Wild teasel

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Wild teasel
Wild teasel (Dipsacus fullonum), inflorescence

Wild teasel ( Dipsacus fullonum ), inflorescence

Systematics
Euasterids II
Order : Cardigans (Dipsacales)
Family : Honeysuckle Family (Caprifoliaceae)
Subfamily : Cardaceae (Dipsacoideae)
Genre : Cards ( Dipsacus )
Type : Wild teasel
Scientific name
Dipsacus fullonum
L.

The wild teasel ( Dipsacus fullonum L. , Syn . : Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. ) Is a species of plant that belongs to the subfamily of the cardaceae (Dipsacoideae). The name Dipsacus comes from the Greek dipsa for thirst: after rain, the water that birds or hikers can drink gathers in the funnels of the stem leaves.

description

illustration
Wild teasel ( Dipsacus fullonum ). You can clearly see the two rows of open flowers.

The wild teasel is a biennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of up to 1.50 meters. The stems are prickly . The basal leaves are short-stalked and arranged in a rosette . The cross-opposite stem leaves have grown together in pairs at the base and notched at the edge. The whole plant is covered with sharp spines.

The flowering period extends from July to August. With a length of 5 to 8 cm, the oval-shaped, cylindrical, head-shaped inflorescences are surrounded by spiky, strikingly different lengths and arching, rising bracts . The bracts are longer than the flower. The flowers are hermaphroditic. The four violet petals are fused tubular. The flower is blue.

inflorescence

The fruits crowned by the chalice are membranous, lonely nuts ( achenes ).

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 16 or 18.

ecology

The wild cardoon is a biennial semi-rosette plant. It is called a cistern plant because the opposite leaves that have grown together form a water reservoir ( phytotelm ). Their function is interpreted as protection against ants from creeping up . It is possible that insect trapping and the settlement of small organisms represent an additional nitrogen supply.

From an ecological point of view, these are "cup flowers". The blossoms unfold from the center of the inflorescence and proceed both upwards and downwards. Therefore one often sees two rows of open flowers; those in between have already faded. The flowers are pre-male, with a 1 cm long narrow tube and protruding stigmas and anthers. The flowers are abundantly visited by insects . The nectar is only accessible to long-nosed bumblebees and butterflies . Also, self-pollination is successful.

It is a typical animal spreader, because animals get stuck on all prickly plant parts, but especially on the fruit stands. The fruits are thrown away by the elastic leaves of the chaff and by the kickback of the whole plant. Wind spread and cultivation spread, for example by goldfinches, also take place. Fruit ripens from September to October.

Ingredients and folk medicine

The wild teasel contains the glycoside scabioside , terpenes , caffeic acid compounds , organic acids, glucosides and saponins .

In the Middle Ages, preparations made from the root of the cardoon were used externally for cracks and warts. In folk medicine, the root is recommended for jaundice and liver problems, stomach diseases, small wounds, barley grains , fistulas , skin lichen and nail ulcers. Wolf-Dieter Storl introduced the plant for the treatment of Lyme disease , so far with hardly any scientific evidence for its effectiveness. The claim that dried plants provided a water-soluble dye that was considered a substitute for indigo is neither supported by relevant dyeing literature nor can it be verified experimentally.

Craft and technical application

The prickly flower heads of the weaver's cardboard were previously used by weavers to roughen woolen fabrics. This process should not be confused with carding , in which the raw wool is prepared for spinning, which is now done by machine.

Occurrence

The wild carder or weaver's carder comes from the Mediterranean region and is considered an archaeophyte in Germany . The plant species is common in Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg, Rhineland-Palatinate, North Rhine-Westphalia, Hesse, Thuringia, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and southern Lower Saxony. It is also found scattered in northern Lower Saxony, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Schleswig-Holstein and Brandenburg. It is rare in the mountains. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises to an altitude of 1100 meters. In Switzerland, the wild cardoon is native to the Central Plateau and the Jura, in the Alps only in the lower layers of the main valleys.

