Cichorieae

Cichorieae
Illustration of the common chicory ( Cichorium intybus )
Systematics
Asterids Euasterids II Order : Astern-like (Asterales) Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae) Subfamily : Cichorioideae Tribe : Cichorieae
Scientific name
Cichorieae
Lam. & DC.

The Cichorieae are a tribe in the Asteraceae plant family. The total distribution is almost worldwide, with an emphasis in the temperate zone of the Old World .

description

Subtribus Chondrillinae: Illustration of the great cartilaginous lettuce ( Chondrilla juncea )

Achenes in the fruit cluster with pappus from Lactuca sativa

Appearance and leaves

The taxa of the tribe Cichorieae are herbaceous plants : one to two years old or perennial; or there are woody plants: Half bushes , shrubs , rarely trees or vines . The plants usually contain milky sap .

The leaves, which are usually alternate and basal or distributed on the stem , are stalked or sessile. The leaf margin is usually toothed to lobed, sometimes smooth or prickly, rarely heavily divided.

Inflorescences and flowers

The cup-shaped inflorescences stand together individually or in groups in umbellate to paniculate overall inflorescences . The bracts are rarely in one to two, usually in three to over five rows. The axis (inflorescence base) of the flower head is flat or concave.

There are only hermaphroditic, fertile , zygomorphic ray florets in each flower head . The petals are fused into a tube, which is shaped into a tongue at the top, this has five corolla lobes, from which you can clearly see that the corolla tube is formed from five petals. The petals are usually yellow to orange, rarely blue, red or white. The pollen is sometimes brightly colored.

Infructescence, fruits and pappus

The achenes, which are mostly identically shaped in an infructescence, are more or less club-shaped, columnar, spindle-shaped, ellipsoidal or prismatic, often flattened. The achenes are often beaked or tapered at the top. Usually they have an early falling or persistent papus made of scales or bristles.

Systematics

Subtribus Chondrillinae: flower head from below with bracts and ray florets of crown lettuce ( Willemetia stipitata )

Subtribus Chondrillinae: achenes with pappus of Chondrilla chondrilloides

Subtribus Cichoriinae: Tolpis glabrescens

Subtribus Crepidinae: Youngia japonica

Subtribus Hieraciinae: Andryala integrifolia

Subtribe Hyoseridinae: Launaea arborescens

Subtribus Hypochaeridinae: flower heads of Urospermum dalechampii

Subtribus Lactucinae: habit, leaves and inflorescence of Cicerbita bourgaei

Subtribus Microseridinae: flower heads of Agoseris aurantiaca

Subtribe Microseridinae: Anisocoma acaulis

Subtribe Microseridinae: Atrichoseris platyphylla

Subtribus Microseridinae: Calycoseris wrightii

Subtribus Microseridinae: flower heads of Rafinesquia neomexicana

Subtribus Scolyminae: flower heads of the blue rattle flower ( Catananche caerulea )

Subtribe Scolyminae: Scolymus maculatus

Subtribus Scorzonerinae: Fruit cluster of Geropogon hybridus

Subtribe Scorzonerinae: Takhtajaniantha pusilla

The tribe Cichorieae was founded in 1806 by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck and Augustin-Pyrame de Candolle in Syn. Pl. Fl. Gall. , Page 255. Type genus is Cichorium L. Synonyms for Cichorieae Lam. & DC. are: Catanancheae D.Don , Chondrilleae WDJKoch , Crepideae Lindl. , Gundelieae Lecoq & Juillet , Hieracieae D.Don , Hypochaerideae D.Don , Hyoserideae Kostel. , Lactuceae Cass. , Leontodonteae (Sch.Bip.) WDJ Koch , Picrideae Sch.Bip. , Scolymeae Kostel. , Scorzonereae D.Don , Taraxaceae D.Don , Tragopogoneae Sch.Bip. , Urospermeae Sch.Bip.

The tribe Cichorieae belongs to the subfamily of the Cichorioideae within the sunflower family (Asteraceae).

