Hawkweeds
| Hawkweeds | ||||||||||||
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Subgenus Hieracium : Shaggy hawkweed ( Hieracium villosum ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Hieracium | ||||||||||||
| L. |
The hawkweed ( Hieracium ) constitute a genus within the family of Compositae (Asteraceae). The genus includes many species (see below) with numerous subspecies, some of which are very difficult to determine. Classification is also difficult due to different breeding and crossing possibilities.
description
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Some hawkweeds ( Hieracium ) look similar to the Pippau ( Crepis ).
Vegetative characteristics
The hawkweed species are mostly perennial herbaceous plants that, depending on the species, reach heights of growth of, rarely 5 to, usually 20 to 150 centimeters. They usually form tap roots , sometimes they form runners ( stolons ). The simple or branched stems are mostly upright. The stalked or sessile leaves are often arranged in basal rosettes and are distributed on the stems. The leaf blades are simple to pinnate. The leaf edges can be smooth or serrated.
Generative characteristics
The flowering period extends from May to August. The cup-shaped inflorescences are sometimes single or mostly in branched overall inflorescences . The flower heads have a diameter of 3 to 9 (rarely to more than 12) millimeters. The 5 to 21 (rarely to more than 40) bracts are in at least two rows. The inflorescence base is flat. The flower heads contain only six to over 150 ray florets . The color of the five-lobed ray florets is usually yellow, sometimes white or yellowish-white, rarely orange.
The achenes are usually red-brown or black with usually ten ribs. The pappus consists of 20 to 80 white bristle hairs that are more or less equal or unequal; they can be in one, two or more rows.
distribution
Hieracium species are found in Europe , North Asia and America .
Systematics
The genus name Hieracium was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . Hieracium murorum was established as the lectotype in 1913 . Synonyms for Hieracium L. are Stenotheca Monnier and Pilosella Hill .
Naming
The Greek word Hierax called a hawk or falcon and probably refers to the ends of the ray florets , similar to the hawk wings. The herbs are said to grow on high rocks that are only accessible to hawks. According to legend, hawks are said to sharpen their eyes with the milky sap.
Types (selection)
Depending on the underlying species definition, a distinction is made between around 850 and 1000 species. There are around 180 species in Germany.
The genus of the hawkweed ( Hieracium ) is usually divided into two sub-genera, but they are also often classified as separate genera, Hieracium s. st. and Pilosella , are treated:
Real hawkweeds ( Hieracium subgen. Hieracium ) (selection)
- Alpine hawkweed ( Hieracium alpinum L. )
- Stem-embracing hawkweed ( Hieracium amplexicaule L. ), with many subspecies
- Hieracium argutum Nutt.
- Forked hawkweed ( Hieracium bifidum Hornem. ), With many subspecies
- Hieracium bolanderi A. Gray
- Hieracium brevipilum Greene
- Rabbit-eared hawkweed ( Hieracium bupleuroides C.C. Gmel. ), With many subspecies
- Blue-gray hawkweed ( Hieracium cesium (Fr.) Fr. ), with many subspecies
- Hieracium carneum Greene
- Hieracium crepidispermum Fr.
- Hieracium fendleri Sch.Bip.
- Arrow-leaved hawkweed ( Hieracium fuscocinereum Norrl. )
- Blue-green hawkweed ( Hieracium glaucum All. ), With many subspecies
- Hieracium greenei A. Gray
- Hieracium gronovii L.
- Hieracium heldreichii Boiss.
- Lower hawkweed ( Hieracium humile Jacq. ): It occurs in Algeria, Spain, France, Corsica, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Liechtenstein, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro, in Greece they are Occurrence questionable.
- Hieracium korshinskyi tooth
- Common hawkweed ( Hieracium lachenalii Suter ), with many subspecies
- Smooth hawkweed ( Hieracium laevigatum Willd. ), With many subspecies
- Hieracium longiberbe Howell
- Hieracium longipilum Torr. ex Hook.
- Hieracium megacephalum Nash
- Hieracium morii Hayata
- Forest hawkweed ( Hieracium murorum L. , Syn: Hieracium sylvaticum (L.) Gouan ), with many subspecies
- Trothaer hawkweed ( Hieracium norvegicum subsp. Trothanum )
- Hieracium nudicaule (A.Gray) A.Heller
- Hieracium paniculatum L.
- Hieracium pannosum Boiss. , with many subspecies
- Hieracium parryi tooth
- Gray-haired hawkweed ( Hieracium piliferum Hoppe ), with around nine subspecies
- Woolly hawkweed ( Hieracium pilosum Froel. ), With many subspecies
- Hare-lettuce-hawkweed ( Hieracium prenanthoides Vill. ), With many subspecies
- Hieracium pringlei A. Gray
- Grape hawkweed ( Hieracium racemosum Willd. ), With many subspecies
- Hieracium regulianum tooth
- Hieracium robustum Fr.
- Savoy hawkweed ( Hieracium sabaudum L. ), with many subspecies
- Pale hawkweed ( Hieracium schmidtii Tausch ), with many subspecies
- Hawkweed ( Hieracium umbellatum L. )
- Heavily haired hawkweed ( Hieracium valdepilosum Vill. ), With many subspecies
- Shaggy hawkweed ( Hieracium villosum Jacq. )
- Hieracium virosum Pall.
