiquitatis Posterioris (CHAP)
  16. ^ Michael Whitby : The emperor Maurice and his Historian. Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan Warfare . Oxford 1988.
  17. ↑ On this, especially Mischa Meier: Prokop, Agathias, the plague and the "end" of ancient historiography . In: Historische Zeitschrift 278 (2004), pp. 281-310.
  18. ↑ See also James Howard-Johnston : Witnesses to a World Crisis. Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century . Oxford 2010 (a comprehensive review of the source material for the period).
  19. ↑ On the “new beginning” cf. James Howard-Johnston: Historical Writing in Byzantium. Heidelberg 2014, p. 21ff.
  20. ^ The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor. Byzantine and Near Eastern history AD 284-813 . Translated and commented by Cyril Mango and Roger Scott, Oxford 1997 (with extensive introduction and good commentary).
  21. ↑ See now Robert G. Hoyland (Ed.): Theophilus of Edessa's Chronicle and the Circulation of Historical Knowledge in Late Antiquity and Early Islam ( Translated Texts for Historians 57). Liverpool 2011.
  22. ↑ Basically on Byzantine historiography up to the 9th century see also Friedhelm Winkelmann , Wolfram Brandes (ed.): Sources for the history of the early Byzantium (4th-9th centuries). Inventory and problems . Berlin 1990.
  23. ↑ Cf. Joseph Genesios: Byzantium on the eve of a new greatness . Byzantine historians 18. Translated, introduced and explained by Anni Lesmüller-Werner. Vienna 1989, p. 13ff.
  24. ^ The History of Leo the Deacon: Byzantine military expansion in the tenth century . Introd., Transl., And annotations by Alice-Mary Talbot and Denis F. Sullivan. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington / DC 2005 (on author and work: ibid., P. 9ff.).
  25. ↑ Diether Roderich Reinsch (ed.): Michael Psellos: Life of the Byzantine Emperors (976-1075). Chronographia. Berlin 2015.
  26. ↑ John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811-1057. Translation and Notes . Edited by John Wortley. Cambridge 2010.
  27. ↑ Alexias . Trans., Included. and with note vers. by Diether Roderich Reinsch. 2nd edition de Gruyter, Berlin 2001.
  28. ↑ Dt. Translation in the series Byzantine Historians in three volumes: Die Krone der Komnenen ; Adventurer on the imperial throne ; The crusaders conquer Constantinople . Translated by F. Grabler, Graz 1958.
  29. ↑ A good and extensively commented German translation can be found in: Rhomean Geschichte / Historia Rhomaike . Translated and explained by Jan Louis van Dieten. In continuation of the work by Jan Louis van Dieten trans. and ext. by Franz Tinnefeld . 6 volumes in 7 parts. Stuttgart 1973-2007.