The tribe Cichorieae is divided into eleven sub-tribes with about 90 to 100 genera with about 1600 to 2300 species:

• Subtribus Chondrillinae (WDJKoch) Lamotte : It contains only three genera:
  • Cartilage lettuce ( Chondrilla L. ): The 30 or so species are mainly found in Central Asia , the Middle East and the Mediterranean .
  • Phitosia Kamari & Greuter : It contains only one species:
    • Phitosia crocifolia (Boiss. & Heldr.) Kamari & Greuter : It occurs in Greece .
  • Willemetia Neck. : It contains only two types:
    • Crown lettuce ( Willemetia stipitata (Jacq.) Dalla Torre ): It is common in Europe .
    • Willemetia tuberosa fish. & CAMey. ex DC. : It occurs in the Caucasus , Azerbaijan and Iran .

• Subtribus Cichoriinae Dumort. : It contains six genera:
  • Arnoseris Gaertn. : It contains only one type:
    • Lamb salad ( Arnoseris minima (L.) Schweigg. & Körte ): It is widespread in Morocco and Europe . In North America he is a neophyte .
  • Wegwarten ( Cichorium L. ): The six to seven species are common in Southern Europe , North Africa and the Middle East.
  • Erythroseris N.Kilian & Gemeinholzer : The only two species occur only in northern Somalia and on Socotra .
  • Phalacroseris A.Gray : It contains only one species:
    • Phalacroseris bolanderi A.Gray : It only thrives in California at altitudes of 1,800 to 3,000 meters.
  • Rothmaleria Font Quer : It contains only one species:
    • Rothmaleria granatensis (DC.) Font Quer : This endemic occurs only in southern Spain .
  • Bartpippau ( Tolpis Adanson ): The approximately 20 species are distributed in Europe, Africa, the Middle East and on Atlantic islands, including, for example:
    • Real Bartpippau ( Tolpis barbata (L.) Gaertner )
    • Thick Bartpippau ( Tolpis crassiuscula Svent. ): This endemic thrives on rocks only on Tenerife .
    • Slashed Bartpippau ( Tolpis laciniata (Sch.Bip. Ex Webb & Berthel.) Webb ): It is native to the Canary Islands .
    • Clove Hawkweed ( Tolpis staticifolia (All.) Sch.Bip. )
    • Doldiger Bartpippau ( Tolpis umbellata Bertol. ): It comes on the Iberian Peninsula, France, Italy, on Sardinia , Sicily , Corsica , in Morocco , Algeria , Tunisia , on the Balkan Peninsula , in Bulgaria , on Hierro , on the Balearic Islands , on Islands in the Aegean Sea, Crete , Cyprus and the Middle East.
    • Tolpis virgata Bertol. : It comes in Algeria, Tunisia, Libya , France, Italy, on Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, in Albania , North Macedonia , Greece, on Crete, on islands in the Aegean Sea, on Cyprus, in European and Asian Turkey , in Syria , in Lebanon , Jordan and Israel .