The species originally occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Slovenia, Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily, Malta, on the Balkan Peninsula, in Ireland, Great Britain, Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, Poland , Belgium, Netherlands, Switzerland, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, Turkey, Syria and Lebanon, but also in the Caucasus region and Georgia. It is a neophyte in Australia, New Zealand, North America, Bolivia, Ecuador, Uruguay and Argentina.

The teasel can be found in warmer areas, especially on floodplains, on banks, paths, on pastures and in ruins, both in the lowlands and in the hill country between July and October. In Central Europe it is a species of the Artemisietea class.

Common names

The other German-language trivial names exist or existed for the wild card : Agaleia ( Old High German ), Ageleia (Old High German), Ageley (Old High German), Agelia (Old High German), Agen (Old High German), Aichdam, Bubenstral, Caerde ( Middle Low German ), Carderde ( Middle Low German ), Middle Low German), Cart (Middle Low German), Chart (Old High German), white thistles, Färberkarte ( Switzerland ), folder cards, Frau Venus Bad, Gart (Middle High German), Garden (Middle High German), house thistle, shepherd's crook, Immerdurst, Karde, Karden, Kardel ( Austria ), Karden, Karp (Middle High German), Kart (Middle High German), Karta (Old High German), Karten, Kartendisteln, Kartenkrut, Karth (Middle High German), Karthe (Middle High German), Klette, Roddistel (Middle High German), Rotdistel (Middle High German), Rottdistel (Middle High German ), Schuttkarde, güldin Skepter, Sprotdistel (Middle High German), Strohle (Switzerland ), Strumpfhosenkratzerli ( Lucerne ), rott Tistel (Middle High German), Tuchkart (ready 1515 mentioned), Venusbad, Walkerdistel ( Silesia ), Wandkart, Weberdistel, Weberkarten (Switzerland), Wullkarten ( Bremen ), Zeisel (Middle High German) and Zeisela (Middle High German).

gallery

literature

Individual evidence

  1. Werner Rothmaler (greeting), Eckehart J. Jäger (ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Volume 2. Vascular plants: base volume. 19., arr. Edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-8274-1600-0 .
  2. ^ A b Klaus Becker, Stefan John: Color atlas useful plants in Central Europe . Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, 2000, ISBN 3-8001-4134-5 , p. 218.
  3. a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  885 .
  4. ^ Gerhard Madaus : Textbook of biological remedies . Hildesheim 1979, Volume II, p. 1225.
  5. Jens Behnke: Borreliosis conference in the Münch-Ferber-Villa. In: Nature and Medicine. Membership magazine of the support group of the Carstens Foundation. No. 5, September / October 2013, pp. 18–19.
  6. ^ T. Liebold, RK Straubinger, HW Rauwald: Growth inhibiting activity of lipophilic extracts from Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. roots against Borrelia burgdorferi ss in vitro . In: The Pharmacy . tape 66 , no. 8 , August 1, 2011, ISSN  0031-7144 , p. 628-630 , PMID 21901989 .
  7. Schweppe, Helmut: Handbook of natural dyes . Hamburg, 1993
  8. Eckehart J. Jäger (Ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Vascular plants: baseline . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 20th, revised and expanded edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2011, ISBN 978-3-8274-1606-3 .
  9. Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 540.
  10. ^ Konrad Lauber, Gerhart Wagner: Flora Helvetica. Flora of Switzerland. 2nd edition, Haupt Verlag , Bern Stuttgart Vienna 1998. p. 1026.
  11. ^ A b Dipsacus in Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
  12. G. Domina (2017+): Dipsacaceae. - In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Datasheet Dipsacaceae
  13. Heinrich Marzell: Dictionary of German plant names . Vol. 1. 1943, p. 151.
  14. Heinrich Marzell: Dictionary of German plant names . Vol. 1. 1943, p. 151.
  15. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 135. ( archive.org ).

Web links

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