Pius V.
Pius V , real name Antonio Michele Ghislieri (born January 17, 1504 in Bosco Marengo near Alessandria , † May 1, 1572 in Rome ) was Roman Catholic Pope from his election on January 7, 1566 until the anniversary of his death . He was canonized in 1712.
Life
After joining the Dominican Order in 1518 and ordained a priest in 1528, Antonio Michele Ghislieri became Provincial of the Lombard Province, Inquisitor for Como and Bergamo , and in 1556 Bishop of Nepi and Sutri . In 1557 he was made cardinal , in 1558 as Grand Inquisitor , in 1560 as Bishop of Mondovì , in 1561 Cardinal Bishop of Santa Sabina and on January 7, 1566 elected Pope. The Pope's name Pius was meant programmatically. In 1567 he founded the student boarding school Collegio Ghislieri in Pavia , which still exists today.
Outwardly mild and kind, strict and ascetic towards himself, he embodied the ideal of a religious pope, even though the Roman people were appalled to have had a great inquisitor, known as ruthless, as pope. Aware of this, Pius is said to have said immediately after his election: "I hope to rule in such a way that the grief at my death will be greater than that at my election."
Pius' exemplary way of life, his modesty and simplicity, but also his zeal and the tendency to be interested in all human concerns, soon earned him, together with his reforms not only concerning the church, the veneration of the people. It was moved “when he saw him in the processions, barefoot and without a head covering, with the pure expression of an undisputed piety on his face [...]; they thought the mere sight of it had converted Protestants ”( Leopold von Ranke ). However, he showed himself to be inexorably harsh and strict when it came to offenses against church principles; He punished the desecration of Sundays, blasphemy and adultery with such draconian punishments that he had to be reproached for not dealing with angels but with people. For Pius, blasphemy and heresy were an expression of a perversion that had to be relentlessly combated.
Towards the end of his life Pius V suffered from severe abdominal pain, probably caused by cancer , which could not be alleviated. However, Pius endured this pain with humility and piety and refused to work less hard until shortly before his death.
Pius V is buried in the Cappella Sistina, a side chapel of Santa Maria Maggiore . He was in 1712 by Pope Clement XI. canonized . In addition to his pious way of life and his religious innovations (catechism, breviary), the victory over the Turks and the Ottoman Empire in the sea battle of October 7, 1571, which was regarded as miraculous, played a role in this. This success was particularly attributed to the prayers to the Virgin Mary , the “ mother of the great victory ”, and the day, a Sunday, was dedicated to the rosary. His successor introduced the feast of the Rosary to commemorate this day , which was celebrated on the first Sunday in October.
Domestic politics
Pius made sure that Rome got rid of its reputation as "Cloaca Maxima", as the "largest sewer" by investing large sums in the expansion and renovation of the infrastructure. Typhus and malaria could be combated in this way.
Reforms
As Pope, Pius V was a great reformer. His term of office was influenced by the Council of Trent (1545–1563) that preceded it . In 1567 he appointed his friar Thomas Aquinas († 1274) to be a doctor of the church , giving his work an official character.
On Feb. 8, 1567, Pope Pius V raised in the constitution Etsi Dominici all Almosenablässe and decreed on January 2, 1570 the constitution Quam plenum the excommunication for those who with drain wanted to trade. Even in the Codex Iuris Canonici from 1917, which was valid until 1983 , indulgences were traded in accordance with Can. 2327 punished with excommunication.
He reformed the Curia and had the Roman Catechism revised in 1566, the Roman Breviarium in 1568 and the Roman Missal in 1570 revised and reissued. To this end, he issued the bull “ Quo primum ” on July 14, 1570. In this he instituted what is now known as the Tridentine Mass “forever” and forbidden to modify or abolish it: “... the present letter [Quo primum ] will ever be revoked or modified at some point, but it remains in full force forever. ”In contrast, however, in the wake of Vatican II , Pope Paul VI. all decrees of his predecessors that contradicted his liturgical reform of 1969 were canceled.
With the Bull Sanctissimus in 1566 he forbade all evening masses, including the evening celebration of Easter vigil, under penalty of suspension a divinis .
The massacre of the Waldensians from Guardia Piemontese
According to the historian Leopold von Ranke, Pius V persecuted the Protestants with unrestrained fury . After the Waldensians had committed to protestant reform and were persecuted in their homeland, the Piedmontese Waldensian valleys , they settled in the Calabrian town of Guardia Lombarda, today Guardia Piemontese . Cardinal Michele Ghislieri, bishop of the Piedmontese city of Mondovì and future Pope Pius V, ordered that all Waldensians, those in Piedmont and those in Calabria, should be exterminated. He unleashed a crusade against the renegades, to which on June 5, 1561 most of the population of Guardia Piemontese fell victim. About two thousand people, including women and children, were slaughtered on this and the following days of the pogrom . The few Waldensians who survived the massacre were forced to convert to Catholicism. Today the “City Gate of the Blood” ( porta del sangue ) of Guardia Piemontese, so named since June 5, 1561, as well as the “Day of Remembrance” ( giorno della memoria ) celebrated there since 2008 , commemorates the massacre .
Anti-Judaism
Pius V was characterized by repressive measures against Jews : On February 25, 1569 in Rome he issued a bull called Hebraeorum Gens , which stipulated that all Jews "in the expansion of his current supremacy", i.e. in his kingdom , had to leave this area within three months. Otherwise they faced execution . Only Rome and Ancona were excluded.