• Subtribe Crepidinae Dumort. : It contains 22 genera:
  • Acanthocephalus Kar. & Kir. : The only two Central Asian species are Afghanistan , Iran , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan and Pakistan .
  • Askellia W.A. Weber : The 11 to 13 species are distributed in Central, Western Asia, Northeast Asia and North America.
  • Crepidiastrum Nakai : The 14 to 20 species are common in Central, East Asia and on the islands of Ogasawara-guntō .
  • Pippau ( Crepis L. ): The approximately 200 species are distributed in Eurasia , Africa and North America.
  • Dubyaea DC. : The approximately 15 species are distributed in northern India , Bhutan , Nepal , northern Myanmar and southwestern China (around 12 species).
  • Faberia Hemsl. : The seven or so species are common in China.
  • Garhadiolus Jaub. & Spach : The four or so species are common in Central and Western Asia.
  • Heteracia fish. & CAMey. : It contains only one type:
    • Heteracia szovitsii fish. & CAMey. : It iswidespreadin Southeastern Europe , Central and Western Asia.
  • Heteroderis (Bunge) Boiss. : It contains only one type:
    • Heteroderis pusilla (Boiss.) Boiss. : It is distributed from Egypt via Saudi Arabia , Afghanistan , Iran , Iraq , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan to Pakistan .
  • Hololeion Kitam. : The three or so species are common in East Asia.
  • Ixeridium (A.Gray) Tzvelev : The 15 or so species are common in East Asia and the Middle East.
  • Ixeris (Cass.) Cass. : The 8 to 22 species (depending on the author) are common in eastern and southern Asia.
  • Lagoseriopsis Kirp. : It contains only one type:
    • Lagoseriopsis popovii (Krasch.) Kirp. : It is common in Central Asia in Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan .
  • Lapsana L .: It contains only one species:
    • Common rain cabbage ( Lapsana communis L. ): The eight or so subspecies are widespread in Eurasia, western North Africa and Macaronesia .
  • Lapsanastrum Pak & K.Bremer : The four or so species are common in China (all four species), Korea and Japan .
  • Nabalus Cass. : The 15 to 20 species are common in East Asia and North America.
  • Rhagadiolus Vaill. : The only two types are common in Europe and Africa:
    • Star lettuce ( Rhagadiolus stellatus (L.) Gaertner )
    • Rhagadiolus edulis Gaertner
  • Sonchella Sennikov : It was set up in 2007. The only two types are common in eastern Russia, northern China and Mongolia .
  • Soroseris Stebbins : The seven or so species are distributed in northern India, Kashmir , Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal and western China (all seven species).
  • Spiroseris Rech. F. : It contains only one type:
    • Spiroseris phyllocephala Rech. F. : It occurs in Pakistan.
  • Syncalathium Lipsch. : The five or so species are common in China.
  • Dandelion ( Taraxacum F.H.Wigg. ): It is divided into about 34 sections and contains 60 to over 2500 species. They occur mainly in the arctic to temperate zone of the northern hemisphere, with the diversity center in the mountains of Eurasia, but only a few species in temperate areas of the southern hemisphere.
  • Youngia Cass. : The approximately 30 species distributed in eastern Asia, 28 of which are found in China.

• Subtribus Hieraciinae Dumort. : It contains five genera:
  • Andryala L .: The approximately 22 species are distributed in the Mediterranean and Macaronesia.
  • Hawk herbs ( Hieracium L. ): Depending on the author, it contains 250 to 1000 species, with over 5000 apomictic taxa, which have been described as small or subspecies. They are widespread in Eurasia, North Africa, and the New World.
  • Hispidella Lam. : It contains only one type:
    • Hispidella hispanica Lam. : It occurs on the Iberian Peninsula.
  • Pilosella Hill : Out of Hieracium L. for some authors. The 110 species are distributed in Eurasia and North Africa; with about 700 apomictic taxa or hybrids.
  • Schlagintweitia Griseb. : With about three types are common in southern and central Europe, including:
    • Endive hawkweed ( Schlagintweitia intybacea (All.) Gris .; Syn .: Hieracium intybaceum All. )

• Subtribe Hyoseridinae Less. : It contains five genera:
  • Aposeris Cass. : It contains only one type:
    • Grove salad ( Aposeris foetida (L.) Less. ): It is widespread in the Alps .
  • Hyoseris L .: The approximately five species are distributed in Eurasia and North Africa:
    • Hyoseris frutescens Brullo & Pavone
    • Hyoseris lucida L.
    • Radiant pork salad ( Hyoseris radiata L. ): It occurs in the Mediterranean region from Morocco to Turkey and occurs on islands in the Aegean.
    • Hyoseris scabra L.
    • Hyoseris taurina (Pamp.) Martinoli : It occurs in Italy, Sardinia, Sicily and Tunisia.
  • Launaea Cass. : The approximately 54 species are distributed in southern Europe, Africa, Central and Western Asia and in southern Asia. Including:
    • Bush lettuce ( Launaea arborescens (Batt.) Murb. )
  • Reichardia Roth : The eight to eleven species are distributed in Eurasia and North Africa, for example:
    • Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth
    • Reichardia intermedia (Sch. Bip.) Samp.
    • Tangier Reichardia ( Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth )
  • Goose thistles ( Sonchus L. ): The 50 to over 60 to 90 species are common in Eurasia, Africa, Australia and New Zealand .