Mouse ear hawkweed ( Hieracium subgen. Pilosella ) (selection)
- Hieracium abscissum Less. , Syn. Pilosella abscissa (Less.) FW Schultz & Sch. Gdp.
- Hieracium albiflorum Hook. , Syn. Pilosella albiflora (Hook.) FW Schultz & Sch. Gdp.
- Glacier hawkweed ( Hieracium angustifolium Hoppe , Syn.Pilosella glacialis (Reyn.) FWSchultz & Sch.Bip. ), With many subspecies
- Orange-red hawkweed ( Hieracium aurantiacum L. , Syn.Pilosella aurantiaca (L.) FWSchultz & Sch.Bip. )
- Hungarian hawkweed ( Hieracium bauhini Schult. , Syn.Pilosella piloselloides subsp. Bauhini (Schult.) S.Bräut. & Greuter )
- Meadow hawkweed ( Hieracium caespitosum Dumort. , Syn.Pilosella caespitosa (Dumort.) PDSell & C.West )
- Hawkweed ( Hieracium cymosum L. , Syn.Pilosella cymosa (L.) FWSchultz & Sch.Bip. )
- Snake head hawkweed ( Hieracium echioides Lumn. , Syn.Pilosella echioides (Lumn.) FWSchultz & Sch.Bip. )
- Runners-rich hawkweed ( Hieracium flagellare Willd. , Syn.Pilosella flagellaris (Willd.) PDSell & C.West )
- Hoppes hawkweed ( Hieracium hoppeanum Schult. , Syn. Pilosella hoppeana (Schult.) FWSchultz & Sch.Bip. ), With several subspecies
- Hieracium horridum Fr. , Syn. Pilosella horrida (Fr.) FWSchultz & Sch.Bip.
- Horned hawkweed ( Hieracium lactucella Wallr. , Syn.Pilosella lactucella (Wallr.) PDSell & C.West )
- Large-headed hawkweed ( Hieracium macranthum (Ten.) Ten. , Syn.Pilosella hoppeana subsp. Macrantha (Ten.) S.Bräut. & Greuter )
- Peletiers hawkweed ( Hieracium peleterianum Mérat , syn. Pilosella peleteriana (Mérat) FWSchultz & Sch.Bip. ), With several subspecies
- Small hawkweed ( Hieracium pilosella L .; Syn .: Pilosella officinarum Vaill. )
- Florentine hawkweed ( Hieracium piloselloides Vill. , Syn. Pilosella piloselloides (Vill.) Soják ), with several subspecies.
- Hieracium procerum Fr. , Syn. Pilosella procera (Fr.) FW Schultz & Sch. Gdp.
Some newly described species have not yet been assigned to one of the subgenus. They include:
- Hieracium maccoshiana T.CGRich : It was described from Great Britain
- Hieracium sinoaestivum Sennikov : It wasfirst describedfrom Shanxi .
Not to Hieracium s. st. and Pilosella include:
- Clove Hawkweed ( Tolpis staticifolia (All.) Sch.Bip. , Syn .: Hieracium staticifolium All. , Chlorocrepis staticifolia (All.) Griseb. )
- Endive hawkweed ( Schlagintweitia intybacea (All.) Griseb. , Syn .: Hieracium intybaceum All. )
swell
- John L. Strother: Hieracium. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 , pp. 278 (English). , efloras.org (English, section description).
- Siegfried Bräutigam & Werner Greuter: Hieracium. and pilosella. In: Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab-Straube (ed.): Med-Checklist. A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-Mediterranean countries . Vol. 2: Dicotyledones (Compositae) . Organization for the Phyto-Taxonomic Investigation of the Mediterranean Area (OPTIMA), Genève 2008, ISBN 978-2-8279-0011-4 . Pp. 242-487 ( Hieracium ), pp. 559-674 ( Pilosella ).
- Siegfried Bräutigam, Werner Greuter : Hieracium. In: Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab-Straube (ed.): Compositae. Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2007–2009 ( ww2.bgbm.org ).
- Siegfried Bräutigam, Werner Greuter: Pilosella. In: Werner Greuter & Eckhard von Raab-Straube (eds.): Compositae. Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2007–2009 ( ww2.bgbm.org ).
- David Aeschimann, Konrad Lauber, Daniel Martin Moser, Jean-Paul Theurillat: Flora alpina. An atlas of all 4500 vascular plants in the Alps. Volume 1-3. Haupt Verlag, Bern, Stuttgart, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-258-06600-0 .
- Xaver Finkenzeller, Jürke Grau: Alpine flowers. Mosaik, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-576-10558-1 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, 1753, p. 799, digitized .
- ^ Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (= The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
- ^ Rolf Wisskirchen, Henning Haeupler: Standard list of fern and flowering plants in Germany with a chromosome atlas. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8001-3360-1 .
- ↑ Eckehart J. Jäger (Ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Vascular plants: baseline . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 20th, revised and expanded edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2011, ISBN 978-3-8274-1606-3 .
- ↑ Werner Greuter (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). - In: W. Greuter & E. von Raab-Straube (eds.): Compositae. Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Datasheet Hieracium In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