Overview of his published cops against Jews:
- 1566 Romanus pontiff
- 1567 Cum nos super
- 1569 Hebraeorum gens
Foreign policy
In terms of foreign policy, Pius V stood out as the real architect of the Holy League in the fight against the Turks , which he founded together with Spain and Venice . An alliance of these powers seemed almost impossible due to their sometimes diametrically opposed interests, and the negotiations under Pius V's leadership were correspondingly lengthy and tough. During his tenure, the victory of Christian fleets over the Turks at Lepanto fell in 1571.
The restoration of the Holy League, occasionally referred to as the Holy Alliance of the Papal States with Venice and Spain - the other European countries refused to obey for reasons of power politics - was an important factor in curbing the expansion of the Ottoman Empire .
During the war of Spain against the insurgent Dutch in the Eighty Years War he stood on the side of Spain. In 1567 he had ostracized Michael Baius , the professor from Leuven, as a heretic. The claim that the Congregation of the Roman and General Inquisition had in a decree of February 16, 1568 in fact sentenced all Dutch people (which corresponded to about three million people) to death for heresy and that only a few named persons were excluded from it, is attributed to a forgery.
Pius V supported the French Catholics in their fight against the Huguenots . Some later historians claimed that he helped to organize and support Bartholomew's Night. However, by that time Pius had already died.
He excommunicated Elizabeth I of England in the Bull Regnans in Excelsis of April 27, 1570, and called on the English to resist her, which led to the persecution of Catholics in England .
As a Grand Inquisitor as well as Pope, he distinguished himself through repressive measures against enemies of the Catholic Church. Above all, its unyielding harshness towards supposed heretics is the reason why Protestantism could hardly gain a foothold in Italy .
Remembrance day
- Catholic: April 30th (a non-mandatory day of remembrance in the general Roman calendar is May 1st.)
See also
literature
- Georg Denzler : Pius V. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 7, Bautz, Herzberg 1994, ISBN 3-88309-048-4 , Sp. 665-667.
- Simona Feci: Pio V, santo. In: Massimo Bray (ed.): Enciclopedia dei Papi. Volume 3: Innocenzo VIII, Giovanni Paolo II. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2000 ( treccani.it ).
- Simona Feci: Pio V, papa, santo. In: Raffaele Romanelli (ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 83: Piacentini – Pio V. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2015.
- Joseph Lataste: Pope St. Pius V . In: Catholic Encyclopedia , Volume 12, Robert Appleton Company, New York 1911.
- Leopold von Ranke : The History of the Popes. Third Book: The Popes around the Middle of the Sixteenth Century. (= Main works in 12 volumes. Vol. 2). Emil Vollmer Verlag, Wiesbaden 1957, pp. 154-164.
- Kenneth Stow: More than meets the eye. Pius V and the Jews. In: Elias H. Füllenbach OP, Gianfranco Miletto (Ed.): Dominicans and Jews. People, Conflicts and Perspectives from the 13th to the 20th Century. = Dominicans and Jews. Personalities, Conflicts, and Perspectives from the 13th to the 20th Century. (= Sources and research on the history of the Dominican order. New series, vol. 14). De Gruyter, Berlin et al. 2015, ISBN 978-3-05-004515-3 , pp. 375-394.
Individual evidence
- ^ Leopold von Ranke: The history of the popes . Emil Vollmer Verlag, Wiesbaden 1957, quotation p. 155.
- ^ Leopold von Ranke: The history of the popes. Emil Vollmer Verlag, Wiesbaden 1957, quotation p. 156.
- ↑ Katherine Rinne: Waters of Rome . Yale University Press , January 2001, ISBN 0-300-15530-1 .
- ^ Leopold von Ranke: Storia dei Papi . S. 269 .
- ↑ Anacleto Verrecchia: Giordano Bruno - La falena dello spirito . Editore Donzelli, Rome 2002, ISBN 88-7989-676-8 , p. 43 .
- ^ Ilona Witten: Calabria . 2nd updated edition. DuMont, Cologne 2001, ISBN 3-7701-5288-3 , pp. 59 .
- ↑ Cesare Cantu: Gli eretici d'Italia . tape 2 . Unione Tipografico-Editrice, Turin 1866, p. 359 .
- ↑ cf. z. B. Edward Peters, Inquisition, University of California Press, Berkeley 1989, p. 152; Gerd Schwerhoff, The Inquisition: Persecution of Heretics in the Middle Ages and Modern Times, CH Beck, Munich 2004, p. 124 f.
- ^ Sidney Z. Ehler: Church and State Through the Centuries. Biblo-Moser, 1988, p. 180.
Web links
- Works by and about Pius V in the German Digital Library
- Pii V. bulls in Bullarium , including Hebraeorum gens (p. 101)
- Pio V, papa, santo. In: Enciclopedie on line. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome. Accessed December 1, 2019.
- Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints, biography: Pius V
| predecessor | Office | successor |
|---|---|---|
| Pius IV |
Pope 1566–1572 |
Gregory XIII. |
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Pius V. |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Ghislieri, Antonio Michele |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Pope (1566–1572) |
| DATE OF BIRTH | January 17, 1504 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Bosco Marengo at Alessandria |
| DATE OF DEATH | May 1, 1572 |
| Place of death | Rome |