• Subtribe Hypochaeridinae Less. : It contains eight genera:
  • Hedypnois Mill .: The only few species are common in the Mediterranean, West Asia and the Canary Islands: According to some authors, the species are also assigned to the genus Leontodon .
    • Hedypnois arenaria (Schousb.) DC. (Syn .: Leontodon schousboei Enke & Zidorn ): It occurs in Morocco, Portugal , Gibraltar and Spain.
    • Hedypnois arenicola Sennen & Mauricio (Syn .: Leontodon arenicola (Sennen & Mauricio) Enke & Zidorn ): It occurs in Morocco.
    • Hedypnois caspica Hornem. (Syn .: Leontodon caspicus (Hornem.) Enke & Zidorn )
    • Hedypnois rhagadioloides (L.) FWSchmidt (Syn .: Leontodon rhagadioloides (L.) Enke & Zidorn )
  • Helminthotheca Vaill. : The five or so species are common in the Mediterranean, including:
    • Adderhead bitter herb ( Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Holub ): It occurs in the Mediterranean region.
    • Helminthotheca aculeata (Vahl) lacquer : It occurs in Italy, Sicily, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.
    • Helminthotheca balansae (Coss. & Durieu) Lack : It occurs in Algeria.
    • Helminthotheca comosa (Boiss.) Holub (Syn .: Helminthia comosa Boiss. , Picris comosa (Boiss.) BD Jacks. ): It occurs in Portugal, Spain, Morocco and Algeria.
  • Piglet herbs ( Hypochaeris L. ): The more than 60 species are common in the Mediterranean, Asia and South America.
  • Dandelion ( Leontodon L. ): It contains about 36 species.
  • Bitter herbs ( Picris L. ): The 44 to 50 species are common in Eurasia, Africa and Australia.
  • Prenanthes L .: The 26 to 30 kinds are distributed in North America (about 14 kinds), in northern Asia and one kind in south-central Africa. Including:
    • Hare lettuce ( Prenanthes purpurea L. )
  • Scorzoneroides Vaill. : The approximately 26 species are distributed in Eurasia and Africa; the center of biodiversity is the Mediterranean. This also includes:
    • Autumn dandelion ( Scorzoneroides autumnalis (L.) Moench ; Syn .: Leontodon autumnalis L. )
    • Mountain dandelion ( Scorzoneroides montana (Lam.) Holub , Syn .: Leontodon montanus Lam. )
  • Sulfur baskets ( Urospermum Scop. ): The only two species distributed in Europe and neighboring areas in Africa and Asia:
    • Soft-haired sulfur basket ( Urospermum dalechampii (L.) Scop. Ex FWSchmidt )
    • Bitter herb sulfur basket ( Urospermum picroides (L.) Scop. Ex FWSchmidt )

• Subtribus Lactucinae Dumort. : It contains five genera:
  • Milk lettuce ( Cicerbita Wallr. ): Which species belong in this genus, or whether all these species are part of the genus Lactuca L., is a controversial issue. The 20 to 30 species are common in Central, Western Asia and Europe.
  • Lattiche ( Lactuca L. ): The 50 to 75 species mainly in Europe, Central, Western Asia and North America.
  • Melanoseris Decne. (Syn .: Chaetoseris C.Shih , Kovalevskiella Kamelin , Stenoseris C.Shih ): The (formerly about 50) 60 to 80 species in Africa, Asia, the Himalayan region. There are about 25 species in China, 16 of them only there.
  • Notoseris C.Shih : The eleven or so species are distributed in the Himalayan region, ten of them occur in China.
  • Paraprenanthes C.Shih : The 12 to 16 species are common in East and Southeast Asia.

