List of heads of state in Germany
The list of heads of state in Germany lists the heads of the entire German state since 1867 (or 1848).
The German Confederation (as a confederation of states ) had no head of state , but only the Bundestag as the representative of the member states. Austria's representatives chaired the Bundestag, which is why people talked about the presidential power or the presidential envoy. In the emerging German Empire during the revolutionary period of 1848/1849 , the Reichsverweser was the provisional head of state (according to the Central Authority Act ).
In the North German Confederation (from 1867) and in the German Empire from 1871 to 1918, the constitution stipulated that the King of Prussia was entitled to the Federal Presidium . From 1871 the constitution gave him the title of German Emperor .
During the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich , the Reich President held the office of head of state. After the death of Reich President Hindenburg in 1934, the offices of Reich Chancellor and Reich President were combined. The title of Reich President was replaced by " Führer " until Adolf Hitler's death .
After the Second World War , two German states emerged in Germany in 1949 : the Federal Republic of Germany in the Western Allied occupation zones, and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in the Soviet occupation zone . Since the German reunification on October 3, 1990, the Federal President has been the joint head of state for all Germans.
Forerunners 843 to 1806
East Franconian Empire / Holy Roman Empire
The East Franconian Empire was founded by the partition treaty of Verdun on August 10, 843 and has been known as the Holy Roman Empire since the 13th century , with the addition of "German Nation" from the late 15th century. After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, there was no longer a head who represented the entire German people during the time of the German Confederation .
German Empire
Imperial administrator
| No. | Reichsverweser (life data) |
Political party | Term of office | Deputy | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
 |
Johann of Austria (1782-1859) |
independent | June 29, 1848 December 20, 1849 (1 year, 174 days) |
not provided |
North German Confederation
Federal Presidium
| No. | Federal Presidium (life data) |
Political party | Term of office | Deputy | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
 |
Wilhelm I (1797-1888) |
independent | July 1, 1867 (still holder of the title, from January 1, 1871 also Kaiser) (3 years, 201 days) (deceased in office) |
not provided |
German Empire
The German Imperium
Federal Presidium and German Emperor
| No. | Federal Presidium and German Emperor (life data) |
Political party | Term of office | Deputy | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
|
Wilhelm I (1797-1888) |
independent | January 1, 1871 March 9, 1888 (17 years, 51 days) (deceased in office) |
not provided |
| 2 |
 |
Friedrich III. (1831-1888) |
independent | March 9, 1888 June 15, 1888 (3 months, 6 days) (deceased in office) |
not provided |
| 3 |
 |
Wilhelm II. (1859-1941) |
independent | June 15, 1888 November 9, 1918 (30 years, 147 days) |
not provided |
Weimar Republic
President of the empire
| No. | Reich President (life data) |
Political party | Term of office | Deputy | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4th |
 |
Friedrich Ebert (1871–1925) |
SPD | February 11, 1919 † February 28, 1925 (6 years, 17 days) (deceased in office) |
Acting Reich Chancellor for short-term hindrances; for longer term the President of the Reichsgericht provided by law. |
 |
Walter Simons (1861-1937) |
independent | March 11, 1925 April 30, 1925 (50 days) |
||
| 5 |
 |
Paul von Hindenburg (1847–1934) |
independent | May 12, 1925 † August 2, 1934 (9 years, 82 days) (deceased in office) |
Erwin Bumke from December 20, 1932 |
time of the nationalsocialism
President of the empire
| No. | Reich President (life data) |
Political party | Term of office | Deputy | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 |
|
Paul von Hindenburg (1847–1934) |
independent | May 12, 1925 † August 2, 1934 (9 years, 82 days) (deceased in office) |
Erwin Bumke until August 1, 1934 Adolf Hitler from August 1, 1934 |
Fuehrer and Chancellor
| No. | Führer and Reich Chancellor (life data) |
Political party | Term of office | Deputy | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6th |
 |
Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) |
NSDAP | August 2, 1934 † April 30, 1945 (10 years, 271 days) (deceased in office) |
Franz von Papen vacant until August 7, 1934 |
|
President of the empire
| No. | Reich President (life data) |
Political party | Term of office | Deputy | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7th |
 |
Karl Dönitz (1891–1980) |
NSDAP | May 1, 1945 May 23, 1945 (22 days) |
vacant | |
German Democratic Republic
President of the GDR
| No. | President of the GDR (life data) |
Political party | Term of office | Deputy | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
 |
Wilhelm Pieck (1876–1960) |
SED | October 11, 1949 † September 7, 1960 (10 years, 332 days) (deceased in office) |
Johannes Dieckmann |
 |
Chairman of the State Council
| No. | Chairman of the Council of State (life data) |
Political party | Term of office | Deputy | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 |
 |
Walter Ulbricht (1893–1973) |
SED | September 12, 1960 † August 1, 1973 (12 years, 323 days) (deceased in office) |
Johannes Dieckmann |
|
| Gerald Götting |
 |
|||||
| 3 |
 |
Willi Stoph (1914–1999) |
SED | October 3, 1973 October 29, 1976 (3 years, 26 days) |
||
| 4th |
 |
Erich Honecker (1912–1994) |
SED | October 29, 1976 October 24, 1989 (12 years, 360 days) |
Horst Sindermann |
 |
| 5 |
 |
Egon Krenz (1937-) |
SED | October 24, 1989 December 6, 1989 (43 days) |
||
| Günther Maleuda |
 |
|||||
| 6th |
 |
Manfred Gerlach (1928–2011) |
LDPD | December 6, 1989 April 5, 1990 (120 days) |
||
President of the People's Chamber
| No. | President of the People's Chamber (life data) |
Political party | Term of office | Deputy | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7th |
 |
Sabine Bergmann-Pohl (1946–) |
CDU | April 5, 1990 October 2, 1990 (180 days) |
vacant | |
Federal Republic of Germany
Federal President
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Individual evidence
- ^ Ernst Rudolf Huber: German constitutional history since 1789. Volume III: Bismarck and the realm. 3rd edition, W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1988, pp. 750/751.
- ↑ RGBl. 1932 I, p. 547 .
- ↑ RGBl. 1934 I, p. 747 .
Member States of the United Nations and Vatican City
Albania | Andorra: Fr. / Sp. * |
Belgium |
Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Chairman ) * |
Bulgaria |
Denmark |
Germany |
Estonia |
Finland |
France |
Greece |
Ireland |
Iceland |
Italy |
Croatia |
Latvia |
Liechtenstein |
Lithuania |
Luxembourg |
Malta |
Moldova |
Monaco |
Montenegro |
Netherlands |
North Macedonia |
Norway |
Austria |
Poland |
Portugal |
Romania |
Russia |
San Marino * |
Sweden |
Switzerland ( President ) * |
Serbia |
Slovakia |
Slovenia |
Spain |
Czech Republic |
Turkey |
Ukraine |
Hungary |
Vatican City |
United Kingdom |
Belarus |
Cyprus
Dependent Territories
Faroe Islands | Gibraltar |
Greenland | Guernsey |
Isle of Man | jersey
Disputed Territories
Kosovo |
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
* collective head of state / representative
Heads of State in: Africa | America | Asia | Australia and Oceania | Europe