• Subtribus Microseridinae Stebbins : It contains 22 genera. Most genera and species are found in the United States and Mexico:
  • Agoseris Raf. : The eleven or so species are widespread in North (ten species) and South America.
  • Anisocoma Torr. & A.Gray : It contains only one type:
    • Anisocoma acaulis Torr. & A.Gray : It is distributed from the southwestern United States to northwestern Mexico .
  • Atrichoseris A.Gray : It contains only one species:
    • Atrichoseris platyphylla (A.Gray) A.Gray : It is distributed from the southwestern United States to northwestern Mexico.
  • Calycoseris A.Gray : The only two species are distributed from the southwest USA to northwest Mexico.
  • Chaetadelpha S. Watson : It contains only one species:
    • Chaetadelpha wheeleri A.Gray ex S.Watson : It thrives at altitudes of 800 to 1,800 meters in the southwestern US states of California , Nevada and Oregon .
  • Glyptopleura D.C. Eaton : The only two species are common in the western United States.
  • Krigia Schreb. (Syn .: Apogon Elliott , Cymbia (Torr. & A.Gray) Standley , Cynthia D.Don , Serinia Raf. , Troximon Gaertn. ): The approximately seven species are distributed from North America (all seven species) to northeast Mexico.
  • Lygodesmia D.Don : The five or so species are distributed from North America to northern Mexico.
  • Malacothrix DC. : The 20 or so species are distributed from the western USA (18 species) to northwestern Mexico.
  • Marshalljohnstonia Henr. : It contains only one type:
    • Marshalljohnstonia gypsophila Henr. : This endemic only thrives in Mexico's Chihuahua desert .
  • Microseris D.Don (Syn .: Apargidium Torr. & A.Gray , Calais DC. , Ptilocalais Torr. Ex Greene , Scorzonella Nutt. ): The approximately 14 species are in western North America (11 species), in South America, New Zealand and in Australia spread.
  • Munzothamnus P.H.Raven : it contains only one type:
    • Munzothamnus blairii (Munz & IMJohnst.) PHRaven : It only thrives in California at altitudes of 60 to 300 meters.
  • Nothocalais (A.Gray) Greene : The four or so species are common in central and western North America.
  • Picrosia D.Don : The only two species are distributed from southern Brazil , Paraguay , Uruguay to Argentina and occur in northern Chilean Tarapaca.
  • Pinaropappus Less. : The seven to ten kinds are distributed from North America (two kinds) over Mexico to Central America .
  • Pleiacanthus (Nutt.) Rydb. : It contains only one type:
    • Pleiacanthus spinosus (Nutt.) Rydb. : It thrives at altitudes of 1,500 to 2,900 meters in the western United States.
  • Prenanthella Rydb. : It contains only one type:
    • Prenanthella exigua (A. Gray) Rydb. : It is distributed from the southwest USA to northwest Mexico.
  • Pyrrhopappus DC. : The one, four or five species are common from North America to Mexico.
  • Rafinesquia Nutt. : The only two species are distributed from the southwestern USA (both species) to northwestern Mexico.
  • Shinnersoseris Tomb : It contains only one species:
    • Shinnersoseris rostrata (A.Gray) Tomb (It was previously assigned to Lygodesmia ): It thrives at altitudes of 300 to 1500 meters in central North America.
  • Stephanomeria Nutt. : The approximately 16 species distributed from western North America (14 species) to western Mexico.
  • Uropappus Nutt. : It contains only one type:
    • Uropappus lindleyi (DC.) Nutt. : It is widespread from western North America to northwestern Mexico.

• Subtribe Scolyminae Less. : It contains four genera. The center of biodiversity is the Mediterranean:
  • Catananche L .: The approximately five species are distributed in the Mediterranean area, the center of distribution is in northwestern Africa, for example:
    • Blue rattle ( Catananche caerulea L. ): It is common in the Mediterranean area.
    • Yellow rattle ( Catananche lutea L. ): It is common in the Mediterranean region.
  • Gundelia L .: It contains only one species:
    • Gundelia tournefortii L .: It is distributed from the Middle East via Turkey to the Caucasus.
  • Hymenonema Cass. : The only two types both occur only in Greece :
    • Hymenonema graecum (L.) DC.
    • Hymenonema laconicum Boiss. & Hero.
  • Scolymus L .: The three or so species are common in the Mediterranean and Macaronesia:
    • Scolymus grandiflorus Desf.
    • Spanish golden thistle ( Scolymus hispanicus L. ): It is common in the Mediterranean region.
    • Spotted golden thistle ( Scolymus maculatus L. ): It is common in the Mediterranean area.

• Subtribe Scorzonerinae Dumort. : It contains about ten genera:
  • Avellara Blanca & C.Díaz (sometimes in Scorzonera ): it contains only one species:
    • Avellara fistulosa (bread.) Blanca & C.Díaz : It is common on the Iberian Peninsula.
  • Epilasia (Bunge) Benth. : The three or so species are distributed in Central and Western Asia, two of which are in China.
  • Geropogon L .: It contains only one species:
    • Geropogon hybridus (L.) Sch.Bip. : It is common in the Mediterranean.
  • Koelpinia Pall. : With about five species in southern Europe, North Africa, Central, Western Asia and southern Asia.
  • Podospermum DC. : The approximately 17 species are distributed in Europe, North Africa, Central and Western Asia. Including:
    • Slit-leaved salsify ( Podospermum laciniatum (L.) DC. , Syn .: Scorzonera laciniata L. )
    • Red salsify ( Podospermum purpureum (L.) WDJKoch & Ziz ; Syn .: Scorzonera purpurea L. )
  • Pterachaenia (Benth.) Lipsch. : It contains only one type:
    • Pterachaenia stewartii (Hook. F.) RRStewart : It occurs in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
  • Salsify ( Scorzonera L. , Syn .: Lasiospora Cass. ): The 175 to 180 species are common in Eurasia and North Africa. There are 24 species in China, four of which are only there.
  • Takhtajaniantha Nazarova (formerly in Scorzonera ): It contains only one species:
    • Takhtajaniantha pusilla (Pall.) Nazarova : It occurs in the Middle East and the Caucasus.
  • Tourneuxia Coss. : It contains only one type:
    • Tourneuxia variifolia Coss. : It is common in North Africa.
  • Goat whiskers ( Tragopogon L. ): The 100 to 150 species are mainly found in southern Europe, central and western Asia.

• Subtribus Warioniinae Gemeinholzer & N.Kilian : It contains only one genus:
  • Warionia Benth. & Coss. It contains only one type:
    • Warionia saharae Benth. & Coss. : It occurs only on the northwestern border of the Sahara in Morocco and Algeria.

swell

• Zhu Shi, Xuejun Ge, Norbert Kilian, Jan Kirschner, Jan Štěpánek, Alexander P. Sukhorukov, Evgeny V. Mavrodiev, Günter Gottschlich: Tribe Cichorieae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 20-21: Asteraceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0 , pp. 195–257 (English, online - PDF file ). (Sections Description, Distribution and Systematics)
• Theodore M. Barkley, Luc Brouillet, John L. Strother: Asteraceae, tribe Cichorieae. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 , pp. 214-256 (English, online ). (Sections Description, Distribution and Systematics)
• Ingrid Schönfelder, Peter Schönfelder : Kosmos-Atlas Mediterranean and Canary Islands flora. Over 1600 species of plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-440-06223-6 .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w} Theodore M. Barkley, Luc Brouillet, John L. Strother: Asteraceae, tribe Cichorieae. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 , pp. 214-256 (English, online ).
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u} Ralf Hand, Norbert Kilian, Eckhard von Raab-Straube: ICN - International Cichorieae Network , 2009.
3. ^ ^{A b} Cichorieae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
4. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af} Werner Greuter : Compositae (pro parte majore) : Cichorieae. In: Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab-Straube (ed.): Compositae. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2006–2009.
5. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Zhu Shi, Xuejun Ge, Norbert Kilian, Jan Kirschner, Jan Štěpánek, Alexander P. Sukhorukov, Evgeny V. Mavrodiev, Günter Gottschlich: Tribe Cichorieae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 20-21: Asteraceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0 , pp. 195–257 (English, online - PDF file ).
6. ↑ Liliana Katinas, María Cristina Tellería, Alfonso Susanna, Santiago Ortiz: Warionia (Asteraceae): A relict genus of Cichorieae? In: Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid. Volume 65, No. 2, 2008, ISSN 0211-1322, pp. 367-381, online.

Web links

Commons : Cichorieae  - collection of images, videos and audio files

further reading

• J. Lee, BG Baldwin, LD Gottlieb: Phylogenetic relationships among the primarily North American genera of Cichorieae (Compositae) based on analysis of 18S-26S nuclear rDNA ITS and ETS sequences. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 28, Issue 3, 2003, pp. 616-626. JSTOR 25063901

 Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap